Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-11-17T22:52:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O CD EIRYANNE UEFS.pdf: 1137680 bytes, checksum: c8146db40e5cf5c055b38dd228bd86d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-17T22:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O CD EIRYANNE UEFS.pdf: 1137680 bytes, checksum: c8146db40e5cf5c055b38dd228bd86d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / The grapevine is one of the most important crops in the San Francisco Valley, to be an important generator of income and social development. It is noteworthy production for the domestic and foreign market, whose requirements demand the need for competitive development of new genetic material to the producer. In this case, the breeding program for cultivation in tropical conditions has employed the crossing of varieties of seedless grapes, using as support embryo rescue technique, which enables the acquisition of hybrid course. Moreover, the cytogenetic characterization of hybrids and parental emerges as a tool that can generate important data for the breeding programs of the grapevine. Counterpart, micropropagation, which is the wider applicability of the technique of tissue culture, has, as one of the many advantages, the large scale production of plants in less time than usual and pathogen-free. During the acclimatization phase of grapevine micropropagation significant losses occur. The various benefits they provide, mycorrhizal fungi are an alternative because they reduce losses, making the transition less stressful conditions in vitro to ex vitro. This study aimed to evaluate cytogenetically vine varieties and hybrids, as well as study the mycorrhizal association in ex vitro establishment of plantlets, trying to select isolates effective in promoting growth and nutrient uptake in apirenic hybrid grapesvines. / A videira representa uma das mais importantes culturas no Vale do S?o Francisco, por ser importante gerador de renda e desenvolvimento social. Destaca-se a produ??o para o mercado interno e externo, cujas exig?ncias em competitividade demandam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos materiais gen?ticos para o produtor. Nesse caso, os programas de melhoramento gen?tico para a cultura em condi??es tropicais tem empregado o cruzamento de variedades de uvas apir?nicas, utilizando como suporte a t?cnica de resgate de embri?es, que possibilita a obten??o de h?bridos. Por outro lado, a caracteriza??o citogen?tica de h?bridos e parentais surge como ferramenta que pode gerar dados importantes para os programas de melhoramento gen?tico da videira. Contraparte, a micropropaga??o, que ? a t?cnica de maior aplicabilidade da cultura de tecidos, tem, como uma das muitas vantagens, a produ??o em larga escala de plantas em tempo menor que o habitual, e com garantia fitossanit?ria. Por outro lado, durante a fase de aclimatiza??o da micropropaga??o da videira ocorrem perdas significativas. Nessa fase, pelos v?rios benef?cios que proporcionam, os fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares surgem como alternativa de uso, pois reduzem as perdas, tornando menos estressante a passagem das condi??es in vitro para ex vitro. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar citogeneticamente variedades e h?bridos de videira, bem como estudar a associa??o micorr?zica no estabelecimento ex vitro de mudas micropropagadas, buscando selecionar isolados eficientes em promover o crescimento e absor??o de nutrientes em h?brido apir?nico de videiras.

