Lake sediments have been identified as an alternative to contemporary stream monitoring to establish catchment sediment yields and infer erosion rates. This is due primarily to the longer time period over which the former is based, which makes established yields and rates more representative of means or trends in sedimentation. Studies using lake sediments to establish sediment yields have generally assumed that all the sediment contained within a lake is derived from erosion of the catchment under investigation. This study undermines this assumption by constructing a comprehensive lake sediment budget to asses the relative contributions from various sources. Late Holocene (the last 2350 years) rates of sediment yield and erosion are established for 3 small (<1 km²) catchments that straddle timberline (1620 - 1850 m above sea level) in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Due to the temporal and spatial variability of sedimentation in lakes, sediment cores for each lake were taken using a multiple-core approach. Chronology was established by the presence of a dated tephra layer. Once the cores were extracted, corrections were made for sediment derived from aquatic productivity (organic matter and biogenic silica), regional aeolian dust input, the erosion of lake banks and for outflow losses. These sources of sediment could account for between 55 and 99% of the sediment contained within the 3 lakes. Lake trap efficiency ranges from low to >70%. Once corrected, estimates of sediment yield range from 4 and 244 kg km⁻²yr⁻¹. The rate of regional aeolian deposition indicates that, in certain areas, these catchments are undergoing net deposition and not net erosion. The implications for lake sediment-based sediment yields and erosion rates are examined. When placed in a regional context sediment yields are more than 1 order of magnitude lower than larger scale basins due to changes in sediment storage. The spatial and temporal representativeness of the data are also evaluated. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The research reported here constitutes an investigation into features of internal ordering of stories narrated in natural conversation. Following the work of Sacks, Schegloff and other sociological analysts of conversational structure, this report focuses on methodical ways in which utterances are interpretable by reference to, e.g., sequential placement. An existing literature on the social organization of the telling of jokes and stories suggests that slots designed for utterance-types can be analytically identified. The present study aims to show that there is an identifiable position, story closing, which provides for orderly expectations concerning the items that may be found in such a location. The report argues that there are two independently describeable organizations which structure naturally occuring stories: the course-of-action framework and an organization oriented to giving a grounding identity to the story's teller. The former is concerned with the series of connected, temporally unfolding events, marked by beginning and end, which the story proposes to represent by a sequence of utterances. In that story-tellers exhibit selectivity and coherence, it is evident that such stories are formulated from the point of view of the character that teller allocates to self within the narration. The latter organization provides for the story's recipients a "members adequate sociological explanation" of the teller's character's point of view. It does so by assigning to teller's character a social identity which is the locus of commonly known, socially organized motives and attitudes. The story closing is a sequential position that closes off the course-of-action from the teller's character's point of view. The expectation that such an item will fill that slot can be used by the story's recipients to decide among different possible interpretations of a story's last utterance. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis investigates the relationship between open hexagonal cell cloud motion and surface winds in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Cloud targets are tracked using an automatic scheme fashioned after Barnea and Silverman's (1972) Sequential Similarity Detection Algorithm. The cloud motion vectors obtained are comparable to results obtained by tracking the same cloud targets manually. The well-organized character of open hexagonal cells permits a comparison of various methods of estimating the height of the cloud motion vectors. One method, which uses the minimum infrared pixel value, and a second method, which establishes an arbitrary minimum cloud top temperature, are both found to be unsuitable because of cirrus contamination and partially cloud filled pixels. The cloud motion winds for open hexagonal cells and disorganized cumulus clouds are compared with winds measured at collocated surface buoys. The lack of directional shears between open hexagonal cell movements and surface winds, and directional shears of 14° to 27° for the disorganized cumulus clouds, agree with other observations for the two types of clouds. The differences between the two cloud types suggests that any estimate of surface winds from cloud motion should include cloud type information. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The ideology of home—essentially the notion that "a woman's place is in the home"— tends to shape the expectations and assumptions of both men and women regarding the interests and abilities of women on the water. In "At Home Afloat: Gender and Domesticity in Northwest Coast Marine Travel Accounts," I analyze those expectations and their effects in a regional context. Reading accounts by female boat tourists between 1861 and 1990, I question the ways that gender influences the roles women play at sea, the spaces they occupy on boats, and the language they use to construct their experiences, their surroundings, and their contact with native peoples. In this dissertation I show women—traditionally forbidden in marine environments —participating in Northwest Coast steam tourism from its initiation, and influencing steamship company promotional language. I trace a history of women who enter the local recreational boating community and alter it with their home-making skills and their demand for "houseboats," and I map how domestic ideology can divide the built space of the boat into gender-specific territories. Women who labor in marine occupations (fishers, towboaters) cope with the limitations of a "masculine" environment. My work shows how female tourists, who typically cruise as "mates" with their captains/husbands, cope with these same limitations while bearing the added responsibility of answering to the patriarchal head of household; as a result, women who gain access to boats through their domestic abilities can be "ghettoized" in the galley. This project hypothesizes that "feminine discourse" (shaped by the Victorian cult of the home), together with the limitations of steamship transportation, led nineteenth-century female boat travellers to portray native women as "counterfeit ladies" and to seek homescapes in the mixed land/seascape. After the turn of the century-with the rise of the myth of the disappearing Indian, and the growing popularity of small-boat cruising—female boat tourists use feminine discourse to question their own position as outsider in the native world. Finally, I show that although literary works rely on seascape metaphors to symbolize woman's escape from the "social moorings" of gender expectations, these travellers tend to depict themselves in traditional domestic roles and find the waterscape largely "indescribable." Their accounts focus on "enfolding" nature into the ship's household, and emphasize female connections to the land. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

