No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Background: This research study investigates the position of legal interpreting within the England and Wales’ criminal justice system, as well as the status of legal interpreters. This study has been carried out with nine categories of personnel within the criminal justice system, comprising of judges, lawyers, clerks to the justices, magistrates, probation officers, police officers, prison officers, immigration officers and immigration advisory service officers, 186 number in total. Methods: a qualitative method of enquiry is adopted with questionnaires sent to the above categories, which formed the basis of nine questions used in semi-structured interviews with 38 members from the above categories. The categories were not equally represented, depending on access. These interviews have been considered as the major method of investigation. Participant observation is used as an informal method of enquiry for deepening contextualisation of the study. Themes: four main themes have emerged. They are: culture and communication, role and contradictory role of the interpreter, the position of the interpreter and context of interpreting barriers. Findings: the practice of interpreting is misunderstood and undervalued. The interpreter is not considered as an active participant in the legal process. The role of the interpreter is viewed in terms of a mechanical one, since interpreters are expected to interpret word for word without seeking clarifications of unclear utterance or concept. Implications of the study: criminal justice personnel need a deeper understanding of the practice of interpreting and the diverse role of the interpreter. The study highlights the professional status of interpreters. Proposals have been put forward for improvements to the present situation through statutory recognition and protection of title.

This thesis offers an alternative history of theoretical pictures of law and legal work. It argues that these theoretical pictures can be understood as giving primacy to either the explanatory paradigm of discourse on the one hand, or to the explanatory paradigm of tradition on the other. Broadly speaking, discourse-oriented explanations of law and legal work tend to focus on the nature, function and status of normative requirements themselves. Tradition-oriented explanations, on the other hand, tend to focus on the long-term acquisition and transmission, in specific contexts, of common ways of seeing and doing. The first part of the thesis is composed of five sections. The first four are dedicated to revealing the basic features of the above-mentioned explanatory orientations, i.e., law-as-discourse (IA1), legal-work-as-discourse (IA2), law-astradition (IB1), and legal-work-as-tradition (IB2). The fifth section (IC) uses these basic features to read five distinct works in legal theory as oscillating between the two explanatory paradigms. The second part of the thesis argues that to the extent that we recognise that jurisprudential inquiries are oriented towards either the explanatory paradigm of discourse or that of tradition, we are on our way to recognising the incompleteness of theoretical pictures of law and legal work. This second part offers three further arguments, which are designed to encourage the adoption of an attitude that acknowledges the incompleteness of the results of one’s inquiries. First, it is shown that truth can be the aim of an inquiry, but that this is not incompatible with incompleteness understood from the first person post factum perspective (IIA). Second, it is argued that the results of one’s inquiry are not complete because an inquiry only ever appears complete to one when (and only when) one does not problematise its central terms (IIB). Third, and finally, it is argued that the highly intensive mode of self-reflection engaged in by theorists practicing the examined life may lead to certain limitations in the construction of theoretical pictures (IIC).

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la eficacia de los métodos de Gleisser - Hunt modificado y Demirjian en la estimación de la edad dental a través del estudio de las terceras molares en pacientes adultos jóvenes peruanos que acudieron al Servicio de Radiologia del Hospital Nacional “Arzobispo Loayza”. Un estudio transversal se llevó acabo mediante el análisis de 250 ortopantomografías. Los análisis estadísticos se llevaron a cabo mediante el test de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas para evaluar las diferencias entre la edad cronológica y la edad estimada por cada método y el coeficiente Kappa para determinar la fiabilidad intra-observador. De los participantes, 55.6% eran mujeres y el 44.4% eran varones, con edades comprendidas entre 11 y 24 años. La prueba de Kappa mostró buenos resultados al evaluar la fiabilidad intraobservador (0,876 para el método de Demirjian y 0,810 para el de Gleiser y Hunt modificado). Se encontró que las edades estimadas por los métodos de Demirjian y de Gleise-Hunt modificado sobreestimaron la edad cronológica en los grupos de edad más jóvenes y subestimaron en los grupos de mayor edad. Se determinó que el método de Demirjian es más eficaz que el método de Gleiser y Hunt modificado en el grupo de edad de 17.5-19.49 años en ambos géneros, ya que fue el único que no presento diferencias estadísticamente significativas en mujeres (0,09) ni en varones (0,291). / The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the methods Gleiser - Hunt and modified Demirjian in estimating dental age through the study of third molars in young adults Peruvian patients attending the Radiology Service of the National Hospital "Arzobispo Loayza ". A cross-sectional study was carried just by analyzing 250 panoramic radiographs. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples and the Kappa coefficient to determine the intra-observer reliability. Of the participants, 55.6% were female and 44.4% were male, aged between 11 and 24 years. The Kappa test showed good results to assess intraobserver reliability (0.876 for the Demirjian and 0.810 for the modified Gleiser and Hunt). It was found that the ages estimated by the methods of Demirjian and Gleise-Hunt overestimated modified chronological age in younger age groups and underestimated in older age groups. It was determined that the method is more effective than Demirjian method modified Gleiser and Hunt in the group aged 17.5-19.49 years in both genders, as it was the only one not present statistically significant differences in women (0.09) or males (0,291). KEY WORDS: Demirjian method - Gleiser y Hunt modified method – third molars- chronologic age - dental age

Determina la relación entre la obliteración de la pulpa dental de dientes unirradiculares y la edad cronológica, que podría ser factible y podría conducir a resultados estadísticos sólidos. Para esto se recogen 300 radiografías panorámicas de personas atendidas en el “Centro de Diagnóstico por Imágenes Hugo Aguayo” de los cuales la edad oscila entre 20 a 87 años. / Tesis

El objetivo del artículo es explicar qué son las destrezas legales y cuáles son las destrezas legales clásicas. Asimismo, presentar qué destrezas legales desarrollan las Facultades de Derecho peruanas en sus planes de estudio, dando prioridad a una u otra destreza. Por último proponer destrezas legales que se deberían desarrollar de acuerdo ala realidad nacional en la cual los abogados peruanos deben ejercer.

There is an absence of any significant written material applying standard rhetorical principles to the communication of the results of basic legal research. This study attempts to fill that void. It proceeds from a discussion on the nature of legal precedents (stare decisis) to a chapter on legal research tools and techniques which enable one to discover these precedents. It continues with an explanation of what a "legal issue" is and how one discovers it among various facts relevant to a case, but not necessarily vital to it. The balance of this thesis concisely details the adaptability of traditional rhetorical techniques to legal writing, then pragmatically concludes by suggesting how one can prepare an appellate brief by combining this two-fold principle, which is both academic and legal.