This thesis investigates the negotiated interpretations of “self” amongst 2nd generation Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch-Turkish individuals. It thus enhances our understanding of a national identity that is both cohesive as well as susceptible to the multicultural dimensions the modern nation-state inhabits. As part of a theoretical evaluation of multiculturalism, the focus is on the relationship between nationalism and multiculturalism, and between acknowledging the civic and ethnic dimensions that embody and unite the national “self”. The thesis unpicks how and in which ways these elements influence the accommodation, the respect and inclusion of the ethno-culturally diverse “other”. Multiculturalism theory tends to overlook this important symbiosis which might explain the current, widespread public and political stance that no longer regards multiculturalism as a viable, sustainable approach to diversity. The Netherlands is an interesting case study not least because it was portrayed as the multicultural example and yet illuminates a gradual, yet devastating and definite abandonment of multiculturalism. This was symbolized by the assassination of film maker and Islam critic Theo van Gogh whose murderer, a young, educated, Dutch-Moroccan man, claimed to have killed in the name of Islam. The main analysis involves data from thirteen interviewees conducted with seven Dutch- Moroccans and six Dutch-Turks. Such 2nd generation migrants have seen their “Dutchness” contested and/or questioned despite the fact that their upbringing, education and daily life has largely occurred in the Netherlands. Other forms of data collection include a small scale online survey, a pilot participant observation session, and conducted interviews with experts of relevant organisations. This hybrid mélange of data illuminates methodological issues of researching a target group that is highly “researched”. The thesis commences with a contextual chapter that illuminates changing (inter)national public and political discourse on integration and offers a critical overview of Dutch immigration and integration policies (chapter 4). The Dutch approach of “pillarized multiculturalism” illuminates a key flaw in the practical implementation of multiculturalism where the focus on bonding rather than bridging accentuated a rigidified, “pillarized” segmentation of cultural difference according to social categories rather than individual integrity. As a consequence of these policies, an embedded notion of categorical “differentness” is sustained, and is reflected in Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch-Turkish individuals’ identification processes of “self”. In this regard, the role of culture is highlighted in two distinct ways that acts a) as a tool that serves Dutch-Moroccans and Dutch-Turks to negotiate an individualistic, civic, inclusive “Dutchness” as part of their religious and ethno-cultural affiliations and b) as an essentialist force that embodies a “culturalist” Dutch identity that is ethno-ancestrally exclusive (Chapter 5, 6 and 7). The thesis thus demonstrates the civic-ethnic dialectic inherent in national identity. This dialectic, comprising dilemmas of exclusion and inclusion and boundaries between majority and minority cultures, can shape a better understanding of a national membership that induces both national cohesion as well as accommodates multicultural diversity.

The Dutch Revolt (c. 1568-1648) led to the establishment of a new state in the northern provinces of the old Habsburg Netherlands. This new polity confronted intense hostility from Habsburg dynastic interests. It sustained itself militarily against these interests, and extended its power globally. In addition it developed a remarkable and wealthy mercantile culture. However configurations of power in the new state differed radically from those within the surrounding monarchies, and its political texts remain problematic. Thus there is no dynamic political theory to match the reality of its might. However, one of the remarkable features of its culture was the unprecedented output of pictorial art, including thousands of political prints. Therefore, this thesis addresses the issue of power in the Republic on the basis of pictorial evidence, using a combination of three routes. First, instead of examining evidence made up of texts, it was decided to use a range of political imagery, largely political prints, to serve as primary sources, inverting the usual practice of alluding to images from an argument based on texts. Second, there is a requirement upon historians for a systematic approach to primary sources, allowing argument to be tightly referenced. However, imagery is not subject to the usual methods (footnoting chapters and pages for example), so a methodology was developed which incorporates digitally modelled representations of the prints. This was based upon work undertaken by Gerhard Jaritz at the Instituts für Realienkunde des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit in Austria. Thirdly, prompted by the doubts of several scholars about the utility of conventional political theories in the context of the Dutch Republic, the work of Michel Foucault, in particular his prescription for the study of power, has been adapted and used as an analytical framework in which to discuss the sources. The thesis demonstrates the systematic exploitation of pictorial sources in the context of historical study. It demonstrates the advantages and limitations of digital models and computer analysis. On the basis of these novel methodologies, the thesis summarises a thorough exploration of a range of political imagery. It also highlights the extraordinary success of a particular image of the Revolt, the Tyranny of Alva. On the basis of the evidence examined, it also demonstrates that there was a profound antipathy towards monarchic, 'top down1 power in the early Republic, and argues that power there was more easily diagrammed than textualised.

