The central theoretical argument of the study is that faith can heal or help counselees to cope with mood and anxiety disorders. In the meta-theoretical perspective a literature study of recent research on mood and anxiety disorders and the therapeutic approaches to each within the disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, and medicine was done. It was found that there are a number of different causes and treatments for depression and anxiety with different disciplines emphasising different perspectives. An empirical study consisting of qualitative structured interviews and observations of a selected group of counselees struggling with depression and anxiety was also carried out. It was established that faith had played a significant role in the healing of the counselee's depression and anxiety or in their ability to deal with their illnesses. The goal with the basis-theoretical perspectives was to explore what the Bible has to teach about 'depression", faith and healing and to research the revelation historical stance on this. Expositional studies of a selected core of biblical references pertaining to depression were undertaken and key biblical figures who suffered from “depression" were studied. It was concluded that although the Bible does not speak of depression and anxiety per se, it describes people who might have been suffering from it. Valuable insights that can be used in helping counselees to deal and/or cope with their depression and anxiety were gained by studying these biblical characters and passages (2 Corinthians 1:3-11, Philippians 4:4-13 and Lamentations). In the practice-theoretical perspective an integrative model which can be used by pastoral counsellors for dealing with depression in a faith-based context and for equipping depression sufferers to constructively deal with their depression and anxiety was developed. This was accomplished by utilising the basis- and meta-theoretical perspectives in a hermeneutical interaction to formulate a holistic faith-based model. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

This thesis is a qualitative study of mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, a Nilotic language spoken in western Kenya. It also examines the content of the verb phrase (VP) and the role of tone in the expression of mood in Dholuo. Specifically, the study set out to find out how mood is expressed and how ambiguity is resolved in Dholuo, the modal structure of the language and how it can be explained within Chomsky’s Minimalist Programme (1995), particularly regarding feature checking. The thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter One is the introduction and focuses on background information to set the scene for this study. Specifically, it considers the context and the research methodology, which is mainly qualitative. The researcher’s knowledge of the language is of great importance in this study of mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, and native speakers of Dholuo were consulted to avoid bias. In addition, desk research is carried out. The chapter outlines the objectives, discusses the research problem, motivation, scope and limitations of the study. It explains the language situation in Kenya, the number of languages and their families, dialectal variations, the status of the languages and their use in education and parliament, including the recent provisions made in the 2010 constitution. Chapter One also presents the challenges concerning the language situation. Lastly, a synopsis of each chapter is provided. Chapter Two comprises the literature review. The study is based on mood in Dholuo, but the review first deliberates on how mood is expressed in English, as well as types of ambiguity and interpretations in English language studies. In order to determine how mood is expressed in an African language, the chapter discusses a study on tense, aspect and mood as expressed in Kihavu, a Bantu language spoken in the Kalehe district in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Rusizi/Nyamasheke districts in the Republic of Rwanda. Next, Dholuo descriptive grammars, research and related works are discussed. Presented in Chapter Three is the theoretical framework, the main tenets of the Minimalist Programme (MP) and its aims. The theory is adopted as a tool to handle the data in Dholuo. The chapter also discusses how MP differs from Generative Grammar (GG) and Government and Binding (GB) (Chomsky, 1981), including the problems it aims to resolve that could not be properly addressed by GG and GB. How the theory accounts for the data on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo and its challenges is also discussed. The study hopes to contribute to the Minimalist Programme’s further development and refinement, as most linguistic theories including the MP are informed and inspired by Indo-European languages, particularly English. Chapter Four presents Dholuo's basic morphosyntactic structures, phonology, the morphology of nouns, personal pronouns and verbs, since some of the features in these domains have a bearing on mood. The language known to many as Luo is actually called Dholuo; ‘Dho’ serves as a noun