Cette thèse propose une méthode pour alimenter une ontologie, une structure de concepts liés par des relations sémantiques, par des termes français, anglais et allemands à partir de corpus spécialisés comparables. Son apport principal est le développement des méthodes d'extraction utilisant des ressources endogènes apprises à partir de corpus et d'ontologie. Exploitant des n-grammes de caractères, elles sont disponibles et indépendantes vis-à-vis de la langue et du domaine. La première contribution porte sur l'utilisation des ressources morphologiques et morphosyntaxiques endogènes pour extraire des termes mono- et polylexicaux à partir de corpus. La deuxième contribution vise à exploiter des ressources endogènes pour identifier leurs traductions. La troisième contribution concerne la construction des familles morphologiques endogènes servant à alimenter l'ontologie. / This thesis proposes a method of enrichment and population of an ontology, a structure of concepts linked by semantic relations, by terms in French, English and German from comparable domain-specific corpora. Our main contribution is the development of extraction methods based on endogenous resources, learned from the corpus and the ontology being analyzed. Using caracter n-grams, these resources are available and independent of a particular language or domain. The first contribution concerns the use of endogenous morphological and morphosyntactic resources for mono- and polylexical terms extraction from the corpus. The second contribution aims to use endogenous resources to identify translations for these terms. The third contribution concerns the construction of endogenous morphological families designed to enrich and populate the ontology.

Magister Legum - LLM / There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and seeks these answers within the context of Africa. / South Africa

This thesis makes an analysis of price and terms of payment in the sales contract. Both elements are conceived in terms of legal framework and in terms of importance for the parties to an international sales contract. The theoretical part deals with the role of the sales contract in business relations, structure and legal norms of the international sales contract. The practical part includes an analysis of specific international sales contract.

The aim of this master thesis is to analyse the market of courier, express and parcels services. It focuses on the issue of relevant national and international legal framework, with a particular interest in the principles of liability. Furthermore, it provides information on activities of the major courier, express and parcels suppliers: TNT Express Worldwide and DHL Express. These two companies and their Terms and conditions of carriage are subjects for a case study which deals with logistics provider's liability for destruction or loss of or damage to cargo and liability for damage caused by delay.

This thesis deals with the management of the receivables of BAK,Inc. In the theoretical part are characterized receivables from the perspective of legal, accounting and tax. Further is described the management of receivables and this description is based on the elements of management of receivables, ie analysis of customers, terms of trade, recovery of receivables and, finally, monitoring the status and trends of the receivables. The core of this work is the description of the specific receivables management system in BAK, Inc., which is divided into two fundamental dimensions, namely the prevention and recovery. In conclusion of the practical part are analyzed the structure and status of receivables for years 2007 to 2009 with the help of financial ratios.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the process of nominal and real convergence of the Czech Republic to the average of the European Union (EU-27). The text uses comparison with other european transition economies (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia). The thesis consists of an analysis of the progress of real GDP per capita, comparative price level, labor productivity, employment, labor costs and other indicators. Other topics such as alternative indicators of economical convergence or the accession of the Czech republic into the euro-zone are discussed.

The aim of the thesis, whose title is "Analysis of selected building societies and their products and terms of building savings loan", is to enable the general public in particular (clients or potential clients) to obtain comprehensive information about building savings, its functioning and important features, and subsequently to gain knowledge of products offered by the selected building societies operating on the Czech market. Special attention of the application part of the thesis is paid to the conditions fulfilling of which is demanded by the building companies before a loan agreement is signed. Thus the text of the thesis should give its readers knowledge of which obligations the particular building companies demand to be fulfilled before signing a loan agreement, and how these conditions differ in various building companies.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a reader with the most complex information possible about the field of freight forwarding specialized in maritime shipping and about all the processes which take place in this area. This information could serve for a better orientation for trade or manufacturing companies which need to use maritime transportation and which do not have any or have only little experience with it. My aim is also to show, how to communicate with freight forwarding companies and what prices can be expected.

