Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is primarily an examination of the effect of multilingualism on Afrikaans newspapers, with specific reference to Die Burger (Western Cape). The study also looks at the origin and development of South Africa's multilingual dispensation, the effect of this on South Africa's press history, the newspaper market in South Africa, how newspapers position themselves in this multilingual market, an outline of Die Burger's potential and real market in the Western Cape, how Die Burger positions itself in this market, the challenges and effect of multilingualism on Die Burger's market, ways in which Die Burger handles this impact, and possible shortcomings in the handling thereof. The study further examines the effect of multilingualism on the financial and operating management of newspapers, strategies for survival in a multilingual market, the possible shortcomings of these strategies, and suggests possible solutions for these shortcomings. Through electronic media such as television, radio and the internet more and more Afrikaans speaking people are exposed to English and it is likely and possible that growing numbers of Afrikaans speaking people are able to communicate fluently in English. The possible effect of this may be that Afrikaans speaking people, Die Burger's primary market, can, with growing ease, support Die Burger's direct competition, namely English dailies. Die Burger can therefore no longer depend on language loyalty, but have to compete on level footing with English newspapers for Afrikaans readers. Because of the uniqueness of the Die Burger's market there is no generic model for survival strategies in this market. Thus this study also examines influences on the Afrikaans market such as globalisation, anglicization and the impact of the electronic media on language preference and ability. The study also examines the specific challenges for Die Burger, especially in terms of not losing it's current readers, and secondly to survive in a market increasingly under pressure from multilingualism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is primêr 'n ondersoek na die invloed wat veeltaligheid het op Afrikaanse koerante, met spesifieke verwysing na Die Burger (Wes-Kaap). Daar word ook 'n ondersoek gedoen na die oorsprong en ontwikkeling van Suid- Afrika se veeltalige bestel, die invloed van veeltaligheid op Suid-Afrika se persgeskiedenis, die koerantmark in Suid-Afrika, hoe koerante hulle in dié veeltalige mark posisioneer, 'n beskrywing van Die Burger se potensiële en werklike mark in die Wes-Kaap, hoe Die Burger hom in dié mark posisioneer, die uitdagings en invloed van veeltaligheid op Die Burger se mark, die maniere waarop Die Burger dié impak hanteer, en moontlike leemtes in die hantering daarvan. Die studie ondersoek verder die finansiële en bedryfsimpak van 'n veeltalige samelewing op koerante, strategieë vir oorlewing in 'n veeltalige mark, moontlike leemtes in dié strategieë, en doen moontlike oplossings aan die hand. Weens die elektroniese media soos televisie, radio en die internet word al meer Afrikaanssprekendes aan veral Engels blootgestel en is dit waarskynlik en moontlik dat al meer Afrikaanssprekendes ook gemaklik in veral Engels kan kommunikeer. Dit kan tot gevolg hê dat Afrikaanssprekendes, en dus Die Burger se primêre teikenmark, met toenemende gemak ook Die Burger se direkte kompetisie, naamlik Engelse dagblaaie, kan begin ondersteun. Die Burger sal dus nie meer kan staatmaak op taallojaliteit nie, maar moet op gelyke voet met Engelse koerante meeding vir Afrikaanssprekende lesers. Weens die uniekheid van die mark waarin Die Burger hom bevind, bestaan geen generiese model wat strategieë vir oorlewing binne dié mark uitstippel nie. Dus word in die studie 'n ondersoek gedoen na die invloede op die Afrikaanse mark soos byvoorbeeld globalisering, gepaardgaande verengelsing, en die invloed van die elektroniese media op die mark se taalvoorkeur en -vaardigheid. Die studie behels ook 'n ondersoek na die spesifieke uitdagings vir Die Burger, veral in terme daarvan om eerstens sy huidige lesers te behou, en tweedens om te oorleef in 'n mark wat toenemend die invloed voel van veeltaligheid.

This collection of research projects tells a story of the time I have spent with members of the Albany Working for Water team; including preparations made, lessons learned and insights gained. My first project was to analyse the methodology of a research paper. I chose the paper by Arjen Wals because I intended, like him, to examine people's perceptions of environmental issues. From this paper I gained ideas for a qualitative research process and learnt the importance of theoretical and methodological consistency. My next project was to present a report on my research into the perceptions of workrelated environmental issues among the Albany Working for Water workers. From this research I gained insight into the knowledge of the workers and also some of the misconceptions that they have about social and ecological issues. I made educational recommendations based on these insights. This experience inspired me to initiate a play with a group of the workers about alien plant eradication. The process of developing this play formed the basis for a research paper that I have submitted as another research project. Concurrent with the development of the play, I conducted a fourth research project that was a situational analysis of the Albany Workingfor Water Project. I hoped that this analysis would provide useful insight into the context of the above two projects. Overall, I hope the story reflects how I have grown through the learning experiences I shared with the Albany Working for Water team. I would like to extend to my thanks to all those who assisted and shared my journey with me.