class prefix in Bantu languages, as in ‘ki-‘ for Kiswahili and ‘gi-‘ for Gikuyu. It is a prefix referring to language: ‘the language of’ the Luo people. Mood and ambiguity in Dholuo are discussed in Chapter Five. Types of Dholuo modal auxiliaries are described and instances where there is ambiguity between modal auxiliaries and words belonging to other word categories are mentioned. How MP theory accounts for data on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, and the problems encountered in the application of this theory, are considered. The label ‘mood’ is adopted for the study as a syntactic/grammatical category. The categories of Dholuo mood and possible word formation processes of inflection and derivation realised on the auxiliary are also discussed. Ambiguity is seen through conversion as a word formation process where there is derivation with no morphological marking, but there is functional shift. The modal auxiliary, which precedes the main verb in a construction, is inserted into its base position in the VP. The inflectional nodes are for feature checking. Chomsky (1993) states that morphology plays an important role in the new theory. The operations in the computational system are driven by morphological and lexical necessity. The amount of movement that takes place in the structure building depends on how rich or weak the morphology of a language is. Chapter Six summarises how mood is expressed in Dholuo, how it is affected by ambiguity in terms of accessing the meaning and the role tone plays in resolving ambiguity so that meaning becomes accessible. The study concludes that this theory is adequate in accounting for the data on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, although modifications have to be made to cater for the feature checking of Dholuo mood and ambiguity in terms of the creation of some heads. Such modifications include heads for mood and aspectual tone for the auxiliary that derives from a noun or tonal distinction where an auxiliary is used together with the verb from which it derives. This is in line with the idea that the Minimalist Programme is based on feature checking and structure building; both processes are morphologically or lexically driven. The features build the structure. Morphemes are moved out of the lexicon to build the structure. Suggestions for further research based on the limitations of the study are presented. The study focuses only on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo as spoken in western Kenya, although Dholuo is a cross border language. There is an opportunity for further research into Dholuo as it is spoken in Uganda and Tanzania. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of organic cation (OCTs; SLC22 family) and anion transporters (OATs; SLC22 family) on the efficacy and safety of clinically important therapeutics. To be specific, OCTs and OATs have been identified as determinants for uptake into and secretion from enterocytes, hepatocytes and renal proximal tubular cells, and are frequent sites of drug-drug interaction (DDI). In addition, OCTs expressed in brain are components of the low-affinity, high capacity clearance pathway (uptake-2) for biogenic monoamine neurotransmitters. As a result, OCTs may represent novel targets for mood disorders. The inhibitory effects of several therapeutic agents, designed drugs and novel compounds were assessed on the function of OCTs/Octs and OATs/Oats. Among these compounds, the anthraquinone rhein showed significant inhibition on hOATs. While the antituberculosis drug ethambutol, the herbal products matrine and oxymatrine, synthetic cathinones, and all quinazoline and guanidine compounds produced significant inhibition on hOCT activity with most IC50 values in the micro- and even nanomolar ranges. Considering the clinically relevant unbound concentrations in biofluids, significant DDI potentials were found for rhein, ethambutol, matrine, oxymatrine and several synthetic cathinones affecting enterocytes, hepatocytes and/or proximal tubules. As hOCT2 and hOCT3 may participate in modulating neurotransmitter homeostasis in the CNS, these findings also suggested that the CNS pharmacological effects of synthetic cathinones, quinazoline and guanidine compounds might be due to their inhibitory effects on OCTs; although their impact may be limited solely to clearance of these compounds. Based upon their in vitro OCT/Oct inhibition profiles, three lead quinazoline and guanidine compounds were chosen for in vivo studies. Potent antidepressant-like effects of one lead hOCT-interacting compound (KEO-099) were re-confirmed in the tail suspension test. While in vivo results of the two newly identified hOCT-interacting lead compounds were somewhat less clear. Finally, homology modeling and docking studies for hOCT3 identified key amino acid residues that might be involved in interaction between hOCT3 and small molecules. Subsequent experiments confirmed a competitive mode of interaction between MPP+ and lead compounds on hOCT3. Thus, preliminary analysis indicates our hOCT3 homology model can be used to support rational drug design and high-throughput screening of novel hOCT substrates/inhibitors.

