Disertacijoje nagrinėjama viena iš kalbos sintezatoriaus sudedamųjų dalių – teksto automatinis kirčiavimas, bei su kirčiavimu susiję kiti uždaviniai: vienodai rašomų, bet skirtingai tariamų, žodžių (homografų) vienareikšminimas bei prie gretimo žodžio prišlijusių bekirčių žodžių (klitikų) paieška. Teksto kirčiavimui pritaikytas metodas, kuris naudodamas sprendimų medžius randa raidžių sekas, vienareikšmiai nusakančias žodžio kirčiavimą. Sprendimo medžiams sudaryti buvo naudojamas didelies apimties sukirčiuotų žodžių tekstynas. Buvo sudarytos kirčiavimo taisyklės remiantis raidžių sekomis žodžių pradžioje, pabaigoje ir viduryje. Pasiūlytas kirčiavimo algoritmas pasiekia apie 95,5% tikslumą. Homografams vienareikšminti pritaikyti iki šiol lietuvių kalbai nenaudoti metodai, pagrįsti leksemų ir morfologinių pažymų vartosenos dažniais, gautais iš vieno milijono žodžių tekstyno. Darbe parodyta, kad morfologinių pažymų dažniai yra svarbesni už leksemų dažnius. Pasiūlyti metodai leido homografus vienareikšminti 85,01% tikslumu. Klitikų paieškai pasiūlyti metodai, kurie remiasi: 1) samplaikinių formų atpažinimu, 2) statistiniu žodžio kirčiavimo/nekirčiavimo dažniu, 3) kai kuriomis gramatikos taisyklėmis bei 4) gretimų žodžių kirčių pasiskirstymu (ritmika). Paaiškinta, kaip visus metodus sujungti į vieną algoritmą. Pritaikius šį algoritmą testavimo duomenims, klaidų ir visų žodžių santykis buvo 4,1%, o klaidų ir nekirčiuotų žodžių santykis – 18,8%. / The present dissertation deals with one of the speech synthesizer components – automatic stressing of a text and two other goals relating to it – homographs (words that can be stressed in several ways) disambiguation and a search for clitics (unstressed words). The method, which by means of decision trees finds sequences of letters that unambiguously define the word stressing, was applied to stress a Lithuanian text. Decision trees were created using large corpus of stressed words. Stressing rules based on sequences of letters at the beginning, ending and in the middle of a word have been formulated. The algorithm proposed reaches the accuracy of about 95.5%. The homograph disambiguation algorithm proposed by the present author is based on frequencies of lexemes and morphological features, that were obtained from corpus containing about one million words. Such methods were not used for Lithuanian language so far. The proposed algorithm enables to select the correct variant of stressing within the accuracy of 85.01%. Besides the author proposes methods of four types to search for the clitics in a Lithuanian text: methods based on recognising the combinational forms, based on statistical stressed/unstressed frequency of a word, grammar rules and stressing of the adjacent words. It is explained how to unite all the methods into a single algorithm. 4.1% of errors was obtained for the testing data among all the words, and the ratio of errors and unstressed words accounts for 18.8%... [to full text]

The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between text and picture in two works by Sven Nordqvist, with the focus on how the action is propelled. The two works are compared in order to bring out any differences in the relationship and what significance this can have for the interpretation. The study also considers the theory of conceptual worlds to examine how the books can promote pupils’ literary understanding. The method of analysis is based on Rhedin’s (2001) theoretical concepts and elements of Nikolajeva’s (2000) terminology. The study demonstrates a difference in the works, in that the first one has an even balance in the amount of text and pictures. It is obvious that text and picture interact and together carry the narrative forward, while simultaneously leaving some freedom of interpretation to the reader. In the other work, the pictures dominate in terms of both space and content, and it is chiefly the pictures that carry the narrative forward. In the second work there is also an unclear relationship between text and picture, which gives the reader further scope for interpretation. The pictures in the two works and the scope for interpretation make them suitable for the development of reading comprehension, through the construction of conceptual worlds.

Šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje bei mene akcentuojamas kokybiškas rezultatas, gaunamas per trumpą laiko tarpą. Audimas rankomis (pvz., rankinėmis staklėmis, ant vertikalaus rėmo) – imlus laikui procesas, vis labiau tolstantis nuo kasdienės šiuolaikinių tekstilės menininkų praktikos. Nors tekstas yra populiari meno forma, austą tekstą galima sutikti retai. Šis meninis tyrimas analizuoja audimo ir teksto sinkretiškumą. Bandoma atsakyti į klausimus: kokias reikšmes šioje sąjungoje galima įžvelgti, kokia prasmė jai gali būti suteikiama. Austas tekstas, kaip tyrimo objektas, virto pagalba kalbėti apie tekstilės menininko tapatybę šiuolaikiniame mene. Tekstilės autorius, pasirenkantis kurti darbą audimo pagalba, atsiduria tradicijos ir šiuolaikines aplinkos sankirtoje. Tyrimo šaltiniais tapo interviu su austo teksto kūrėjais Lietuvoje, o taip pat literatūra, meno publicistika, straipsniai periodiniuose leidiniuose, kiti duomenys, leidžiantys įžvelgti naujų austo teksto reikšmių. Tyrimo tikslas buvo atskleisti bei surinkti galimas reikšmes, žyminčias ryšį tarp audimo ir teksto. Visos tyrimo metu surinktos reikšmės: priešprieša; laikas, laikinumas, ilgaamžiškumas; pabėgimas, atsiribojimas, išsigelbėjimas, sustojimas; meditacija, įsijautimas; istorija, tradicija; lyta; patvarumas, tvirtumas, tikrumas; komunikacija, intymumas, priminimas; sakralumas, religija; politika, ekonomika; kančia, sunkumas, sudėtingumas, sunkus darbas, meistrystė; tapatybė; prabanga. Visas šias reikšmes galima taikyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Contemporary world and art emphasise a high-quality result produced within a short period of time. Manual weaving (e.g. by handloom machine or on a vertical loom) is a time-consuming process which is broadly becoming an obsolete practice amongst contemporary textile artists. Although text is a popular form of art, woven text is very rare. This study intends to analyse the syncretic association between weaving and text. The following questions are raised: what are the meanings of this association and what purpose can be derived from it. Woven text, as the study object, has become an assisting instrument in the discussion of a textile artist in contemporary art. A textile artist, who decides to create art by means of weaving, finds himself standing at the crossroads of tradition and contemporary environment. The following study sources were used: interviews with Lithuanian woven text creators, as well as literature, art journalism, articles in periodic publications, and other data which allow finding new meanings of woven text. The objective of the study is to assemble the possible meanings which define the relationship between weaving and text. Meanings found in the study were the following: opposition; time, transience, longevity; escape, isolation, salvation, halt; meditation, empathy; history, tradition; tactility/touch; durability, strength, genuineness; communication, intimacy, reminiscence; sacredness, religion; politics, economics; suffering, complexity, hard work... [to full text]

Ingeborg Bachmann’s recurrent references to the Spanish painter Francisco de Goya have frequently been noted, but have so far never been investigated. After outlining, in chapter one, Bachmann’s references to Goya in her thesis on Wittgenstein as well as in the Franza-Fragment and in her only novel Malina, this thesis sets out to highlight the text-image relation between Bachmann’s novel Malina and Goya’s series of murals which are known as the so called „Black Paintings“. Chapter two focuses on the importance of intertextuality and intermediality in Bachmann’s novel and the importance of quotation for the female narrator, who relies on intertextual and intermedial references to express her traumatic experiences. After an introduction into the aesthetics of Goya, in chapter three, chapters four and five examine the text-image relation between Goya’s painting El Perro Semihundido and the first chapter in Bachmann’s novel. The double perspective contained in El Perro, of the subjective expression of the dog’s longing for rescue and the objective futility of this hope as expressed by the dog’s positioning against the abstract background setting, is transferred onto the female narrator and her longing to be rescued through love. Chapter five especially focuses on the (problematic) semantic shifts which occur in the course of this transformation from an abstract representation in the painting to the depiction of concrete and personalized experiences in the text. Chapter six investigates the correlations between Bachmann’s dream chapter and the aesthetics of Goya’s murals, and asks to what extent Bachmann succeeds in transferring the main motifs in Goya’s images into literary form. Chapter seven explores the similarities and media-specific differences in the strategies deployed for depicting madness, violence and destruction in Bachmann’s text and in Goya’s murals and his series of prints on the Desasters of War. Bachmann’s novel Malina shows an extraordinary richness in intertextual and intermedial references. Analysing the explicit as well as implicit references to Goya’s late works in the novel this thesis addresses one area on Ingeborg Bachmann which has not been researched in detail so far.