L’utilisation de pesticides permet de réduire les pertes de récolte mais génère des impacts environnementaux négatifs. Il est important de fournir des informations précises sur les risques épidémiques concernant les bioagresseurs afin de raisonner l’utilisation des pesticides, en particulier dans le cas du mildiou de la vigne, responsable en moyenne de 43% des traitements utilisés dans le Bordelais. Cette thèse évalue l’intérêt de la date d’apparition des symptômes de mildiou de la vigne pour raisonner l’usage des fongicides dans la lutte contre cette maladie.En nous basant sur des observations régionales et de l’expertise locale, nous montrons que dans le Bordelais, les premiers traitements sont réalisés en moyenne quatre semaines avant l’apparition des premiers symptômes. Nous montrons que reporter la date du premier traitement anti-mildiou à la date d’apparition de la maladie permet d’économiser en moyenne 56% des traitements, par rapport aux pratiques actuelles de cette région. Nos résultats montrent que combiner cette stratégie avec le port d’équipements de protection réduit l’exposition des opérateurs de plus de 70%.En utilisant des méthodes de machine learning, nous montrons que la précocité et la gravité des épidémies de mildiou sont fortement liées. Les prévisions de nos modèles peuvent être utilisées pour déclencher les traitements contre la maladie dans les cas de risques élevés, entraînant une réduction de plus de 50% des traitements anti-mildiou par rapport aux pratiques actuelles.Nos résultats et les méthodes employées sont discutés et mis en perspective avec d’autres moyens de réduction de l’usage des pesticides en viticulture. / Abstract: Pesticides reduce yield losses but have negative environmental consequences. It is important to provide precise information on the epidemic risks concerning harmful organisms in order to reason the use of pesticides, in particular in the case of grape downy mildew, which is responsible on average for 43% of pesticides used in Bordeaux vineyards.The objective of this work is to estimate the benefits of using downy mildew onset date to avoid unjustified sprays in the control of this disease. Based on regional observations and local expertise, we show that in Bordeaux, the first treatments are applied on average four weeks before the first symptoms appear.We show that postponing the date of the first downy mildew spray to disease onset reduces fungicide use by an average of 56% compared to current practices in this region. For operators, our results show that combining this strategy with the use of personal protective equipment reduces exposure by more than 70%.By using machine learning methods, we also show that the precocity and severity of downy mildew epidemics are strongly linked. Our predictions can be used to trigger disease treatments only in high-risk cases, resulting in a reduction of more than 50% in mildew treatments compared to current practices. Our results and the used methods are discussed and compared with other methods for reducing the use of pesticides in viticulture.

The aim of this study is to determine the content of selected metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, Sr, Pb, V, Zn) in samples of leaves and grapes produced by ecologic agriculture and compare to results with leaves and grapes produced by integrated agriculture. The measured results used to assess the impact of agricultural technology on the quality of vines and grapes. The amount of elements was analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after previous digestion of sapmles using microwaves. Concentrations of elements in leaves and grapes from organic and integrated farming did not differ significantly only in the case of copper concentrations were measured higher concentrations in samples from organic farming. This difference is probably caused by different doses of authorized protective equipment based on copper in the organic and integrated farming.

La Flavescence dorée est une maladie contagieuse et incurable de la vigne détectable sur les feuilles. Le projet DAMAV (Détection Automatique des MAladies de la Vigne) a été mis en place, avec pour objectif de développer une solution de détection automatisée des maladies de la vigne à l’aide d’un micro-drone. Cet outil doit permettre la recherche des foyers potentiels de la Flavescence dorée, puis plus généralement de toute maladie détectable sur le feuillage à l’aide d’un outil multispectral dédié haute résolution.Dans le cadre de ce projet, cette thèse a pour objectif de participer à la conception et à l’implémentation du système d’acquisition multispectral et de développer les algorithmes de prétraitement d’images basés sur les caractéristiques spectrales et texturales les plus pertinentes reliées à la Flavescence dorée.Plusieurs variétés de vigne ont été considérées telles que des variétés rouges et blanches; de plus, d’autres maladies que ‘Flavescence dorée’ (FD) telles que Esca et ‘Bois noir’ (BN) ont également été testées dans des conditions de production réelles. Le travail de doctorat a été essentiellement réalisé au niveau feuille et a impliqué une étape d’acquisition suivie d’une étape d’analyse des données.La plupart des techniques d'imagerie, même multispectrales, utilisées pour détecter les maladies dans les grandes cultures ou les vignobles, opèrent dans le domaine du visible. Dans DAMAV, il est conseillé que la maladie soit détectée le plus tôt possible. Des informations spectrales sont nécessaires, notamment dans l’infrarouge. Les réflectances des feuilles des plantes peuvent être obtenues sur les longueurs d'onde les plus courtes aux plus