The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mood and scores on the "Experimental Draw-A-Group Projective Technique for Measuring Interpersonal Responsiveness," a projective test devised by Cookerly in 1965.

Plan de Marketing para optar al grado de Magíster en Marketing / No disponible a texto completo / El presente Plan de Marketing, se basa en introducir en Chile el juguete Mood Beams, a través de una representación exclusiva entregada por el fabricante Radica a la Empresa Martel. Radica fue fundada en Hong Kong por dos americanos dedicados a la creación de juegos electrónicos infantiles y juveniles, realizando su comercialización por medio de representantes en los países donde son distribuidos sus productos. Los Mood Beams son “monitos” de aproximadamente 10 cm de alto, que forman parte de de una colección de 8 individuos con distintos colores y características, diferenciándose de otras opciones por contar con la tecnología de luz LED, lo que les permite cambiar de color, prenderse y apagarse al ritmo de la música, entre otras funciones. La introducción de este producto será a través de los mismos valores de la Empresa Martel, es decir, creando entretención a través de tecnología e innovación, enfocados en el desarrollo del mercado de los jugadores casuales. Al mismo tiempo se buscará extender la línea de productos de Radica en Chile, usando la sólida plataforma de distribución y representantes de la Empresa Martel. La oportunidad por la inexistencia de productos de este tipo en el mercado nacional y la serie de atributos que tienen los Mood Beams forman parte del segmento de “monitos” que hoy está de moda, con una componente tecnológica (iluminación LED) que permite la interacción con el usuario y el ambiente, generando una especie de personalidad y cercanía, que lo hacen un símbolo de amistad, pudiendo cumplir el rol de compañero, tanto para niños pequeños, como adolescentes y adultos. Click here to buy ABBYY PDF Transformer 2.0 www.ABBYY.com Click here to buy ABBYY PDF Transformer 2.0 www.ABBYY.com 2 Durante el año 2009, los monitos coleccionables tuvieron un crecimiento importante en sus ventas puesto que según proyecciones llegarían a pasar los 3 mil millones de pesos. Hay de diversos tipos, como los simples que se apuestan (Gogo´s o Little Tokyo’s) de colección (My Littlest Pet Shop) juegos físicos (Bakugan) o juegos virtuales en el computador (Funkeys) Para determinar el atractivo de la introducción de los Mood Beams a Chile se realizó un extenso análisis situacional y una investigación de mercado basada en un focus group con niños del segmento objetivo, cuyos resultados principales fueron el gran interés que causan los Mood Beams y el alto nivel de preferencia sobre los “monitos” ya existentes, que en la mitad de los casos fue absoluta, lo cual da la señal del atractivo de su propuesta de valor para niños y con mayor fuerza en niñas. La estrategia de marketing elegida es “quitar participación de mercado” a los productos competidores puesto que el mercado juguetero está maduro y específicamente en el caso de los “monitos” existen varias propuestas de valor distintas así como empresas competidoras. Se espera lograr ventas por $467 millones a nivel de consumidor final en base a un precio de $9.990 por unidad, lo que le permitiría posicionarse con un juguete o regalo del segmento de alta calidad con una componente aspiracional. El plan de introducción para el primer año, tendrá un costo de $37,2 millones, basándose en el concepto de comunicaciones integradas en que el mensaje comunicacional será consistente entre los distintos medios considerados, entre los cuales se puede mencionar RR.PP. para compradores y prensa, televisión abierta en los “peaks” de ventas anuales como son el día del niño y navidad, televisión por cable durante el lanzamiento, marketing interactivo a través de internet y a nivel de merchandising, material POP, muebles especialmente diseñados y promotoras.