This thesis compares organized humanist organizations in Canada and the Netherlands. Using a grounded theoretical approach, three fundamental research questions are addressed: (1) Why has organized humanism been much more successful in the Netherlands than in Canada?; (2) Why is Dutch humanism informed by an inclusive ideological orientation, while Canadian humanism is militantly anti-religious?; and (3) Is there a relationship between success and ideological orientation? Using a number of socio-historical and internal-organizational factors, the study suggests that the success of the Dutch movement is, in part, indebted to the long humanist tradition in the Netherlands stretching back to the sixteenth century. Secondly, the pillarization of Dutch society along ideological lines during the late nineteenth century influenced the development of a distinct humanist pillar following the end of the Second World War. Along with the confessional pillars, humanists in the Netherlands were able to secure financial assistance from the state, encouraging an inclusive, non-confrontational ideological foundation for Dutch humanism. In comparison, Canada lacks a strong irreligious tradition and maintains a fair degree of neutrality between church and state. As a result, Canadian humanists have not received any form of subsidization from the state. Organized humanism in Canada was heavily influenced by the militantly anticlerical British rationalist movement and developed largely around Dr. Henry Morgentaler's controversial fight for abortion rights during the late 1960s. As a consequence, Canadian humanism is anti-religious in its orientation. By developing humanism into a practical alternative to the church, Dutch humanists have enjoyed greater success than their Canadian counterparts. However, given the tremendous decrease in religious affiliation in both Canada and the Netherlands during recent decades, the comparatively small numbers joining the ranks of organized humanist movements suggests that this non-theistic worldview does not serve as an attractive alternative to traditional religious expressions. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Radboud Univ., Diss.--Nijmegen, 2005. / Auch als: Rechtshistorische reeks van het Gerard Noodt Instituut ; 47. Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache.

Vrije Univ., Diss.--Amsterdam, 1999. / Literaturverz. S. [205] - 216.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 645-689) and indexes.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1934. / "Stellingen" [4 p.] inserted. Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis. 1976. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / M.Arch.

The phenomenon of rescue organizations that devoted themselves specifically to hiding and saving Jewish children appeared throughout Nazi-occupied Western Europe (France, Belgium, and the Netherlands). Jewish and non-Jewish rescuers risked their lives to save thousands of children from extermination. This dissertation adds to the historiographical understanding of Holocaust resistance by analyzing the efforts of these child rescue organizations as a form of “survival resistance.” Researching the key aspects of traditional resistance (conscious intent, extensive organization, and effective turn-out) demonstrates that, while child rescue did not present armed resistance, it still was a form of active resistance against the Nazi Final Solution. By looking at rescuers’ testimonies and archival sources (from Yad Vashem, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Centre de documentation juive contemporaine, and Kazerne Dossin), this dissertation first outlines the extensive organization and intent of Jewish rescue groups, such as the Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) and Comité de défense des Juifs (CDJ), in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The second part looks at rescue organization and intent by Catholic, Protestant, and humanitarian groups. The dissertation concludes by discussing the effectiveness of organized child rescue. In the end, the rescue groups saved thousands of children and proofs that Child rescue in Nazi-occupied Western Europe was a valid--not to mention heroic--form of survival resistance.

El objetivo base de la siguiente tesis, es que dentro del marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio Perú-Unión Europea, cuya importancia fue mayor después de su vigencia, es identificar a los factores determinantes en la exportación de higos frescos o secos, ya que actualmente estos tienen una mayor relevancia. Por tal motivo, se busca analizar dichos factores en la evolución de las exportaciones de higos con destino a los Países Bajos. Por consiguiente, se plantea la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuál fue el factor determinante en la evolución de la exportación de higos frescos o secos con destino a los países bajos entre los años 2011-2017? Como respuesta tentativa se planteó la siguiente hipótesis general: El crecimiento de la participación de los competidores internacionales en el mercado de higo fue el factor más determinante en la evolución de las exportaciones de higos frescos o secos con destino a los países bajos entre los años 2011-2017. Aparte, también se plantearon hipótesis específicas. Por otra parte, también se plantean objetivos dentro de la presente tesis. Es por tal motivo, que las informaciones presentadas dentro de los capítulos de esta tesis buscan encontrar una solución a la pregunta de investigación. Asimismo, buscar validar las hipótesis y cumplir con los objetivos planteados. Para lo cual, se utilizó la metodología cualitativa y se elaboraron instrumentos como son las guías de entrevistas y el análisis de los datos recogidos de las diferentes instituciones. Asimismo, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos relacionados con el tema de investigación. / The basic objective of the following thesis is that within the framework of the Peru-European Union Free Trade Agreement, whose importance was greater after its validity, is to identify the determining factors in the export of fresh or dried figs, since currently these have a greater relevance. For this reason, we seek to analyze these factors in the evolution of fig exports to the Netherlands. In this sense, we seek to answer the question: What was the determining factor in the evolution of the export of fresh or dried figs destined to the Netherlands between the years 2011-2017? As a tentative response, the following general hypothesis was put forward: The growth of the participation of international competitors in the fig market was the most determining factor in the evolution of exports of fresh or dried figs to the lower countries between 2011 -2017. In addition, specific hypotheses were also raised. On the other hand, objectives are also proposed within this thesis. It is for this reason, that the information presented within the chapters of this thesis seek to give an answer to the research question. Also, seek to validate the hypotheses and meet the objectives set. For this purpose, the qualitative methodology was used and instruments such as the interview guides and the analysis of the data collected from the different institutions were elaborated. Likewise, interviews were conducted with experts related to the research topic. / Tesis