longues. Ces réflectances sont intimement liées aux composants internes des feuilles. Cela signifie que la présence d'une maladie peut modifier la structure interne des feuilles et donc altérer sa signature.Un spectromètre a été utilisé sur le terrain pour caractériser les signatures spectrales des feuilles à différents stades de croissance. Afin de déterminer les réflectances optimales pour la détection des maladies (FD, Esca, BN), une nouvelle méthodologie de conception d'indices de maladies basée sur deux techniques de réduction de dimensions, associées à un classifieur, a été mise en place. La première technique de sélection de variables utilise les Algorithmes Génétiques (GA) et la seconde s'appuie sur l'Algorithme de Projections Successives (SPA). Les nouveaux indices de maladies résultants surpassent les indices de végétation traditionnels et GA était en général meilleur que SPA. Les variables finalement choisies peuvent ainsi être mises en oeuvre en tant que filtres dans le capteur MS.Les informations de réflectance étaient satisfaisantes pour la recherche d’infections (plus que 90% de précision pour la meilleure méthode) mais n’étaient pas suffisantes. Ainsi, les images acquises par l’appareil MS peuvent être ensuite traitées par des techniques bas-niveau basées sur le calcul de paramètres de texture puis injectés dans un classifieur. Plusieurs techniques de traitement de texture ont été testées mais uniquement sur des images couleur. Une nouvelle méthode combinant plusieurs paramètres texturaux a été élaborée pour en choisir les meilleurs. Nous avons constaté que les informations texturales pouvaient constituer un moyen complémentaire non seulement pour différencier les feuilles de vigne saines des feuilles infectées (plus que 85% de précision), mais également pour classer le degré d’infestation des maladies (plus que 74% de précision) et pour distinguer entre les maladies (plus que 75% de précision). Ceci conforte l’hypothèse qu’une caméra multispectrale permet la détection et l’identification de maladies de la vigne en plein champ. / ‘Flavescence dorée’ is a contagious and incurable disease present on the vine leaves. The DAMAV project (Automatic detection of Vine Diseases) aims to develop a solution for automated detection of vine diseases using a micro-drone. The goal is to offer a turnkey solution for wine growers. This tool will allow the search for potential foci, and then more generally any type of detectable vine disease on the foliage. To enable this diagnosis, the foliage is proposed to be studied using a dedicated high-resolution multispectral camera.The objective of this PhD-thesis in the context of DAMAV is to participate in the design and implementation of a Multi-Spectral (MS) image acquisition system and to develop the image pre-processing algorithms, based on the most relevant spectral and textural characteristics related to ‘Flavescence dorée’.Several grapevine varieties were considered such as red-berried and white-berried ones; furthermore, other diseases than ‘Flavescence dorée’ (FD) such as Esca and ‘Bois noir’ (BN) were also tested under real production conditions. The PhD work was basically performed at a leaf-level scale and involved an acquisition step followed by a data analysis step.Most imaging techniques, even MS, used to detect diseases in field crops or vineyards, operate in the visible electromagnetic radiation range. In DAMAV, it is advised to detect the disease as early as possible. It is therefore necessary to investigate broader information in particular in the infra-red. Reflectance responses of plants leaves can be obtained from short to long wavelengths. These reflectance signatures describe the internal constituents of leaves. This means that the presence of a disease can modify the internal structure of the leaves and hence cause an alteration of its reflectance signature.A spectrometer is used in our study to characterize reflectance responses of leaves in the field. Several samples at different growth stages were used for the tests. To define optimal reflectance features for grapevine disease detection (FD, Esca, BN), a new methodology that designs spectral disease indices based on two dimension reduction techniques, coupled with a classifier, has been developed. The first feature selection technique uses the Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the second one relies on the Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA). The new resulting spectral disease indices outperformed traditional vegetation indices and GA performed in general better than SPA. The features finally chosen can thus be implemented as filters in the MS sensor.In general, the reflectance information was satisfying for finding infections (higher than 90% of accuracy for the best method) but wasn’t enough. Thus, the images acquired with the developed MS device can further be pre-processed by low level techniques based on the calculation of texture parameters injected into a classifier. Several texture processing techniques have been tested but only on colored images. A method that combines many texture features is elaborated, allowing to choose the best ones. We found that the combination of optimal textural information could provide a complementary mean for not only differentiating healthy from infected grapevine leaves (higher than 85% of accuracy), but also for grading the disease severity stages (higher than 73% of accuracy) and for discriminating among diseases (higher than 72% of accuracy). This is in accordance with the hypothesis that a multispectral camera can enable detection and identification of diseases in grapevine fields.