Abstract Bipolar disorder is a complex illness. It is a life long episodic disorder very disruptive for the patient and family. Repeated episodes lead to progressively deteriorating level of functioning and poor response to the treatment. Suicide attempts and completed suicide has been a frequent complication. The complexity and difficulties involved in treating this mental condition are well recognised .The pharmacological options include lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiramate, benzodiazepines. The use of neuroleptics in bipolar disorder remain controversial because of the increased susceptibility of this group of patients to side effects of neuroleptics. Objectives: The aim of this research is to investigate in a population of patients with bipolar disorder who are having treatment with combination of a mood stabilizer and antipsychotics: 1) The number of prescriptions of antipsychotics, in bipolar patients in a community clinic 2) The rationale of such combination 3) Whether correlates exist between variables such as substance abuse and noncompliance and the prescription of antipsychotics Method: This retrospective, descriptive, analytic study was conducted at Voslooros Psychiatric Clinic, which is situated in the south of Johannesburg. The clinical records of all adult patients with an initial diagnosis of bipolar disorder as at December 2004 were examined Particular note was taken of demographic data, diagnosis, age of onset of psychiatric illness, V duration of illness, treatment prescribed, reasons for prescribing this medication, response to the treatment, social circumstances of each patient, substances use and compliance. Results: 74.1% of the patients were maintained on a combination of mood stabilizer with antipsychotic. Combination treatment was used in an attempt to improve the psychotic symptoms and dangerous behaviour in 48% of the patients, noncompliance in 38% of the cases and 14% patients were in transitional phase to stop antipsychotics. 80.65% of the patients were on treatment with antipsychotics for longer than 6 months. Use of atypical antipsychotics is associated with a better outcome than the conventional agents. In this study only a small percentage (10 %) of patients received atypical antipsychotics. 19.4 % patients reported side effects of the medication. The lower figures in our study can be due to underreporting and inadequate documentation. . 38.7% of the patients reported substance misuse. Our finding were much lower compared with the literature, probably due to underreporting. Alcohol was the most common substance. This study show that the need for more medication was increased 6.6 fold in patients with polysubstance abuse compared with the patients not abusing any substance. Noncompliance in the maintenance phase of the treatment is a important issue in the management of the patients with bipolar disorder. This study found that the majority of the patients (59.7%) were noncompliant with their treatment. Those findings were in line with studies done by Keck PE who reported rates of noncompliance from 51% to 64%. Our study show that 63% of the patients had a level of VI education less than matric and this may be a contributing factor to noncompliance. Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that a large number of bipolar patients are only partially responsive to mood stabilizers alone and the maintenance treatment with antipsychotics for longer than 6 months are needed because of persistence of the symptoms. More efficient strategies are necessary to educate the people, to improve the compliance and to decreased the use of substances.

Background and objectives: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been in use in the health setting since the time of the first telephones. However, the advent of computers, personal-computers (PCs) and, more recently, mobile information and communication technologies (mICTs) such as mobile phones, smartphones, tablet-pcs and laptops, has seen technology become increasingly integrated into how care is delivered and received. No research has yet explored how people with mood disorders use mICTs in their everyday lives and, more specifically, how they might use mICTs to look after themselves. This oversight has led to technology redundancy and high attrition rates in the use of this type of technology. Further research was therefore required to understand the meaning that this type of technology holds for people with mood disorders. This qualitative study aimed to explore the views and experiences of people with mood disorders, and their mental health and social care professionals, in using mICTs. Design and methods: A meta-synthesis was completed, guided by the work of Sandelowski and Barroso, using thematic synthesis an approach, as designed by Thomas and Harden. An exploratory qualitative approach, using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 26 patients with mood disorders in secondary and specialist mental health services, and ten mental health and social care professionals, was subsequently employed. Participants’ datasets were analysed using Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT). Grounded theory (GT) involves the gradual identification and integration of categories of meaning from the data, and the identification of relationships between them. Results: The rigorous and systematic nature of the meta-synthesis identified shortcomings in current research and clearly identified a gap in the research literature regarding mICTs and mood disorders. The in-depth primary study created a theory explaining how mobile technology was used in daily life, and also, more specifically, how it was used to manage recovery from mood disorders. The core category and participants’ main concern that emerged from the data, forming theory, was ‘Centrality; through praxis of interconnectivity’. Patients with mood disorders used their mICTs to stay central within their on-and-offline worlds and held them central in their importance of attachment. Health and social care professionals worked around their provision of basic mICTs and lack of informational support when using them with their patients. Centrality was achieved through the ‘Praxis of interconnectivity’; the act of managing their connectedness using mICTs. This interconnectivity was not fixed; instead, it offered fluidity for participants to manage their continuums of use through their ‘Outsourcing of needs’, ‘Management of needs’, and ‘Disconnection of needs’. Conclusions and future implications: This study refocused the attention of ICT research onto arguably the most important person, the end-user, and, in this instance, the people recovering from mood disorders, and their health and social care professionals. The CGT provided, for the first time, a theory that explained how people made use of their mICTs. Additional research is warranted to further understand the transferability of the theory to other client groups, and, in so doing, whether it can be transformed into a formal theory. Also, further research is recommended to translate the theory into practical tools for clinicians; for example, the creation of an mICT self-management questionnaire or a digital hygiene support package. Both patients recovering from mood disorders, and health and social care professionals, can utilise the findings of this study to help make sense of their mICT use. The study findings can also help inform and encourage the further incorporation of mICTs into the health and social care settings; spanning the therapeutic to systemic levels so that the full potential of these ubiquitous technologies can be harnessed to improve care and care delivery.