Thesis (Master of Construction)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Emerging contractors have relished greater privileges since the first democratically elected government in South Africa came into power in 1994 but are faced with numerous challenges. The government has placed numerous resources, ranging from training and development programmes, enabling legislative laws and regulations in an attempt to address these challenges and to turn emerging contractors to sustainable contractors. Knowledge transfer through training of emerging contractors, either from established contractors in a project set-up or training providers in a class room, has being recognised as the most effective mechanisms for development and growth of the emerging contractors. This study focuses on latter mechanism of emerging contractor development. The intended training outcomes of the structured training offered to emerging contractors by training providers in a class room set-up, remains and they experience several obstacles. This research focuses on a particular contractor development programme to investigate the effectiveness Western Cape Contractor Development Programme training programme and subsequently to enhance the training programme. The study focuses on specific aspects of training which researcher feels that they were significant: to explore the nature of existing TNA offered at Western Cape Contractor Development Programme , to investigate the trainer’s competences required in the WCCDP structured training, to examine the existing monitoring and evaluation indicators used to gauge the effectiveness of the Western Cape Contractor Development Programme structured training offered to emerging contractors and to explore the assessment strategies used at the Western Cape Contractor Development Programme, in order to measure the trainees’ learning. The study adopted a case study approach since it dealt with a particular contractor development programme in Western Cape, South Africa. A triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative methods was used to answer the research questions, achieve the research objectives and overcome matters with validity and bias. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the programme coordinators, service provider trainer, service provider facilitator and service provider project manager. A total of 50 self-administered closed-ended questionnaires were distributed to gather data from trainees, only 35 were handed back to the researcher representing a response rate 70%.Therefore a purposive sampling was adopted. To corroborate empirical data collected an observation of the training was conducted. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data; descriptive and inferential statics using the SPSS software was used quantitative data. The findings from the study revealed that the Western Cape Contractor Development Programme has lack of comprehensive managerial training needs analaysis approach, no measurable indicators established for monitoring and evaluation; programme has no competency assessment or screening process and lack of adequate knowledge on assessment design and implementation. Therefore, this is largely responsible for the problems at Western Cape Contractor Development Programme and has a negative impact on the programme. It is evident from the findings of the study that Western Cape Contractor Development Programme must develop a comprehensive and formal training needs analysis process to identify the actual needs, design and implement a proper measurable indicators for the monitoring and evaluation system in order to monitor the progress of the programme, training policies and objectives must be revisited for amend, tighten seriously, implemented and monitored regularly with all the concerned stakeholders, develop a trainer competency screening process and appoint a training expert to ensure that relevant assessment strategies are used for assessing the trainees and ensure that desired training outcomes and objectives are achieved to enhance the programme.