Les études portant sur le changement climatique prévoient des modifications significatives de la température pour les décennies à venir. Ces prévisions envisagent un réchauffement global qui risque de perturber le développement des plantes cultivées. Les stress thermiques affectent en effet presque tous les aspects du développement des plantes et notamment la croissance, le développement floral et donc le rendement. Les plantes doivent modifier leur métabolisme afin de prévenir les dommages causés par les stress environnementaux. La température joue un rôle important sur la phénologie, la vigueur et surtout le développement floral de la vigne. Ainsi, quelques degrés d’élévation de la température pendant la floraison peuvent entrainer la perte de la totalité des fleurs et donc des fruits. De plus, en stimulant le développement végétatif, l’augmentation de température accroit la demande en glucides, tandis que la photosynthèse nette diminue en raison de l’augmentation de la respiration en réponse à l’élévation de température. Au cours de cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact d’une augmentation de température sur le métabolisme carboné, acteur majeur de la floraison, et plus particulièrement aux modifications physiologiques de la feuille et de l’inflorescence de vigne. De plus, des analyses d’expression de gènes clés de la photosynthèse et du métabolisme ont permis d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de distribution des glucides entre les organes végétatifs et reproducteurs lors d’une augmentation de la température. / Studies on climate change predict significant changes in temperature for next decades. The global warming could impact the crop plants development. Indeed, thermal stresses affect almost all aspects of plant development including growth, floral development and yield. Plants modify their metabolism to prevent damage caused by environmental changes. Temperature is an important factor for the phenology, the vigor and especially the floral development in grapevine. So, a few degrees increase during flowering can result in a complete flowers loss and therefore fruits. In addition, an increase of temperature stimulates vegetative development and thus rises the carbohydrates consumption, while net photosynthesis decreases due to the respiration raise. In this study, we investigated the temperature increase impacts on the carbon metabolism which has a major role in the flowering process in grapevine. We particularly focused our attention on the physiological modifications in leaves and inflorescences. at the level of the photosynthesis and the respiration with the increase of the day temperature. Moreover, expression analyzes of some key genes involved in photosynthesis and metabolism allowed to improve the understanding in the carbohydrate distribution mechanisms, between vegetative and reproductive organs, during a temperature increase.

Cette thèse aborde le potentiel de la télédétection en tant qu'outil pour la détection automatique de la Flavescence dorée (FD) de la vigne. L'approche repose sur l'analyse des variables (bandes spectrales, indices de végétation et paramètres biophysiques) calculables à partir des images multispectrales à très haute résolution (10 cm) acquises par drone pendant la période d'expression maximal des symptômes. L'analyse de la performance de discrimination des variables est réalisée à partir d'une méthode supervisée basée sur la courbe ROC. Les zones d'entrainement et de validation utilisées dans cette étude ont été acquises sur 14 parcelles situés dans le sud de la France. La performance des variables a été testée sur trois échelles d'analyse (par parcelle, par cépage et par couleur) et pour deux niveaux d'analyse. Le premier niveau d'analyse repose sur le potentiel des variables utilisées dans la détection des zones symptomatiques de la Flavescence dorée des zones asymptomatiques. Le deuxième niveau d'analyse consiste à tester la performance des variables dans la discrimination spécifique la Flavescence dorée (cépages noirs) en faisant une distinction avec les maladies du bois. À l'issue de ces expériences, dans un point de vue méthodologique les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence (1) une plus faible performance de discrimination pour la discrimination des zones symptomatiques de FD des zones symptomatiques des maladies du bois plus particulièrement à l'échelle par couleur ; (2) la présence des pixels mixtes mal classés plus particulièrement dans les bords des rangs de vigne et (3) une faible discrimination des zones symptomatiques (FD ou MB) avec une proportion du feuillage symptomatique faible (niveau d'infection). Dans un point de vue thématique les résultats obtenus ont mis en évidence les différences dans l'intensité de la coloration anormale des feuilles atteintes de Flavescence dorée en fonction de l'année et leur lien