A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é uma ferramenta com potencial reconhecido para assegurar a proteção da biodiversidade, sendo possível verificar na literatura a existência de uma ampla gama de informação a respeito das melhores formas de integração da biodiversidade na AIA, bem como quanto às principais lacunas existentes. Uma das questões recorrentemente apontadas pela literatura, neste aspecto, diz respeito às deficiências verificadas na determinação do escopo da AIA, com definição de objetivos pouco claros e estudos ambientais demasiadamente abrangentes, o que resulta em estudos de impacto com falta de foco, excessivamente descritivos e repletos de informações irrelevantes para o contexto em que são aplicados. Deste modo, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a inserção das informações sobre a biodiversidade na etapa de escopo da AIA no Brasil, em específico para o estado de São Paulo, levando-se em consideração as solicitações e regulamentações aplicadas pelo órgão ambiental. Em um primeiro momento, foi estabelecido um conjunto de referências de boas práticas para a consideração da biodiversidade na avaliação dos impactos, conforme a literatura. Em seguida, foram analisados 116 Termos de Referência (TRs) elaborados pelo órgão ambiental entre 2005 e 2014 em relação à inclusão das informações sobre a biodiversidade elencadas. Foi analisado, então, o conteúdo sobre a biodiversidade presente no Manual para a Elaboração de Estudos para o Licenciamento com Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental, da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, cujas diretrizes devem ser seguidas para a elaboração e aprovação dos TRs de acordo com a regulamentação aplicada ao estado. Foi constatado que as informações sobre a biodiversidade não foram inseridas de maneira satisfatória nos TRs elaborados no início do período analisado, tendo apresentado um aumento significativo ao longo dos anos, com resultados satisfatórios a partir de 2012. Ainda assim, as solicitações inclusas nos TRs analisados refletem apenas parcialmente as boas práticas identificadas na literatura. O conteúdo dos TRs dá suporte para que sejam realizados levantamentos exaustivos para a elaboração dos estudos ambientais e que sejam apresentadas informações irrelevantes para a avaliação dos impactos. O Manual elaborado pelo órgão ambiental para guiar a etapa de escopo menciona grande parte das informações consideradas relevantes, porém, a falta de orientações específicas para a sua integração é provavelmente um dos fatores que dificultam uma abordagem dirigida dos estudos ambientais, o que contribui para a baixa efetividade da AIA. / Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has a recognized potential to ensure the protection of biodiversity, with a wide range of information present in literature about best practice on biodiversity integration in EIA, as well as the existing gaps. Issues recurrently pointed out are related to shortcomings in determining EIA scoping, with unclear objectives and too broad environmental studies, resulting in overly descriptive and non-objective impact studies, with irrelevant information to the context they are applied. Thus, the main objective of this research was to assess biodiversity information inputs in Brazil\'s EIA scoping, specifically in São Paulo state, taking into account requests and regulations applied by the environmental agency. At first, a set of references of good practices for biodiversity consideration in impact assessment was established according to the literature. Then, the inclusion of biodiversity information listed was assessed in 116 Terms of Reference (TRs) prepared by the environmental agency between 2005 and 2014. Biodiversity content presented in the Environmental Impact Assessment Licensing Study Manual of the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State, which guidelines should be followed for elaboration and approval of TRs, was then reviewed. It was found that biodiversity information was not satisfactorily inserted in early TRs, showing a significant increase over the years, with satisfactory results from 2012. Nevertheless, the requests included in TRs only partially reflect the good practices identified in literature. The content of TRs supports exhaustive surveys for environmental studies and the provision of irrelevant information to impact assessment. The Manual developed by the environmental agency to guide scoping mentions much of the information considered relevant, but the lack of specific guidance on its integration into EIA process is probably one of the factors that hinder a targeted approach to environmental studies, which contributes to low effectiveness of EIA.

Living conditions in periods of transitions. Changing working conditions of the log-driver during the 1930s. Petrus Forsgren, Economic History Bachelor Degree, Umeå University Autumn 2020. The working terms, salary and conflicts between the workers and the Umeå flottningsförening in log driving-district of Umeåälven has been studied between the period 1928-1939. Although it was a relatively few years that were studied, changes were observed especially for the working terms. The contracts went from hand-written to standardized and a orientation towards the new consensus for collective agreements in the work places occurred during the 1930s. Collective bargaining agreement were written 1935. The employers were expected to take more responsibility for the workers at the end of the period. A specialization of the workers and foremen occurred although no major changes happened to the log driving process. The working conditions in log-driving were still the same as in early industrialization. There was a diversification to hourly wages although they remained similar in the studied period. Conflicts occurred during the years 1933-34. The log drivers usually combined the work with farming, forestry or later also road construction. Other branches did the same transition but usually earlier such as railway workers during the 1910-1920s or forest workers during the 1960-1970s. This work gives a clue to why the changes happened relatively late in the log driving industry in Umeälven. The internal factors for change were weak due to the background of the workers, pull from other industries in the area and small extent of rationalization within the organization, but the external factors became more and more apparent during the studied period. The new institutional changes ignored the old industries which also lost influence but they were never the less affected indirectly by the changes and the Swedish economy as a whole.