This project proposes a protocol for experimentally determining the performance of a double glass envelope system. As a proof of concept, the protocol was applied to an experimental study of a south-facing, single story double glazed ventilated wall system. Two modular full-scale double glazed window models with naturally or mechanically assisted ventilation were constructed and monitored for a range of weather conditions. The goals of this investigation were to develop and apply the test protocol and to monitor and analyze the thermal performance of these two systems and to improve our understanding of the double façade system. Using this test protocol preliminary results show the average cavity heat removal rate is approximately 25% higher for the active system when compared to the naturally ventilated system. Also, the passive system has a higher temperature difference between the indoor glass surface and the indoor air than the active system. This experimental protocol can be further applied to determine other performance issues of the double envelope system. / Master of Science

For the past 40 years, relentless focus on Moore’s Law transistor scaling has provided ever-increasing transistor performance and density. In order to continue the technology scaling beyond 22nm node, it is clear that conventional bulk-MOSFET needs to be replaced by new device architectures, most promising being the Multiple-Gate MOSFETs (MuGFET). Intel in mid 2011 announced the use of bulk Tri-Gate FinFETs in 22nm high volume logic process for its next-gen IvyBridge Microprocessor. It is expected that soon other semiconductor companies will also adopt the MuGFET devices. As like bulk-MOSFET, an accurate and physical compact model is important for MuGFET based circuit design. Compact modeling effort for MuGFET started in late nineties with planar double gate MOSFET(DGFET),as it is the simplest structure that one can conceive for MuGFET devices. The models so far proposed for DG MOSFETs are applicable for common gate symmetric DG (SDG) MOSFETs where both the gates have equal oxide thicknesses. However, for practical devices at nanoscale regime, there will always be some amount of asymmetry between the gate oxide thicknesses due to process variations and uncertainties, which can affect device performance significantly. At the same time, Independently controlled DG(IDG) MOSFETs have gained tremendous attention owing to its ability to modulate threshold voltage and transconductance dynamically. Due to the asymmetric nature of the electrostatic, developing efficient compact models for asymmetric/independent DG MOSFET is a daunting task. In this thesis effort has been put to provide some solutions to this challenge. We propose simple surface-potential based compact terminal charge models, applicable for Asymmetric Double gate MOSFETs (ADG) in two configurations1) Common-gate 2) Independent-gate. The charge model proposed for the common-gate ADG (CDG) MOSFET is seamless between the symmetric and asymmetric devices and utilizes the unique so-far-unexplored quasi-linear relationship between the surface potentials along the channel. In this model, the terminal charges could be computed by basic arithmetic operations from the surface potentials and applied biases, and can be easily implemented in any circuit simulator and extendable to short-channel devices. The charge model proposed for independent ADG(IDG)MOSFET is based on a novel piecewise linearization technique of surface potential along the channel. We show that the conventional “charge linearization techniques that have been used over the years in advanced compact models for bulk and double-gate(DG) MOSFETs are accurate only when the channel is fully hyperbolic in nature or the effective gate voltages are same. For other bias conditions, it leads to significant error in terminal charge computation. We demonstrate that the amount of nonlinearity that prevails between the surface potentials along the channel for a particular bias condition actually dictates if the conventional charge linearization technique could be applied or not. We propose a piecewise linearization technique that segments the channel into multiple sections where in each section, the assumption of quasi-linear relationship between the surface potentials remains valid. The cumulative sum of the terminal charges obtained for each of these channel sections yield terminal charges of the IDG device. We next present our work on modeling the non-ideal scenarios like presence of body doping in CDG devices and the non-planar devices like Tri-gate FinFETs. For a fully depleted channel, a simple technique to include body doping term in our charge model for CDG devices, using a perturbation on the effective gate voltage and correction to the coupling factor, is proposed. We present our study on the possibility of mapping a non-planar Tri-gate FinFET onto a planar DG model. In this framework, we demonstrate that, except for the case of large or tall devices, the generic mapping parameters become bias-dependent and an accurate bias-independent model valid for geometries is not possible. An efficient and robust “Root Bracketing Method” based algorithm for computation of surface potential in IDG MOSFET, where the conventional Newton-Raphson based techniques are inefficient due to the presence of singularity and discontinuity in input voltage equations, is presented. In case of small asymmetry for a CDG devices, a simple physics based perturbation technique to compute the surface potential with computational complexity of the same order of an SDG device is presented next. All the models proposed show excellent agreement with numerical and Technology Computer-Aided Design(TCAD) simulations for all wide range of bias conditions and geometries. The models are implemented in a professional circuit simulator through Verilog-A, and simulation examples for different circuits verify good model convergence.