avec la teneur en chlorophylles et anthocyanes des feuilles. Les perspectives ouvertes par ces travaux concernent la création d'un indice spécifique à la Flavescence dorée en fonction de la couleur du cépage (noir ou blanc) ou l'intensité dans la coloration des feuilles (faible ou forte) identifiés à partir des données hyperspectrales et l'amélioration du masquage des pixels mixtes à partir des algorithmes complexes qui prennent en compte la répartition spatiale des pixels dans le feuillage de vigne. / This work investigates the potential of remote sensing as a tool for the automatic detection of Flavescence dorée (FD) grapevine disease. The approach is based on the analysis of variables (spectral bands, vegetation indices, and biophysical parameters) computed from high resolution (10 cm) multispectral images and acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) during the period of maximum expression of symptom. The analysis of the variables discrimination performance is evaluated by a supervised method based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve). The training and validation areas used in this study were acquired from 14 vineyards located in southern France. The performance of the variables was tested on three different scales of analysis (one by plot, by cultivar and by berry color). Two levels of analysis have been implemented. The first level involves the potential of variables to discriminate Flavescence dorée symptomatic vines areas from asymptomatic ones. The second level of analysis is related to test the performance of the variables for the specific discrimination of Flavescence dorée vines (for the red cultivars) and the discrimination from Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD). The results obtained showed (1) a lower discrimination performance for discrimination of FD symptomatic vines areas from GTD symptomatic ones, more pronounced on the color level; (2) the presence of misclassified mixed pixels especially in the edges of the rows of vines and (3) a low discrimination of symptomatic vines areas (FD or MB) with a low proportion of symptomatic foliage (level of infection). From a thematic point of view, the results obtained showed the differences in the intensity of leaf discoloration affected by Flavescence dorée by year and their link with the chlorophylls and anthocyanins content of the leaves. Future prospects for this work concern the creation of a specific Flavescence dorée index depending on the color of the cultivars (red or white) and the intensity of leaf discoloration (attenuated or marked), identified from the hyperspectral data and improving the masking of mixed pixels from complex algorithms that consider the spatial distribution of pixels in the vine foliage.

Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most widely cultivated perennial fruit crops in the world and its economic relevance is mainly related to wine production. In recent years, the increased frequency of extreme phenomena such as heat waves has been acknowledged as one of the most significant climate variables negatively affecting grape yield and berry composition, with consequences also on wine quality. Thus, studying the physiological, metabolic and genetic factors that are involved in grapevine response to high temperatures is essential to improve the knowledge of mechanisms underlying thermotolerance, aiming to support plant breeding innovation and the development of new management strategies in viticulture. In this work, a segregating population obtained from the crossing of ‘Rhine Riesling’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ was studied in the field with a multidisciplinary approach. The progeny (around 120 genotypes) was evaluated for phenological traits affected by changing temperatures, in particular bud burst, flowering and véraison, while physiological response to heat stress was assessed in various hot summer days by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and stomatal conductance. Measures were collected in the early morning as control and in the afternoon during hot hours. Phenotypic data were then used in combination with a high-density linkage map (average distance between adjacent markers 0.78 cM), previously developed using genotypic information from 139 individuals, to perform QTL analysis. Based on physiological responses to high temperatures, selected individuals showing contrasting behaviour, together with parental lines, were further studied in controlled conditions. In the field, in fact, plants may be subjected to combined stresses and changes in environmental conditions may heavily influence plants response. With the experiment in controlled condition, on the other hand, plants were stressed at higher temperatures, compared to the ones registered in the field, by maintaining all the other sources of variability constant. In the growth