The overarching aim of this thesis was to use an experimental psychopathology approach to investigate mood, stress and mental imagery in the Broad Bipolar Phenotype (BPP), defined by the experience of elevated lifetime hypomania. Daily mood reactions to stress have been well explored in psychosis, but the limited research in BD has produced mixed findings. Holmes, Geddes, Colom and Goodwin (2008) hypothesised that mental imagery in BD may amplify emotion and worsen day to day mood extremes. This thesis investigates volunteers ranging across the continuum ofthe BPP in relation to key variables from the Holmes et al (2008) model: mood, stress and mental imagery, and brings new methodology to this area. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ; Hirschfeld et ai, 2000) was used to identify groups with high (N=50; ~ 7 symptoms) and low (N=60; :s 6 symptoms) rates of hypomanic experience i.e. high MDQ and low MDQ. A single investigation was conducted for this thesis (N=IIO) which is divided into four studies. Study I and 2 tested the hypothesis that high MDQ volunteers would report higher levels of mental imagery compared to low MDQ volunteers. Study I (N=61) found that high MDQ volunteers had higher levels of trait mental imagery and intrusive imagery of the future, replicating patient findings. Study 2 (N=49) extended these findings to additional imagery measures. In a laboratory study, study 3 tested the hypothesis that after an experimental stressor (a traumatic film) high MDQ volunteers would experience more image-based flashback memories to the film than low MDQ volunteers. Volunteers reported any flashback memories to the film via mobile phone Short Message Service (SMS) prompts for six days, plus convergent measures at follow-up. As predicted, compared to the low MDQ group, the high MDQ group experienced significantly more flashback memories to the stressor (on all measures). Study 4 used an Experience Sampling Method (ESM; momentary assessment sampling over time) to frequently monitor mood and its event-related stress context. Thus, in the context of daily life study 4 sought to explore the role of bipolarity in exacerbating mood reactions, in comparison to other hypothesised contributors: neuroticism and intrusive imagery of the future. SMS mobile-phone messages were sent 10 times a day for 6 days to capture event-related stress ratings and mood ratings. Higher bipolarity (MDQ), neuroticism (EPQN) and intrusive imagery of the future (IFES) were each associated with increased mood reactions over six days, compared to lower levels of these characteristics. In understanding which of these characteristics best accounted for mood reactions, bipolarity (MDQ) best accounted for elated mood reactions, neuroticism did not best account for any moods, intrusive imagery of the future (lFES) best accounted for sad, depressed and anxious mood reactions and both bipolarity and intrusive imagery of the future best accounted for fearful mood reactions. In summary, the aim of this thesis was to investigate volunteers ranging across the continuum of the BPP in relation to key variables from the Holmes et al (2008) model: mood, stress and mental imagery. As predicted, compared to low MDQ volunteers, the high MDQ group had higher levels of I) self-reported use of mental imagery, 2) negative flashback memory imagery after an experimental stressor and 3) daily life negative mood reactions to stress. Critically, repeatedly imaging future scenes (lFES), which flash to mind unbidden, was found to show the greatest impact on negative mood reactions in daily life. Mental imagery offers a psychological characteristic which is elevated in volunteers at the higher end of the BPP continuum and also has the potential to be a novel cognitive treatment target in clinical BD samples. For example, targeting flashback memories after a stressor or targeting intrusive imagery of the future may help regulate mood reactions in daily life. This warrants further investigation in patients with BD.

Thesis advisor: Ce Shen / A compelling body of literature suggests that negative appraisal may be associated with adverse reactions to traumatic stress (Ehlers & Clark, 2000). However, very few studies have examined how cognitive appraisal influences posttraumatic adaptation in people with serious mental illness (SMI) despite evidence of disproportionately high prevalence rates of trauma exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in this population. The major purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between negative appraisal and PTSD symptoms among adults diagnosed with SMI. It was hypothesized that negative appraisal would have a positive and significant association with traumatic stress symptoms in a clinical sample of community clients diagnosed with major mood and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders when controlling for gender, total lifetime trauma, substance use, and severity of symptoms associated with SMI. Multiple regression was employed to conduct a secondary analysis of clinical data from 291 community support clients who were receiving services from three community mental health centers in the state of Rhode Island during March to September 2009. Results supported the main hypotheses that all three types of negative appraisal with respect to self, world /others, and self blame as well as overall appraisal were positively and significantly associated with PTSD symptoms. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