Limited health literacy is a barrier to understanding health information. Simplifying text can reduce this barrier and possibly other known disparities in health. Unfortunately, few tools exist to simplify text with demonstrated impact on comprehension. By leveraging modern data sources integrated with natural language processing algorithms, we are developing the first semi-automated text simplification tool. We present two main contributions. First, we introduce our evidence-based development strategy for designing effective text simplification software and summarize initial, promising results. Second, we present a new study examining existing readability formulas, which are the most commonly used tools for text simplification in healthcare. We compare syllable count, the proxy for word difficulty used by most readability formulas, with our new metric ‘term familiarity’ and find that syllable count measures how difficult words ‘appear’ to be, but not their actual difficulty. In contrast, term familiarity can be used to measure actual difficulty.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Document representation is important for computer-based text processing. Good document representations must include at least the most salient concepts of the document. Documents exist in a multidimensional space that difficult the identification of what concepts to include. A current problem is to measure the effectiveness of the different strategies that have been proposed to accomplish this task. As a contribution towards this goal, this dissertation studied the visual inter-document relationship in a dimensionally reduced space. The same treatment was done on full text and on three document representations. Two of the representations were based on the assumption that the salient features in a document set follow the chi-distribution in the whole document set. The third document representation identified features through a novel method. A Coefficient of Variability was calculated by normalizing the Cartesian distance of the discriminating value in the relevant and the non-relevant document subsets. Also, the local dictionary method was used. Cosine similarity values measured the inter-document distance in the information space and formed a matrix to serve as input to the Multi-Dimensional Scale (MDS) procedure. A Precision-Recall procedure was averaged across all treatments to statistically compare them. Treatments were not found to be statistically the same and the null hypotheses were rejected.

In its theoretical part, this thesis deals with possibilities of using puppets at the education process of drama education. It is aimed at the puppets using at literary text working. It sketches relation between a child and a puppet, his or her communication and working with it. It points out puppets using in the other education sphere. This thesis acquaints pupils with basic kinds of puppets, a way of their using at the education and it shows possibilities of puppets hand making. This work refers to child fantasy what can help bringing subject around and after that its using is easy. It demonstrates that a puppet can have its own place in drama education lessons which concentrate on literary. The practical part deals of research what is oriented on the drama education lessons which use activities with a puppet and without it. It approaches a child working during a school year and shows progress at his work and in relation to a puppet. The thesis brings the solution how to make it special for school. This work makes puppets importance at the education. Key words: - puppets - education - literary text - drama education - activity - stage process - communication - puppet theatre - working with puppets

Teorie a praxe tvorby učebnic chemie pro střední školy Mgr. Milan Klečka Abstrakt: Disertační práce je zaměřena na problematiku teorie a praxe tvorby učebnic chemie pro střední školy. Východiskem práce je rozsáhlá rešerše naší a zahraniční literatury zaměřená na analýzu významu, pojetí, charakteristiky a hodnocení učebnic. Dále je uvedena příprava, realizace a výsledky rozsáhlého šetření v rámci České republiky, týkajícího se reálného používání učebnic chemie na středních školách. Formou dotazníkového šetření bylo zjištěno, jaké učebnice chemie jsou v současnosti v praxi nejpoužívanější. Nejvíce používané učebnice obecné a anorganické chemie byly pak vybrány k dalšímu hodnocení metodikou Nestlerová-Průcha-Pluskal. Byl proveden komplexní rozbor osmi nejpoužívanějších učebnic a učebnicových řad obecné a anorganické chemie a porovnány jejich parametry. V závěru disertační práce je uveden přehled jednotlivých parametrů pro každou učebnici a návrh kritérií pro tvorbu optimální učebnice chemie pro střední školy.

The diploma thesis analyses written academic text. Academic prose is frequently characterized as a highly complex style which is structurally elaborated, contains a large number of subordinate clauses and expresses meaning relations explicitly. However, new research (e.g. Biber & Gray, 2010) shows that complexity of academic writing occurs on the level of noun phrases which often contain extensive premodification and/or postmodification. The thesis studies noun phrase structure in research articles from two disciplines: medicine and sociology. Two articles from each discipline were selected, each yielding 50 complex noun phrases. These 200 examples were analysed with respect to their modification, its form and levels of embedding. The results were compared for both disciplines. The aim of the thesis was to describe complex noun phrase structure and identify its relation to the type of academic discipline. Key words: noun phrase, modification, academic text, sociology, medicine