La thèse de doctorat d’histoire moderne Les Sociabilités élitaires à Lyon au XVIIIe siècle a pour sujet principal les interactions entre les groupes sociaux dominants à Lyon au siècle des Lumières. Lyon est une ville réputée être « sans noblesse », où l’activité commerciale est puissante. Néanmoins, l’aristocratie est tout de même présente, bien que minoritaire, et on la retrouve évidemment dans les quartiers les plus luxueux de la cité rhodanienne. Les catégories élitaires de Lyon au XVIIIe siècle qui ont été retenues sont : le clergé, la noblesse (épée, robe, cloche), les officiers royaux (nobles, du tiers état), les bourgeois, les membres des professions libérales, les négociants, les marchands. L’idée maîtresse de cette étude est donc d’exminer les liens entre les groupes d’élites, comment elles se croisent, s’unissent, se répartissent. Ce travail de recherche se sert essentiellement de la méthode de la prosopographie pour parvenir à des résultats statistiques permettant d’élaborer une réflexion analytique. Nous nous sommes appuyé pour cela sur les stratégies matrimoniales (première partie), sur les sociabilités culturelles (deuxième partie) et sur les localisations résidentielles (troisième partie). Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressé dans un premier chapitre aux comportements démographiques, aux mariages (à travers les phénomènes d’endogamie, d’exogamie, d’hypergamie et d’hypogamie notamment), à la parenté spirituelle et à l’influence du rang dans la fratrie. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons abordé les sociétés de culture, la vie religieuse, les loges maçonniques, le théâtre et diverses institutions urbaines (institutions d’enfermement, compagnies militaires, etc.). Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons examiné la répartition spatiale de ces élites en séparant le territoire de la ville entre le côté de Fourvière, le côté de Saint-Nizier nord et le côté de Saint-Nizier sud. Ainsi, chaque partie soulève des problèmes particuliers. À propos des stratégies matrimoniales, nous nous sommes posé la question : dans quelle mesure ces groupes sont-ils endogames ? Quand la stricte endogamie, trop souvent admise a priori se trouve transgressée, entre quels groupes des liens d’alliance se tissent-ils ? Dans le domaine les sociabilités culturelles, nous avons tenté de voir quels groupes sont affiliés à quelles sociétés ou institutions et avons essayé de déterminer s’il existait des rapports entre eux au sein de celles-ci. A fortiori, nous nous sommes attaché à montrer si certaines catégories sont plus ou moins exclues par certaines d’entre elles. Pour répondre à ces questionnements, nous avons établi des banques de données sommant les listes de membres des loges maçonniques, des rectorats d’hôpitaux, des bureaux des sociétés de bienfaisance, des cercles littéraires, etc. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les localisations résidentielles, nous avons cherché dans quelle mesure peut-on faire correspondre l’habitat d’un groupe à une volonté ségrégative ? Quelles sont les formes de commensalité ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques des espaces de mixité sociale ? Cette étude se propose donc de prolonger les travaux de Maurice Garden, essentiellement voués aux couches populaires, par une prosopographie spécifiquement consacrée aux élites. / The principal subject of the thesis Les Sociabilités élitaires au XVIIIe siècle deals with interactions between the dominant social groups in Lyon during the Enlightenment century. Lyon has the reputation of being a city “without nobility”, where commercial activity is powerful. However, the aristocracy is present, even if it is in minority, and we can find it obviously in the most luxurious districts of the city of the Rhône. The Lyon’s elite categories of the 18th century are: clergymen, the nobility (according to french sense : épée, robe, cloche), officers (nobles, or belonging to the Third Estate), bourgeois, liberal professions, traders, merchants. Therefore, the main idea of this study is to see the links between these elite groups, how they cross and/or unite each other, and how they share the Lyon territory. This work of research essentially uses the prosopographical method to reach statistic results enabling to produce an historical reflection about the question of the sociabilities of the elites from Lyon in this period. To reach this goal, we focused on the matrimonial strategies (first part), the cultural sociabilities (second part) and residential localizations (third part). Thus, we are interested in the first chapter by demographic behaviour, weddings (with especially the phenomenons of endogamy, exogamy, hypogamy, hypergamy), spiritual kinship