This thesis explores changing perceptions, theory, structure and policy within art exhibit and collection catalogues of First Peoples' objects from the Pacific Northwest Coast. This work looks at emerging viewpoints on material culture and its display over forty years as they present themselves in catalogue entries, textual content and labeling of Native groups and individuals. Early concepts based on salvage anthropology such as Native cultural demise and the degeneration of remaining people weakened as scholarship changed from a predominantly anthropological understanding of the objects to an aesthetic understanding based in art history. Political actions by Native groups have demanded policy changes within Canadian museum structure that includes the Native voice in curatorial decisions and textual discussions on both old and new objects. These very policy changes bring with them increased responsibility for the museum as well as new challenges of representation of the objects and their makers. The theme explored in this thesis is the changing role and responsibility of academia in the representation of the Other. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The West Tidewater earthflow, one of the largest in Oregon's history, occurred in December of 1994. The earthflow is located approximately 15 km north of Jewel, Oregon near the summit ofthe Northern Oregon Coast Range Mountains. The earthflow is 900 m long and 250 m wide, giving it a surface area of 9 ha, or 22 acres. Volume is 3.5 million m3. The earthflow occurred in low strength, well-bedded, tuffaceous, carbonaceous, micaceous, clay-rich mudstone, and very fine-grained, feldspathic, clay-rich siltstone of the lower Miocene age Northrup Creek Formation. The soil clay fractions contain up to 90% smectite with indications ofhalloysite. This earthflow is a reactivation ofa 650-year-old landslide (C-14 dating of uncovered buried trees). The failure mode is examined using a Janbu slope analysis and includes double wedge failure near the headscarp. High soil pore water pressure is one of the major causes of this slope failure. Rainfall levels for October, November, and December of 1994 were twice the previous five-year average. Present day groundwater level within the basin is less than one meter below ground surface. The earthflow is partially controlled by two faults of regional extent that dissect the basin near the headscarp in NW-SE and NE-SW directions. The Inceptisol soils in the basin remain moist below 20 cm year around. Soil in the basin may have been further weakened due to loss of root strength following timber harvest on the site in 1991. Soil liquid limits range from 42% to 95%, with PI values ranging from 2% to 77%. Soil clay content ranges between 18% and 30%. Direct shear tests on the mudstone and siltstone bedrock in both drained and undrained conditions produced internal friction angles of 14-18°, with cohesion values of 4 - 8 kPa. Back calculation of study area soil strength using the modified Bishop method results in a residual friction angle of 20.7°. The failure mode ofthe earthflow is from the headscarp downward and is modeled using Janbu methods. The study includes a detailed topographic map and a failure analysis of the earthflow basin.

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) elevation data were collected in the Panther Creek Watershed, Yamhill County, Oregon in September and December, 2007, March, 2009 and March, 2010. LiDAR derived images from the March, 2009 dataset were used to map pre-historic, historic, and active landslides. Each mapped landslide was characterized as to type of movement, head scarp height, slope, failure depth, relative age, and direction. A total of 153 landslides were mapped and 81% were field checked in the study area. The majority of the landslide deposits (127 landslides) appear to have had movement in the past 150 years. Failures occur on slopes with a mean estimated pre-failure slope of 27° ± 8°. Depth to failure surfaces for shallow-seated landslides ranged from 0.75 m to 4.3 m, with an average of 2.9 m ± 0.8 m, and depth to failure surfaces for deep-seated landslides ranged from 5 m to 75m, with an average of 18 m ± 14 m. Earth flows are the most common slope process with 110 failures, comprising nearly three quarters (71%) of all mapped deposits. Elevation changes from two of the successive LiDAR data sets (December, 2007 and March, 2009) were examined to locate active landslides that occurred between the collections of the LiDAR imagery. The LiDAR-derived DEMs were subtracted from each other resulting in a differential dataset to examine changes in ground elevation. Areas with significant elevation changes were identified as potentially active landslides. Twenty-six landslides are considered active based upon differential LiDAR and field observations. Different models are used to estimate landslide susceptibility based upon landslide failure depth. Shallow-seated landslides are defined in this study as having a failure depth equal to less than 4.6 m (15 ft). Results of the shallow-seated susceptibility map show that the high susceptibility zone covers 35% and the moderate susceptibility zone covers 49% of the study area. Due to the high number of deep-seated landslides (58 landslides), a deep-seated susceptibility map was also created. Results of the deep-seated susceptibility map show that the high susceptibility zone covers 38% of the study area and the moderate susceptibility zone covers 43%. The results of this study include a detailed landslide inventory including pre-historic, historic, and active landslides and a set of susceptibility maps identifying areas of potential future landslides.