chamber plants were studied for their physiological response to heat stress by using the same approach adopted in the field. To better understand mechanisms involved in grapevine adaptation to heat stress conditions, individuals with contrasting behaviour were studied also for their metabolome modifications, both in the field and in controlled conditions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated with an untargeted approach applying conventional methods of analysis. Accumulation of VOCs in grapevine leaves was analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after a pre-concentration with a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) approach. On the other hand, VOCs emission during stress was investigated in controlled conditions thanks to the use of the Closed-Loop Stripping Analysis (CLSA) which allows the collection of VOCs directly emitted by plants. Analysis was then performed with GC-MS. Metabolic alterations of non-volatile compounds were examined with an untargeted analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray soft ionization (HPLC-HR-ESI-MS). In this work a metabolomic workflow was developed, starting from sample collection and extraction to sample analysis and data interpretation. The analytical method developed allowed the preliminary evaluation of leaf metabolome alterations due to stress factors. In fact, the use of a weak cation-exchange mixed mode column, in combination with a data dependent acquisition mode, allowed a first wide screening of both primary and secondary metabolites resulting in a good compromise for metabolic fingerprinting. QTL analysis on the segregating population allowed the identification of several QTLs, related to both phenological and physiological traits, with the discovery of interesting putative candidate genes for grapevine resilience to changing temperatures. This is the first time that a similar approach has been applied to a perennial fruit crop by analysing chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf transpiration traits related to heat stress. On the other hand, the multidisciplinary approach allowed the fine characterization of Rhine Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon response to high temperatures, both in controlled and field conditions, a tentative classification of ‘tolerant’ and ‘susceptible’ progeny individuals and the identification of metabolic pathways altered during heat stress in the susceptible plants. Together with the implementation of a novel metabolomic workflow based on HPLC-HR-ESI-MS, this work represents a novelty in studies on grapevine response to changing temperatures, as it considered not only the berry metabolism but the resilience of the plants itself, paving the way for future studies on thermotolerance.

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The topic of landscape heterogeneity has captured the imagination of ecologists and agriculturists alike and has been extensively investigated in this dissertation. Heuweltjies are landscape features putatively created by the termite Microhodotermes viator through their burrowing and nest-building activities. They have been closely examined in the natural veld of the Western Cape in the recent past and are the focus of many ecological studies. However, the effect of heuweltjies in cultivated landscapes (e.g. vineyards, orchards and wheat lands) remains unexplored. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of soil modifications associated with heuweltjies, as well as the physiology of vines growing on and off heuweltjies and wine made from these vines. It was hypothesized that heuweltjies occurring in cultivated areas can significantly affect crop yield and quality, thereby establishing itself as a potentially important role player in the agricultural economy of the Western Cape. This study was conducted in two climatic regions of the Western Cape, Stellenbosch (Mediterranean climate, Cabernet Sauvignon) and Robertson (semi-arid climate, Shiraz) to better understand how differences in heuweltjie characteristics correspond to differences in rainfall and temperature. In both study areas, heuweltjie soils were compared to non-heuweltjie soils with respect to physical and chemical. Grapevines associated with these heuweltjies were also compared to those growing on the adjacent, non-heuweltjie soils to determine any variation in vine vigour, physiology, phenology, berry characteristics and wine quality. Through the use of ANOVA's and Fisher's LSD posthoc tests to indicate statistical significance in soil and grapevine characteristics, it was apparent that heuweltjies induce substantial changes in soil and vine properties. Significant differences in the water content exist between the soils of the heuweltjies and non-heuweltjie areas. Heuweltjie soils exhibited higher values in comparison to the non-heuweltjie soils