and influence of the rank inside the siblings. In the second chapter, we are interested by cultural societies, religious life, masonic lodges, theatre and different urban institutions (imprisonment institutions, military companies, and so on.). Finally, in the third chapter, we are interested by the spatial distribution of these elites, the area of the city beeing divided between the Fourvière side, the North Saint-Nizier side and the South Saint-Nizier side. Thus, each part gives rise to special problems. About the matrimonial problems, we could question : how far these groups are endogamous? When strong endogamy rule, which is too often a priori supposed is transgressed, between which groups alliance connections are developed? About the cultural sociabilities, we try to see which groups are associated to which societies or institutions and we try to see if there is links between them inside these ones. A fortiori, we try to show if some categories are more or less excluded of some of them. To answer these questionings, we have made databases with the lists of the members of the masonic lodges, the hospital boards, the councils of charity societies, literary circles, an so on. At last, about the residential localizations, we could wonder to which extent we could manage to make a correspondence between the accommodations of a group to a segregative will? What are the commensalité forms? What are the characteristics of the social diversity spaces? So, this work has a new perspective, because if Maurice Garden looked into the situation of the lower classes of Lyon in the 18th century, there was a lack in the historiographical research on the elites.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This study considers the relationship between landscape and the Arcadian funereal imagination in the context of eighteenth century Britain, arguing that the Arcadian landscapes imagined by the British elite were instruments of rituals facilitating the reformation and transformation of socioeconomic, political, and moral structures of the British empire. Drawing upon texts and landscape practices, three case studies are examined: Alexander Pope’s (1688-1744) Twickenham grotto and his descriptive letter to Edward Blount; Sir William Chambers’ (1723-1796) Dissertation on oriental gardening and his design for Kew gardens, Sir John Soane’s (1753-1837) manuscript Crude hints towards an history of my house in LIF and his house-museum in Lincoln’s Inn Fields in London. The landscape itinerary of Pope’s Twickenham villa, in relation to his letter to Blount, suggests that it was structured analogous to the initiatory route of the Eleusinian mysteries as accounted in Pope’s translation of the Odyssey. Noting Pope’s engagement with Freemasonry, associated with the Opposition party, I suggest this implied Odyssean journey not only metaphorically anticipates the restitution of the Stuart dynasty and the reassertion of a political order founded upon aristocratic land ownership, but is also a means by which the ‘initiates’ contest the Enlightenment ideal of a mind of autonomy. In relation to the Burkean sublime, Chambers’ Dissertation, an imaginary travel narrative, is read as a city landscaping theory which aims to shape the morals of British citizens exposed to the erosion of commercial society. Whilst the scenes of luxury in the Chinese gardens imply a double effect of commercial society, the funereal imagery of ‘the surprising,’ built upon the Burkean sublime-effect, is intended as a cure of moral corruption associated with luxury. Stimulated by geological notions (e.g. stratigraphy and catastrophism), Soane’s ruinous text of Crude hints, a mirror of the house-museum as well as the earth, illustrates a parallel between the ‘first principles’ of the movement of the earth and that of the mind, i.e. imagination and signification. The funereal imagination in the text, which itself represents simultaneous creation and destruction, is revealed to be the architect’s construction of an ideal language that can express the being of the nation and the self. This thesis ends with a theoretical discussion of the role of the funereal imagination in eighteenth century landscape and architecture, i.e. how British imperial identity was forged, transmitted, negotiated, and reconstructed constantly within the temporally and spatially extended discursive realm of Arcadian mythology.