This study explores and attempts to shed light on what motivates teachers and how teacher motivation is affected by a principal's leadership style. The worldviews of pragmatism and critical realism were used as the basis for exploring teacher motivation in a South African school. A primary school in the Eastern Cape of South Africa was chosen for the case study. Three data gathering tools, a leadership questionnaire, teacher survey, and interviews were used to generate data on teacher motivation and the interaction between leadership style and teacher motivation. In regards to teachers, religion, social justice, and self-efficacy were all identified as motivators. The principal was strongly charismatic in her leadership and along with transformational and social justice leadership played a major role in influencing teacher behaviors. Self-determination theory was identified as helping to explain different levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and thereby to better understand varying degrees of teacher motivation. There are many difficulties in South African education and around the world in general and this study is premised on the belief that if teacher motivation can be studied and advanced there will be an improvement in education and learning. This thesis was limited in its scope and ability to fully explore the different levels of ontology as outlined by the critical realist and this is identified as a possible future course of action for not only studying teacher motivation but getting to the 'heart of the matter'.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Anthropology) / This dissertation is an ethnography of the figure of the moffie as a performance of same sex desire amongst gender non-conforming men, as it is celebrated in the 'coloured' ('coloured' is a constructed racial category, similar to 'white' and 'black' designated onto South Africans during the system of legislated racial segregation) townships of Cape Town. In this dissertation I demonstrate that the moffie is central to the lives of gender non-conforming men living in the 'coloured' townships of Cape Town. Through historical and contemporary ethnography, I show how moffie life is a representation of same sex desire amongst men that is highly visible. I reveal how moffie life is socially sanctioned through feminine self-styling, embodied through that of the gay hairdresser, annual gay beauty pageant competitions and Gay Pride events.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that of all the live births per year no more than 10-15% of these should be delivered by caesarean section. Despite this recommendation there has been a global increase in the percentage of caesarean section deliveries over the past few decades. In South Africa the percentage is as high as 70% in certain health care institutions which is of concern to midwives. Caesarean section deliveries are needed when the life of the baby, mother or both are at stake. However, this method of delivery bears more disadvantages than advantages to the baby and mother. Despite these disadvantages, some women request a caesarean section in their birth plans while others are influenced by health professionals to request a caesarean section. Therefore, there is a need for labouring women to be guided where possible to have vaginal birth because of its many advantages. This study sought to explore and describe the perceptions of the midwives regarding their role in facilitating the choice of delivery mode for labouring women in public hospitals and midwifery obstetric units (MOUs) of the Nelson Mandela Bay and Sarah Baartman districts. Based on the results of the study, guidelines for midwives in this role were developed. Maputle’sWoman-Centred Childbirth Model (2010) was used as the theoretical lens through which this study was viewed. The researcher selected a quantitative survey design using an explorative, descriptive and contextual research approach. The population consisted of midwives who were working in labour wards at public hospitals and midwife-led MOUs. A non-probability convenience sample was used to collect data using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the data collection instrument were ensured by using various means including a pre-test and an expert panel. Altogether, 300 questionnaires were distributed and 288 were returned. This number excluded the pilot study. Data was collected over a period of three months using the assistance of two fieldworkers. Data was captured and analysed under the supervision of the statistician and supervisors. Analysis was done by means of descriptive analyses that involved the production of frequencies and presented using charts, figures and tables. The major findings of the study are: -The midwives perceived themselves as the main facilitators of a suitable decision by the labouring woman for a safe delivery method - The midwives emphasised the importance of the delivery position preferred by the labouring woman -The midwives indicated that a collaboration between doctors, senior midwives, midwives and midwives in management positions could assist with a decision for a suitable delivery mode option. -The midwives agreed that the culture of the labouring woman should be considered when deciding on a delivery mode and therefore midwifery curriculum should include lessons about cultural diversity. Three principal guidelines were developed, namely: 1. Create an environment that promotes acceptance of a woman’s choice of a delivery mode. 2. Create an environment promoting a collaborative health care relationship 3. Create an environment that is sensitive to cultural needs in the maternity unit Ethical considerations in this study were upheld by maintaining the principles of beneficence, maleficence, autonomy and justice.

The role of natural resources in the lives of rural children impacted by HIV/AIDS remains unexplored. This study highlights wild food use by rural children vulnerable to the impacts of HIV/AIDS as an important and regular activity that supplements their domestic diets. This work found that with an increase in vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, children rely more on wild foods. Through an 18 month project in the Eastern Cape, using a broad quantitative and qualitative school and non-school survey, individual interviews, food diaries, participant observation, interactive photography, and other participatory techniques, a total of 850 children's coping strategies and livelihoods were examined. The quality of children’s domestic diets was, on average, 60% lower than the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) guidelines. However, 62% of the children interviewed were supplementing their diets with wild foods, 30% having over half their diet supplemented with wild foods. Dietary diversity showed a 13% increase when wild food supplementation occurred. While traditionally rural children rely on reciprocal networks during times of crisis, we found that these networks were eroding from the pressures of HIV/AIDS. Begging, for some children, was replaced by wild food collection and a significantly larger proportion of children more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS relied on wild foods more than did less vulnerable children. Considering the heightened nutritional and energy needs of children, combined with the impact of HIV/AIDS on household food access, wild foods represent the last freely attainable food sources available to them. Hunting and collection of wild food is a group activity, which was found to have valuable psychosocial benefits. Commercialisation of wild foods was observed among 38% of the children, with significantly more vulnerable children selling wild foods. The use of wild foods by rural children also had positive influences on the preservation of indigenous ecological knowledge.