The common law right of the accused to be protected against double jeopardy recently acquired constitutional status in South Africa. Although South African courts previously applied this rule in various procedural contexts, there has been very little critical discussion of the values on which the rule is based. Nor have all contexts in which the rule should be applied been recognised. In the light of the new constitutional dispensation, it has become necessary to identify and analyse the values which determine the application of the rule. This thesis addresses the treatment of various aspects of double jeopardy in other constitutionally·grounded jurisdictions. Double jeopardy jurisprudence in the jurisdictions of England, Canada, India, Germany and the federal system of the United States of America is considered on a comparative basis. The historical origin and development of the rule are considered first. This is followed by an assessment of the current application of the rule in the various jurisdictions. The study demonstrates that South African courts have relied largely on outdated principles derived from English common law, rather than applying the rule by focusing on the values that underlie the rule. This approach has become unacceptable in the new constitutional dispensation, inter alia, because a teleological, value·orientated interpretative approach has been adopted by the Constitutional Court. This thesis indicates which of the principles that developed in foreign constitutional double jeopardy jurisprudence may be of value in developing an appropriate body of South African constitutional double jeopardy principles. Proposals are made for future implementation of the rule in various procedural contexts. These suggestions include constitutional interpretation, legislative amendment and re·evaluation of various common law principles of criminal procedure / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

83 RESUMÉ Methods of double taxation avoidance and using thereof in the Czech tax law The Master Thesis deals with the methods of international double taxation avoidance as they are set out by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and UN (United Nations) Model Conventions, as well as by the international bilateral treaties concluded by the Czech Republic based on these model conventions. The definition of the basic terms used by the Czech tax law is first set out by the Thesis. Then later the Thesis focuses on the two fundamental model conventions being the OECD model and the UN model, on the "model" treaty concluded by the United States of America, and on the double taxation avoidance international treaties in general - their role, reasons and possible use. The European law regarding the international double taxation shall also be mentioned, i.e. directives of the European Union, decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union, or eventually the other initiatives brought up at the European Union bases. The fundamental part of the Thesis regards the methods of the double taxation avoidance: the exemption method and the credit method, including their types. Each of the mentioned methods (full exemption, exemption with progression, full credit and ordinary credit) is...

Paper discusses the expected uncertainty of orbital parameters of binary stars as measured by the space-based gravitational wave observatory LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) and how the inclusion of spin in the model of the binary stars affects the uncertainty. The uncertainties are found by calculating the received gravitational wave from a binary pair and then performing a linear least-squares parameter estimation. The case of a 1500 solar mass black hole that is 20 years from coalescing with a 1000 solar mass black hole--both of which are 50 x 10^6 light years away--is analyzed, and the results show that the inclusion of spin has a negligible effect upon the angular resolution of LISA but can increase the accuracy in mass and distance measurements by factors of 15 and 65, respectively.

The common law right of the accused to be protected against double jeopardy recently acquired constitutional status in South Africa. Although South African courts previously applied this rule in various procedural contexts, there has been very little critical discussion of the values on which the rule is based. Nor have all contexts in which the rule should be applied been recognised. In the light of the new constitutional dispensation, it has become necessary to identify and analyse the values which determine the application of the rule. This thesis addresses the treatment of various aspects of double jeopardy in other constitutionally·grounded jurisdictions. Double jeopardy jurisprudence in the jurisdictions of England, Canada, India, Germany and the federal system of the United States of America is considered on a comparative basis. The historical origin and development of the rule are considered first. This is followed by an assessment of the current application of the rule in the various jurisdictions. The study demonstrates that South African courts have relied largely on outdated principles derived from English common law, rather than applying the rule by focusing on the values that underlie the rule. This approach has become unacceptable in the new constitutional dispensation, inter alia, because a teleological, value·orientated interpretative approach has been adopted by the Constitutional Court. This thesis indicates which of the principles that developed in foreign constitutional double jeopardy jurisprudence may be of value in developing an appropriate body of South African constitutional double jeopardy principles. Proposals are made for future implementation of the rule in various procedural contexts. These suggestions include constitutional interpretation, legislative amendment and re·evaluation of various common law principles of criminal procedure / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