Animal research suggests that exposure to inescapable stressors can lead to an endogenous opioid-mediated form of pain inhibition, known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Similar results have been found with humans, although the literature is much less extensive and at times contradictory where uncontrollable stressors have led to an increase, rather than a decrease in pain. More recently, there has been some suggestion that emotions play an important role in pain modulation, and that particular negative moods are associated with opioid-mediated hypoalgesia. This research aimed to clarify the psychological (cognitive and affective) factors underlying endogenous opioid-mediated pain inhibition in humans. The purpose of Study 1 was to examine the effects of stressor controllability and predictability on pain intensity (PI) and unpleasantness (UP) ratings during a cold pressor task (CPT) in 56 male and female subjects. The stressor involved a timed mental arithmetic task during which three moderately noxious electrical shocks were delivered. Although subjects were informed that shock delivery was contingent on math performance, the shock schedule was preset and identical across conditions. Perceived control over the shocks was manipulated between subjects by altering the difficulty of the math task. Shock predictability was manipulated by changing the colour of the computer screen to warn of an impending shock. Subjects were randomly allocated to four experimental conditions (controllable-predictable, controllable-unpredictable, uncontrollable-predictable, and uncontrollable-unpredictable shocks). Visual analogue ratings of ‘perceived self-efficacy’ (to avoid the shocks) and mood (anxiety, confusion, discouragement, anger, sluggishness, liveliness) were completed before, during and after the math task. Significantly greater discouragement and lower self-efficacy was reported in ‘uncontrollable’ conditions indicating that ‘controllability’ was manipulated effectively. Results indicated that a perceived lack of control over shocks during the math task led to significantly greater decreases in PI, but not UP, ratings during the last stages of a 4-minute fixed interval CPT after the math task. Shock predictability failed to influence subjective pain ratings alone; however, unpredictability interacted with lack of control to initially increase pain, followed by analgesia. Stress-induced increases in negative affect (anxiety, discouragement, anger) were associated with decreases in cold pressor PI, but with increased shock PI and UP during the math task. It was concluded that lack of control over an aversive event and negative affect led to SIA during a prolonged pain stimulus, whereas shock predictability had little influence on pain. In Study 2, 70 male and female subjects received either an opioid antagonist (naltrexone) or a placebo before the math task (using a double-blind, counterbalanced design), in order to determine the role of endogenous opioids in SIA. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions to investigate whether the shocks themselves may have contributed to analgesia observed after the math task: (1) easy task-few shocks, (2) hard task-few shocks, (3) hard task-many shocks. Increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), anxiety, anger and discouragement indicated that negative affect and sympathetic arousal were induced during the math task. Endogenous opioids inhibited the rise in anger, but not discouragement or anxiety, during the math task. There was some evidence that perceived lack of control over shocks, and not the shocks themselves, led to opioid-mediated decreases in cold pressor UP after the math task. In correlational analyses, discouraged subjects under opioid blockade reported more cold pressor UP after the math task than their placebo counterparts. However, this effect was not strong enough to reach statistical significance in regression analyses. Anxiety, anger, discouragement and lack of control over shocks increased shock PI and UP during the math task. A growing body of research with normotensive subjects has linked increased cardiovascular activity with insensitivity to pain, but the role of endogenous opioids remains contentious. In addition to the investigations outlined above, Study 2 aimed to examine the contribution of endogenous opioids in the cardiovascular-pain relationship. However, there was no evidence of an interaction between pain and cardiovascular activity in this study. Study 3 was carried out to investigate opioid involvement in the effects of an uncontrollable stressor and stress-induced negative mood on cold pressor PI, UP and pain tolerance, and onset/thresholds of the nociceptive flexion reflex (RIII). Forty-three male and female subjects were administered either naltrexone or a placebo using a double-blind, counterbalanced design before completing a timed mental arithmetic stressor (identical to the ‘hard task-many shocks’ condition in Study 2). Increases in physiological (SBP, DBP) and affective measures (anxiety, anger and discouragement) indicated that the math task induced a marked state of stress. Negative affect increased shock PI and UP during the task, whereas self-efficacious subjects taking the placebo experienced less shock pain. However, uncontrollable stress led to an opioid-antagonised increase in cold pressor UP. Stressor controllability had a similar, but marginal, effect on cold pressor PI, but not pain tolerance. Tolerance of cold pressor pain was not associated with subjective PI and UP ratings, but was positively associated with endurance to non-painful, but unpleasant tasks (Valsalva Manoeuvre, Letter-Symbol Matching Task), indicating that pain tolerance was measuring the ability to tolerate discomfort, in addition to pain. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions demonstrated that increases in discouragement were positively related to increases in cold pressor UP after the math task, for naltrexone recipients only. These findings suggest that discouragement inhibits the UP of a prolonged pain stimulus via opioid mechanisms. RIII latencies and thresholds were not affected by the math task or by opioid blockade; however, these null effects may be due to methodological limitations. Unlike Study 2, higher blood pressure was associated with shock and cold pressor pain inhibition in normotensive subjects, and this relationship appeared to be mediated by opioids. The strong association between chronic pain and depression has led to speculation that the endogenous opioid system and pain modulatory mechanisms may be impaired in depression. At the time that this research was carried out, no studies had examined whether this was the case. In Study 4, the effect of a cognitive stressor (math task used in Study 3) on foot cold pressor PI, UP and pain tolerance and the nociceptive, or R2 component, of the blink reflex was investigated in 61 participants with or without major depression (as met by DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and confirmed by psychometric testing). Naltrexone or placebo was administered to subjects an hour before the math task using a double-blind, counterbalanced design. Increases in physiological (SBP, DBP) and affective measures (anxiety, anger and discouragement) confirmed that the math task induced the targeted emotional state. An opioid-mediated reduction in anxiety occurred mid-way through the math task. Opioid-mediated decreases in foot cold pressor PI and UP were observed in depressed and non-depressed subjects after the math task. R2 onset to 10 mA was facilitated after the task regardless of opioid blockade, suggesting that endogenous opioids are not involved in the modulation of the BR. Increased anxiety and discouragement led to opioid-mediated inhibition of shock PI and UP during the task and, to a lesser extent, foot cold pressor PI and UP after the math task. Anger increased shock pain without being influenced by opioid blockade. Pain tolerance was not influenced by depression, opioid blockade or mood. These findings failed to support the idea that SIA is impaired in major depression, suggesting instead that uncontrollable aversive events and negative mood (anxiety, discouragement) lead to opioid activation and insensitivity to acute pain. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the inverse relationship between resting blood pressure and foot cold pressor PI and UP was opioid-mediated in controls only, suggesting that opioid dysregulation in depression might influence regulatory functions other than SIA. In Study 4, opioid involvement in hetero-segmental pain inhibitory phenomena termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) was examined separately, before psychological stress. Specifically, the effect of a heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulus (CS i.e., hand CPT) on R2 onset latency was compared before and after drug absorption (before the math task). An inhibitory effect of the first CS was detected at each electrical stimulus intensity consistent with a DNIC effect. However, this effect was not detected during the second CS, suggesting that some other process masked the DNIC effect. In summary, the findings indicate that uncontrollable aversive events and negative emotion (primarily discouragement) activates endogenous opioids and inhibits pain in human subjects, whether depressed or not. Notably, opioids inhibited the affective component of pain perception, or pain UP, more consistently than PI, suggesting that the antinociceptive function of opioids may be secondary to an important emotional-modulatory role. Endogenous opioids also appeared to mediate the cardiovascular-pain relationship in normotensive non-depressed subjects, suggesting an important stress-regulatory role for these peptides. Opioid-mediated masking of this relationship in major depression suggests that functioning of the endogenous opioid system may be impaired in baroreceptor-mediated analgesia. This finding provides preliminary support for the notion that opioid antinociceptive system dysfunction may contribute to cardiovascular disease in depression.