The biological control of the weedy complex Lantana camara (L.) (Verbenaceae) has been ongoing in South Africa for over 40 years. Despite this, the weed is still not under sufficient control and continues to invade new territories in the country. The biological control programme needs to be bolstered with releases of new and potentially damaging biological control agents. A promising biological control agent endemic to Central America, Falconia intermedia (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), was imported into quarantine from Jamaica in 1994. This agent was released on sites in KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces of South Africa in 1999. Even though it initially established and damaged L. camara, populations died out at most of the release sites. As varietal difference and adverse climate have been cited as the reason for non-establishment and ineffective control in L. camara biocontrol programmes worldwide, this study attempts to investigate the role that these two factors play in this weed herbivore relationship. Laboratory no-choice trials were conducted to determine the varietal performance of F intermedia, among five Eastern Cape varieties of the weed from East London, Whitney Farm, Heather Glen Farm, Port Alfred and Lyndhurst Farm, and a variety from the Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Pretoria. However, there were differences in performance as the adult mirids performed better on white-pink varieties from Whitney Farm and Heather Glen Farm. To test varietal preference in field conditions, field releases of F intermedia were also made at East London, Whitney Farm, Heather Glen Farm, Port Alfred and Lyndhurst Farm. Post release evaluations were conducted monthly for two years (2002 and 2003). The insect established at East London and Whitney Farm, both of which have white-pink varieties. Insect populations quickly died out at the Lyndhurst Farm and Port Alfred sites, which have dark pink varieties. It is suggested that field conditions may have resulted in poor plant quality and led indirectly to varietal preference, and to non-establishment at these two sites. With the onset of cooler weather, populations disappeared at Heather Glen Farm. This suggested that F. intermedia was suitable for release in more subtropical areas within South Africa where climatic conditions would be suitable throughout the year. The mirid performed well at Whitney Farm, resulting in significant reduction in plant growth parameters such as height and percentage cover, and increasing the cover of other flora growing beneath L. camara plants. Finally, ways to improve the efficacy of this agent are considered in an effort towards better control of L. camara in South Africa.

The general aim of the study was to explore and describe community development workers` perceptions of wellness at an HIV/AIDS organisation in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa. The population of 36 community development workers at the Nelson Mandela Bay office of this organisation participated in this study. The sampling technique employed can be described as a census as it involved sampling an entire finite population that included all community development workers in the organisation. These workers are predominantly Xhosa-speaking adults between the ages of 21 and 60 years, and include both males and females. Qualitative data were gathered by means of audio-recorded focus groups, utilising semi-structured interviews. Tesch`s method was used to analyse the data, while Guba`s guidelines were used to enhance the trustworthiness of the research. Focus group interviews with community development workers revealed seven common themes in the experience of working in the HIV/AIDS organisation: (a) participants’ understanding of wellness; (b) organisational factors that impact on wellness; (c) personal factors that impact on wellness; (d) family and community factors that impact on wellness; (e) participants’ wellness; (f) personal coping strategies; and (g) suggestions regarding organisational strategies to enhance employee wellness. It is envisaged that the research findings of this study will be used in future to direct interventions that will be beneficial for the short and long term planning for the wellness of the community development workers of the HIV/AIDS organisation and those around them. It was recommended that the organisation was to develop a workplace wellness programme, increase management support towards the staff wellness and to increase the staff capacity.

Poverty among individuals, households or communities is not a static condition. There are many factors which contribute to its causes and depth. In South Africa the economic gaps imposed by the previous apartheid government aggravated economic inequalities and caused considerable disparities, which has resulted in high unemployment rates. Inequalities were also manifest in the neglect of infrastructural and service provision as well in the effective absence of independent governance among some race group. This led to a call for pro-active initiatives by the post-1994 democratic government to remedy the living condition of the previously disadvantaged people. As part of its poverty relief drive the South African government has embarked on a series of developmental initiatives in bringing infrastructure related services to the poor and to reduce the enormous prevailing backlog, with the aim of increasing community participation, improving service delivery and promoting the upliftment of the lives of poor people through the medium of local governance. This study investigated the Integrated Development Planning, which has been undertaken in Grahamstown in the Makana Municipality in the Eastern Cape to respond to the prevailing poverty and underdevelopment among the poor communities. Relying on their developmental mandate to initiate and co-ordinate all development activities within their area of jurisdiction through the IDP, the Makana Municipality has drawn up a development strategic plan in conjunction with the local communities and with other stakeholders and organisations to identify and assess development backlogs within the communities with the aim of addressing such backlogs. This study revealed from the interviews conducted with some municipal personnel and questionnaires administered to sampled residents of Grahamstown that some faces of poverty, such as unemployment and lack of access to some of the most basic of infrastructure such as, sanitation facilities, water, electricity, formal house, education, security and recreation facilities are apparent in Grahamstown. However, the Makana Municipality through, the IDP has achieved some notable feats in the provision of providing some of the basic amenities such as water, housing, electricity and sanitation albeit at a slow rate. The mechanism of delivery is hampered by bureaucratic settings within government and the ambiguity attached to some of the projects. The service and infrastructural developments targeted towards the poor and the involvement of communities in the affairs of the local government might be seen as a partially panacea for poverty alleviation in South Africa. However the capacity of the local governments to effectively carry out this developmental challenge assignment might be a new twist in the developmental challenge facing local governments in South Africa. The thesis provides an overview of the Makana Municipality IDP and the degree to which is serving as one mechanism to address poverty in the Grahamstown urban area