Archaeological fisheries information represented in fish scales provides relative abundance and age-at-harvest data that can assist in understanding a range of culturally vital Indigenous fisheries. In this thesis, I undertake fish scale analysis (squamatology) to explore fish scale preservation in twelve coastal archaeological sites from two First Nations’ territories in coastal British Columbia (Wuikinuxv and Tseshaht). These data demonstrate that fish scales are more readily preserved in coastal archaeological deposits than is currently appreciated and can refine species-level identification of culturally significant Indigenous fisheries including forage fish and salmon. Fish scales can additionally generate baseline data on age-at-harvest in Pacific herring and when considered alongside other fisheries records provide relative abundance records for forage fisheries in Wuikinuxv territory that span the last 3000 years. This study additionally temporally anchors eulachon fishing along the Wannock River by at least 3000 years ago extending upon previous archaeological assessments by over 2000 years. I apply the concept of two-eyed seeing, as envisaged by Mi’kmaw elder Dr. Albert Marshall, to recognize the strengths of Indigenous and Western perspectives in developing decolonial practices for sharing archaeological fisheries data with community-based fisheries managers. Two-eyed seeing highlights the strength of archaeological data as deep time records of Indigenous fisheries that can be anchored by Indigenous knowledge including cultural stewardship and fishing practices. In this case study, I provide baseline fisheries data co-derived from archaeological and Indigenous knowledges including deep time accounts of relative abundance and traditional harvest methods that community-based managers may wish to use on their terms to pursue future activities of restoration, renewal, and affirmation of traditional fishing practices. / Graduate / 2022-05-14

No description available.

Continental shelves located along eastern boundary currents occupy relatively small volumes of the world’s oceans, yet are responsible for a large proportion of global primary production. The Oregon coast is among these ecosystems. Recent analyses of dissolved oxygen at shallow depths in the water column has suggested increasing episodes of hypoxia and anoxia, events that are detrimental to larger macro-faunal species. Microbial communities, however, are metabolically diverse, capable of utilizing alternative electron donors and acceptors, and can withstand transient periods of low dissolved oxygen. Understanding the phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of microorganisms in these environments is important for assessing the impact hypoxic events have on local and global biogeochemistry. Several molecular ecology tools were used to answer questions about the distribution patterns and activities of microorganisms residing along the coast of Oregon in this dissertation. Ribosomal rRNA fingerprinting and sequence analyses of samples collected during 2007-2008 suggested that bacterial community structure was not substantially influenced by changes in dissolved oxygen. However, substantial depth dependent changes were observed, with samples collected in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) displaying significant differences from those collected in the surface layer. Phylogenetic analyses of bacterial rRNA genes revealed novel phylotypes associated with this area of the water column, including groups with close evolutionary relationships to putative or characterized sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB). Analysis of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes collected during 2009 suggested increasing abundances of chemolithoautrophic organisms and their activities in the BBL. Thaumarchaea displayed significant depth dependent increases during the summer, and were detected at maximal frequencies during periods of hypoxia, suggesting that nitrification maybe influenced by local changes in dissolved oxygen. Metagenomic analysis of samples collected from 2010 revealed substantial variability in the metabolic potential of the microbial communities from different water masses. Samples collected during the spring, prior to upwelling clustered independently of those collected during the summer, during a period of upwelling, and did not display any clear stratification. Samples collected during the summer did cluster based on depth, consistent with previous observations, and increases in the relative abundances of chemolithotrophic gene suites were observed in the BBL during stratified conditions, suggesting that the metabolic potential for these processes is a repeatable feature along the Oregon coast. Overall, these observations suggest that depth impacts microbial community diversity, metabolic potential, and transcriptional activity in shallow areas of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The increase in lithotrophic genes and transcripts in the BBL suggests that this microbial community includes many organisms that are able to use inorganic electron donors for respiration. We speculate that the dissolved organic material in the BBL is semi-labile and not available for immediate oxidation, favoring the growth for microorganisms that are able to use alternative electron donors. / Graduation date: 2012