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with camarilla changes of three Russian rulers. Sources and literature of this theme are dealt in the thesis introduction. Camarilla, favourite, favouritism and absolutism are defined in another chapter. Subsequent chapters deal with particular rulers, their accession to the throne, key government institutions and mainly with the most important camarilla members. Last chapter compares the three regimes. Firstly it goes in for qualifications of rulers to rule. Further it compares their favourites and then it focusses at the most successful persons who were able to maintain their position throughout several regimes and gives reply to questions if those people had common features which were reasons for success and if these positions sometimes changed or remained constant.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar, partindo de uma perspectiva filológica, um conjunto de cartas manuscritas, lavradas durante a década de 1765 a 1775, na capitania de São Paulo. Transcrevem-se os textos, para, a partir desse trabalho inicial, buscar-se definir algumas de suas coordenadas sincrônicas e diacrônicas, situacionais e linguísticas.1 Realiza-se um estudo minucioso de aspectos materiais e formais de um corpus predominantemente homogêneo quanto à espécie documental (carta), porém que mostrou apresentar variações. Ao final do trabalho filológico, publica-se a edição semidiplomática dos 137 fólios que compõem o corpus, acompanhada dos facsímiles. Por seu caráter conservador, a edição interessa a linguistas, e, pelo assunto tratado nas cartas, é fonte rica para historiadores. A partir do exame atento das fontes publicadas, trabalha-se com a hipótese da existência de uma relação entre a categoria socioprofissional dos destinatários e as formas de tratamento a eles dirigidas. A contextualização sócio-histórica dos documentos setecentistas culmina com a pesquisa sobre a origem dos remetentes, que localizou e permitiu traçar um perfil social mínimo de metade deles, atestando que pelo menos 32 documentos foram escritos, ou ditados, por homens nascidos na Colônia, principalmente na capitania de São Paulo. A partir dessas informações, da descrição sócio-histórica do período e do estudo de Marquilhas (2000), apresenta-se uma proposta de categorização socioprofissional que dê conta do corpus. As formas de tratamento (FT\'s) em língua portuguesa têm sido objeto de vários estudos, sincrônicos e diacrônicos: parte busca explicar de que maneira se deu a inclusão do pronome você, advindo da forma nominal vossa mercê, no sistema de tratamentos brasileiro; parte concentra-se na análise das formas nominais e pronominais, buscando descrever sua utilização e comparar o uso em documentos públicos e privados e entre períodos distintos. Número significativo de investigações linguísticas sobre o tema constituem corpora a partir de cartas, espécie documental bastante produtiva para tal análise. A teoria do Poder e da Solidaridade, desenvolvida por Brown e Gilman, e a análise das relações epistolares a partir das classificações em simétrica e assimétrica são comumente utilizadas em trabalhos recentes. No presente estudo, a análise das FT\'s comprova que a forma mais frequentemente empregada é vossa mercê, resultado que contraria a literatura especializada com relação a documentos oficiais. Além disso, chega-se à conclusão de que tal forma, diferentemente do que se verifica em outras pesquisas, não é utilizada preferencialmente nas relações assimétricas descendentes. O que condiciona seu emprego, na esfera pública, é a categoria socioprofissional do destinatário. Assim, aqueles que pertenciam às categorias socioprofissionais dos militares e dos administradores locais (juízes, ouvidores, provedores) eram tratados por vossa mercê. A análise sob o ponto de vista de categorias socioprofissionais permite também identificar que algumas delas, como a dos eclesiásticos, marcavam linguisticamente as posições hierárquicas superiores por meio do uso de FT\'s de alto valor honorífico, como vossa senhoria e vossa reverendíssima, enquanto outras, como a dos militares, não apresentavam essa diferenciação, sendo todos tratados por vossa mercê. / The present study uses a philological perspective to analyse a group of handwritten letters drafted during the decade of 1765-1775, in the Sao Paulo captaincy. From this initial work, the texts are transcribed for one try to define some of their syncronic and dyacronic coordenates, situational and linguistics. Thus, one can do a detailed philological study of material and formal aspects of a mostly homogenous corpus of one type of document (letters) but which shows variations. At the end of this philological work, the semidiplomatic edition of 137 folios is published, along with document facsimiles. Because of its conservative character, the edition is of interest to linguists, and because of the topics covered in the letters, it is a rich source for historians. From the attentive observation of the published sources, it has been possible to raise a possible relation between