The purpose of the present research programme was to inform the development and subsequent delivery of an intervention to enhance interpersonal emotion regulation. Although emotion regulation has been emphasised due to its importance in explaining performance and well-being, the focus of research has predominantly been on intrapersonal emotion regulation. The present study addressed the dual-gap in research by extending research in interpersonal emotion regulation in general and developing and testing theory-led interventions for use in sport. A three-stage programme of research was set up with stage one reviewing the extant literature before proposing a social-functional approach to emotions, and in particular the Emotions As Social Information (EASI) model, as possible theoretical frameworks for use in sport. Qualitative methods were emphasised as these are particularly useful in studies seeking to identify mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of interventions. Stage two began with a narrative analysis to outline the potential social functions and consequences of emotional expressions, verbalisations, and actions in ice hockey. Two ice hockey players, each captain of their respective team, participated in semi-structured interviews. Participants described how emotions informed them of important circumstances in their environment that required attention and prepared them for such challenges at the individual level. At a dyadic level, emotions helped participants understand the emotional states and intentions of their teammates contributing toward an assessment of the extent to which they were prepared to face their challenges. At a group level, emotions helped participants lead their teammates in meeting team goals. Finally, at the cultural level, emotions helped participants maintain culture-related identities. Stage two continued with examining the processes, strategies used, and potential moderating factors in interpersonal emotion regulation among 16 ice hockey players from an English professional league. An inductive and deductive analysis revealed 22 distinct strategies used to regulate teammates' emotions. These were distinguished between strategies that were verbal or behavioural in nature. They were further distinguished between strategies employed to initiate interpersonal emotion regulation through affective and cognitive channels. Moderating factors in the interpersonal emotion regulation process were consistent with the EASI model. Stage three involved the development, delivery and assessment of the intervention. A British ice hockey team was recruited and the intervention was delivered over the course of three competitive seasons. The primary intervention goal was to improve interpersonal emotion regulation as evidenced by being able to accurately identify when an emotion regulation strategy was needed, and select and use a strategy that changed emotions in the direction and strength intended (Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012). Given the link between emotion and performance, it was expected that the intervention would bring about improvements in individual and team performance. Techniques to bring about change comprised of brief contact interventions, dressing room debriefs, feedback from emotional intelligence assessments, and the practitioner managing himself as an intervention tool. The merit of the intervention was judged through practitioner reflections, social validity assessments, pre- and post-intervention measures of emotional intelligence and performance. Collectively, the present research programme contributes to the emotion regulation literature not only in sport, but also in psychology in general. A key achievement of the programme has been the development of a theoretically sound but ecologically valid intervention designed to improve the interpersonal emotion regulation skills of athletes. Although the intervention primarily catered to the needs of the current team and utilised the professional philosophy of the researcher-practitioner, the intervention provides support for enhanced performance derived from theory explaining a social-functional account of emotions. Future research might use the theory and approach to testing the theory in different sports to examine the role of each sport sub-culture on interpersonal emotion regulation.

Yau Muk Leung Anthony. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-61). / Abstracts in English and Chinese, questionare in Chinese.

Le sujet de cette recherche, intitulé Temps et Aspect en arabe. Étude comparative avec le français, porte sur une étude comparative du fonctionnement du temps et de l’aspect dans les deux langues. Le présent travail décrit le système temporel de la langue et étudie les procédures de fonctionnement du temps dans le récit et les effets de sens relevant des différentes procédures de l’énonciation du temps.En effet, notre étude n’est pas uniquement une étude à perspective contrastive de l’arabe et du français. Elle a aussi pour but d’éclairer le processus de production écrite des étudiants soudanais quant à l’expression du temps. Nous recueillerons dans un premier temps un corpus de productions écrits d’étudiants soudanais. Nous avons consacré dans un deuxième temps notre étude à un corpus littéraire (deux récits : Saison de la migration vers le nord et Le Messie du Darfour). / The subject of this research, entitled Tenses and Aspect in Arabic: a comparative study with French, consists of a comparative study of the functioning of tenses and aspect in the languages in question. This work describes the tense systems of both languages: it studies howt heses tenses function in narration and the effects of meaning under the different procedures of the enunciation of tenses. However, our study is not only a contrastive study of Arabic and French tenses. It also aims to shed light on the written production process of Sudanese students as regards the expression of tenses. We will first collect a corpus of written productions of Sudanese students. We also based our study on a literary corpus (two stories: Season of the migration to the north and The Messiah of Darfur)