<p>SCB menar att ängslan, oro och ångest blivit vanligare bland unga i Sverige. En kvalitativ studie gjordes där syftet var att belysa hur ungdomar själva uttrycker att de mår.  Hur de hanterar problem och om de använder alkohol som en möjlig copingstrategi, samt att ta reda på vad som påverkar deras humör. Tio gymnasielever i mellersta Sverige deltog. Resultaten visade att stress och nedstämdhet var förekommande och att sju personer använde alkohol, men ingen använde alkohol som copingstrategi. Att vara med sin partner och sina vänner gjorde deltagarna glada. Fint väder påverkade männen positivt medan att göra roliga saker påverkade kvinnorna mer positivt. Att samtala med närstående och göra roliga saker var de vanligaste copingstrategierna hos deltagarna.</p>

<p>Undersökningen lyfter fram sambanden mellan individens olika sätt att orientera sin sinnesstämning och empati. Då empati har ett betydande inslag i mötet individer emellan har fokus inriktats på individer med en yrkesroll som ledare då de har skäl att hantera sin empati. Undersökningen baserades på en egen utformad enkät med 33 påståenden som ringade in relevanta begrepp. Denna besvarades av 105 deltagare från sju olika företag. Undersökningen visade ett signifikant samband mellan ett reflekterande sätt och empati. För att individen skall bli medveten om sin empati krävs det att denna bearbetas kognitivt. Resultatet visade att detta snarare sker genom ett reflekterande sätt än om individen grubblar och ältar sina känslor och tankar. Ändringar i begreppens innehåll var nödvändiga för att nå högre reliabilitet.</p>

Undersökningen lyfter fram sambanden mellan individens olika sätt att orientera sin sinnesstämning och empati. Då empati har ett betydande inslag i mötet individer emellan har fokus inriktats på individer med en yrkesroll som ledare då de har skäl att hantera sin empati. Undersökningen baserades på en egen utformad enkät med 33 påståenden som ringade in relevanta begrepp. Denna besvarades av 105 deltagare från sju olika företag. Undersökningen visade ett signifikant samband mellan ett reflekterande sätt och empati. För att individen skall bli medveten om sin empati krävs det att denna bearbetas kognitivt. Resultatet visade att detta snarare sker genom ett reflekterande sätt än om individen grubblar och ältar sina känslor och tankar. Ändringar i begreppens innehåll var nödvändiga för att nå högre reliabilitet.

SCB menar att ängslan, oro och ångest blivit vanligare bland unga i Sverige. En kvalitativ studie gjordes där syftet var att belysa hur ungdomar själva uttrycker att de mår.  Hur de hanterar problem och om de använder alkohol som en möjlig copingstrategi, samt att ta reda på vad som påverkar deras humör. Tio gymnasielever i mellersta Sverige deltog. Resultaten visade att stress och nedstämdhet var förekommande och att sju personer använde alkohol, men ingen använde alkohol som copingstrategi. Att vara med sin partner och sina vänner gjorde deltagarna glada. Fint väder påverkade männen positivt medan att göra roliga saker påverkade kvinnorna mer positivt. Att samtala med närstående och göra roliga saker var de vanligaste copingstrategierna hos deltagarna.

Denna rapport redovisar utvecklingen av en webbapplikation för att skapa moodboards. Sy!et med webbapplikationen var att skapa ett verktyg som gör det möjligt på ett enkelt sätt att spara bilder digitalt, samt samarbeta med andra i skapandet av moodboards. Rapporten beskriver hur vi arbetat med allt från konceptet till utveckling av själva applikationen. Resultatet blev en funge- rande version av applikationen. Utvecklingen av applikationen skedde i programmeringsspråket Pyton, webbapplikationsramverket Django och presentationsdelen gjordes med HTML, CSS samt javascript.