sociohistorical factors of senders and receivers and about the adress forms used on the texts. To make clear the relationship between social factors and linguistic elements, it has been done a social-historical description of the documents, culminating with research on the senders\' origin, and allowing the researcher to outline a basic social profile of half the authors. At least 32 documents were written, or dictated, by men born in the Colony, mainly in the Sao Paulo captaincy. Based on this information, of the social-historical description of the period and of Marquilha\'s study (2000), we propose a socialprofessional classification that takes the corpus into account. Forms of address (FAs) in Portuguese have been the object of various synchronic and diachronic studies. Some seek to explain how the pronoun você (from vossa mercê) was included in the Brazilian FA system; some focus on analysis of nouns and pronouns, describing and comparing their use in public and private documents at specified time periods. A significant number of linguistic investigations on the subject base their corpora on letters, a very productive kind of document for this analysis. Brown and Gilman\'s Theory of Power and Solidarity and the analysis of epistolary relationships in symmetrical and asymmetrical classifications have often been used in recent works. On the present study, the analysis of the FAs proves that the form of address most frequently used was vossa mercê, a result that contradicts the specialized literature related to official documents. Furthermore, one may conclude that this form, differently from that found in other researches, is not used preferentially in descending asymmetrical relationships. What determines one\'s employment in the public sphere is the social-professional classification of the recipient. Thus, those who belonged to categories of military social-professionals and local administrators (judges, ombudsmen, providers) were addressed as vossa mercê. The analysis from the socialprofessional point of view also allows us to identify that some of them, such as clergy, were linguistically marked, by means of highly honorific FAs, such as vossa senhoria and vossa reverendíssima, superior hierarchical positions, while others, like those in the military, did not make this distinction, all being addressed as vossa mercê.

The primary aim of this thesis has been to describe the complex influences governing the production of fashionable furniture in C18th England and France in order to reassess the connection between material practices, the cultures in which they reside and the philosophical ideas from which they emerge. This has been achieved by detailing the factors influencing the design and production of late C18th furniture in England and France and developing a comparative model developed around the Harewood Library Table by Thomas Chippendale and The Wallace Collection F302 Secrétaire á abattant by Riesener, in order to isolate, identify and interpret differences between them. This innovative case study sits at the heart of this thesis and describes in detail how these pieces were designed and constructed and how they relate to the wider cultures from which they emerged. The result of this is apparent in a number of outcomes. Firstly, the thesis offers a definitive summary of the key characteristics of Chippendale’s and Riesener’s work which will better enable practitioners (conservators, curators, collectors, etc.) to identify pieces made by these makers, analyze their condition and help conserve these important pieces of furniture: furniture history currently is over‐dependent on much more subjective approaches to this process of identification. Secondly, the thesis examines different aspects of furniture making in England and France (literature on the workshops, information on economic conditions, evidence relating to tools and materials etc.) and integrates them in such a way as to provide an authoritative account of the complex processes involved in the commissioning of such fashionable furniture. The thesis not only helps us better understand furniture making in England and France at a structural level during this key period of transition but also provides an original and systematic approach to writing a history around such material cultures, demonstrating how important it is to the full(est) comprehension of history that such fashionable objects be understood. Where other frequently more privileged objects (written documents, paintings and sculptures etc.) have been seen to provide valuable historical insights, this thesis argues that fashionable furniture can now be seen to provide its own unique perspectives on the time and on the society in which it was created.