Background: Fatigue is common and distressing after stroke. Many stroke survivors say it is their worst or one of their worst symptoms. The frequency of clinically significant fatigue, whether fatigue is likely to be more or less problematic over time, and its aetiology are unknown. There are currently no known treatments. One hypothesis is that fatigue after stroke is triggered by physical deconditioning which sets up a self-perpetuating cycle of fatigue, avoidance of physical activity, further deconditioning and more fatigue. Another theory is that low mood may contribute to fatigue. Aims: This thesis therefore aims to investigate the frequency and natural history of fatigue after stroke and to explore its associations with mood, physical activity and/or fitness. Method: These aims were addressed by carrying out: 1) a systematic review of all longitudinal observational studies which have assessed fatigue on at least two separate time points and reported its frequency, 2) a systematic review of all observational studies which have measured both fatigue poststroke and one or more measures of physical activity and/or fitness at the same time point and 3) a longitudinal cohort study which assessed clinically significant fatigue, mood and physical activity and fitness at one, six and 12 months after stroke. Results: Frequency of fatigue ranged from 30% to 92% at first time point and frequency of fatigue decreased over time in seven of the ten studies identified in the systematic review of longitudinal studies. The second systematic review found that only two of the eight studies identified found a significant direct relationship between fatigue and physical activity and/or fitness poststroke. In the longtidudinal cohort study, clinically significant fatigue was identified in 32.6% of 132 participants at one month and was still present in a fifth of 91 participants at 12 months, two-thirds of participants who had clinically significant fatigue at one month did not have it by six months and that most (60.4%) individuals either reported fatigue at all three time points or that they did not have fatigue at any time point. There were significant associations between daily step count and fatigue at each time point (p= < 0.0001, 0.011, 0.006). Physical activity (p=0.002, 0.006) and anxiety (p= < 0.0001, 0.001) at one month were independent significant predictors of fatigue severity at six and 12 months after stroke. Age, gender, fatigue before stroke, step count and anxiety at one month accounted for 22% and 27% of the variance in fatigue severity at six and 12 months respectively. No significant associations were found between fatigue and measures of physical fitness. Discussion and conclusion: The findings suggest that although fatigue is common and persistent after stroke, it is more likely to become less problematic over time. They also suggest that the de-conditioning hypothesis of the aetiology of fatigue may be too simplistic and that other factors are involved in the development and perpetuation of fatigue after stroke. Implications are that patients should be assessed for fatigue early after stroke and that the development of an intervention which increases activity and/or reduces anxiety may be beneficial.

The neurocognitive model of antidepressant treatment action states that antidepressants work by producing relatively immediate positive shifts in emotional processing, which translate into clinical improvement with time. Short-term or even acute doses of antidepressants can, for example, increase memory for positive self-referent words or decrease amygdala activation to fearful faces, and these early changes correlate with later clinical improvement. However, there are a number of ways in which the model needs further probing. The aim of this thesis was to test the neurocognitive model by: 1) investigating whether changes in emotional processing occur in an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action, St John's wort, as the model predicts; and 2) examining whether there is a comparable pattern of neuropsychological changes to citalopram in a population of high neurotic volunteers, whose baseline emotional biases may make them a more ideal group in which to study drug effects. We found that seven days of St John's wort produced similar changes to other antidepressants, for example reducing recognition of disgusted faces and attention to fearful faces while increasing memory for positive words. The drug did not affect other aspects of cognition including working memory and reward learning. These findings support the theory that early psychological changes are a common feature of all antidepressants. On the other hand, four weeks of citalopram treatment produced apparently contradictory effects in high neurotics, increasing memory for positive words but also increasing recognition of negative facial expressions. Neuroimaging data showed that high neurotics had greater response to neutral faces in emotional processing areas compared to low neurotics, which was reduced with citalopram. High neurotics also showed increased resting state connectivity in default mode network areas and between amygdala and cortical areas, which was again reduced with citalopram. We suggest that in this group citalopram corrects general negative emotional processing biases, but also works to decrease a natural aversion to particularly threatening socially-relevant stimuli. Overall this thesis supports the idea that early changes in emotional processing are vital for antidepressant action, but also suggests that in certain groups such as high neurotics, some changes may be more nuanced than previously reported and warrant further scrutiny.