The aim of diploma thesis is to analyze realization of a Convention for the avoidance of double taxation between the Czech Republic and the Republic of Austria. The paper explains what the international double taxation is and describes the types and methods of its prevention. It describes difference between tax residents and tax nonresidents. Further it describes development of Conventions for the avoidance of double taxation between the Czech Republic and the Republic of Austria and compares the Convention No. 48/1979 and No. 31/2007 which were applied in mutual tax relations between both countries. The paper is mainly focused on the situation of Czech tax residents who receive incomes from employment in Austria and shows on practical examples how the situation developed from 2007 to present. It describes the complicated situation of taxpayers in 2008, when they first proceed according to a new Convention between both countries and explains the calculation of the "super-gross wage" when incomes are from employment abroad. The paper also describes the approach to Austrian taxation of interest payments and resolve procedure Czech taxpayers in these cases. Finally, this paper examines the attitudes of both countries to adhere to Convention for the avoidance of double taxation and describes the difficult situation of Czech taxpayers with incomes from Austria.

Diverse practicing methods are evidence of the importance of applying creativity in our practice regimes. Regardless of a player's technique - traditional or modern - it must be regularly practiced and then applied. One of the most common ways to do that is through practicing technical exercises, which generally means the practice of scales, arpeggios and etudes. These exercises generally function as a warm-up regime for all musicians, but this regime doesn't necessarily provide enough reference for the player in the learning process of a new piece. Adapting exercises to address technical difficulties in a newly learned piece can provide the player with a wide range of practice methods to use, to be creative, to be more aware while practicing, and to build a solid technical foundation for the newly learned piece. Two well-known pedagogues who applied this approach are German bassist Ludwig Streicher and Czech violinist Otakar Ševčik. By implementing analytical studies and composing exercises based on the standard repertoire, Ševčik and Streicher became highly influential teachers in the 20th century. Their work serves as a model in achieving the purposes of this dissertation: the assessment of technical difficulties and compilation of a technique booklet based on six unaccompanied contemporary solo pieces written as required works for the solo competition of the International Society of Bassists' biennial convention since 2007.

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Visual integration of the building interior and exterior is one of the charms of today's architecture. The Double-Skin facade system is a technology that can reduce the drawbacks of using glass in a building's elevation. In fact, the double-skin façade (DSF) offers transparency while reducing energy consumption when compared to single-skin systems in cold and moderate weather conditions. However, there is no clear evidence of how the system will perform in hot climate conditions. In this research, a testing procedure was established to experimentally evaluate the performance of the double-skin façade system, data was collected to create multiple regression models, and then evaluate the double-skin façade's performance and compare it to a single-skin system in hot arid climate conditions. / Doctor of Philosophy / Improving the quality of indoor environments is a main goal in today’s architecture. Towards this goal, the use of glass and curtain walls is common in office buildings. The building façade is a key factor for the amount of energy consumed to reach comfort levels in the building. That is, because facades influence lighting, glare, heat gain, noise safety and energy usage. Therefore, the use of glass improves transparency which can interfere with comfort levels inside the building due to solar heat gain. The Double Skin façade system is widely adopted in Europe and has been shown to reduce energy used for heating in cold weather. In winter, heat losses can be reduced as the system’s intermediate cavity acts as a thermal buffer. However, there is no clear understanding of how the system will perform in hot arid climate conditions where cooling is the dominant operating mode. A Double Skin Façade can provide shading during the overheating period, while having the desired glass elevations sought by designers. This is due to ventilation and solar control devices located inside the system’s cavity. Being placed between the interior and the exterior glass panels, solar control devices are protected from the weather, which in return decreases its size. Furthermore, the additional glass panel allows windows in the system’s inner layer to be opened for natural ventilation. Unfortunately, the performance of the Double Skin Façade system for hot arid climate is not well documented. Therefore, the primary goal of this research is to compare the thermal and light performance of the Double Skin Façade system to a single façade system for hot weather conditions.