in the Stellenbosch study area, with opposite results in Robertson. Heuweltjie soils also displayed higher exchangeable calcium and magnesium and higher total carbon and total nitrogen values than non-heuweltjie soils in both study areas. Differences in physiology were more subtle, but vine vigour was severely altered on the heuweltjie-associated vines, exhibiting excessive vegetative growth in Stellenbosch, leading to variations in berry characteristics on and off the heuweltjies. Again, the opposite was observed for Robertson. Lower sugar and alcohol percentages and higher titratable as well as malic acid concentrations were observed in the wines emanating from the heuweltjies in Stellenbosch. Sensory analyses proved significant, as lower astringency and alcohol burn were detected in the Cabernet Sauvignon heuweltjie wines than the non-heuweltjie wines in the Stellenbosch study area. Chemical differences in the wines from the Robertson study are were insignificant. However, a significantly lower fruitiness was observed in the Shiraz heuweltjie-wines when compared to the non-heuweltjie wines. Differences in soil water content between heuweltjies and its adjacent soils was the most influential factor in this study, and affected all of the soil-grapevine interactions to a large extent. Further research need to be conducted to better understand and clarify the reasons behind these variations, as well as possible effects of global warming on heuweltjie functioning in different climatic regions of the Western Cape. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van landskap heterogeniteit het die verbeelding van beide ekoloë en landboukundiges aangegryp en is op `n omvangryke wyse ondersoek in hierdie tesis. Heuweltjies is landskap eienskappe geskep deur die uitgrawe en nesbou aktiwiteite van die termiet Microhodotermes viator. Heuweltjies in die natuurlike veld is intensief bestudeer in die onlangse verlede en is die fokus van `n verskeidenheid ekologiese studies. In bewerkte landskappe (bv. wingerde, vrugteboorde en koringlande) is daar egter `n groot tekort aan navorsing oor die invloed van heuweltjies. Hierdie studie dra grotendeels by tot ons begrip van heuweltjie-geassosieërde grondverandering, asook die fisiologie van wingerd wat groei op en af van heuweltjies, sowel as die wyn afkomstig van hierdie wingerdstokke. Hipoteties sal heuweltjies in bewerkte areas die gewasopbrengs asook –kwaliteit betekenisvol beïnvloed en word so dus gevestig as `n potensieël belangrike rolspeler in die landbou-ekonomie van die Wes-Kaap. Die studie was onderneem in twee klimaatstreke van die Wes-Kaap, Stellenbosch (Mediterreënse klimaat, Cabernet Sauvignon) en Robertson (semi-ariede klimaat, Shiraz) om vas te stel hoe verskille in heuweltjie eienskappe ooreenstem met verksille in reënval en temperatuur. In beide studie areas is heuweltjie gronde met nie-heuweltjie gronde vergelyk met betrekking tot fisiese en chemiese eienskappe. Wingerdstokke geassosieër met heuweltjies is ook vergelyk met dié wat heuweltjies omring om enige variasie in groeikrag, fisiologie, fenologie, druifkorrel eienskappe en wynkwaliteit te bepaal. Deur gebruik te maak van ANOVA's en Fisher se LSD posthoc toetse om statistiese betekenisvolheid in grond- en wingerdeienskappe aan te dui, was dit duidelik dat heuweltjies wesenlike veranderinge in dié eienskappe teweegbring. Betekenisvolle verskille heers in die waterinhoud tussen die heuweltjie en nie-heuweltjie gronde. Heuweltjie gronde het hoër waardes getoon in vergelyking met die nie-heuweltjie gronde in die Stellenbosch studie area, met teenoorgestelde bevindings in Robertson. Heuweltjie gronde het ook `n hoër konsentrasie uitruilbare kalsium en magenesium, en totale koolstof en stikstof in vergelyking met nie-heuweltjie gronde. Verskille in fisiologie was baie meer subtiel, maar wingerd groeikrag was beduidend verskillend op die heuweltjie-geasossieërde wingerdstokke, met oormatige vegetatiewe groei in Stellenbosch wat lei tot `n verskil in druifkorrel eienskappe op en af van die heuweltjie. Weereens is die teenoorgestelde waargeneem in Robertson. Laer suiker en alkohol persentasies, asook hoër titreerbare - en appelsuur konsentrasies was te bespeur in die wyne afkomstig van die heuweltjies in Stellenbosch. Sensoriese analise het betekenisvolle verskille bewys, met `n laer vrankheid en alkohol-brand sensasie waargeneem vir die Cabernet Sauvignon heuweltjie wyne as die nie-heuweltjie wyne in die Stellenbosch studie area. Chemiese verskille in die wyne vanaf Robertson was onbeduidend. Sensoriese analise het egter anders bewys, met `n betekenisvolle laer vrugtigheid te bespeur in die nie-heuweltjie wyne as die heuweltjie wyne in die Robertson studie area. Verskille in die grondwaterinhoud tussen heuweltjies en omringende gronde was die mees invloedryke faktor in hierdie studie en beïnvloed tot `n groot mate al die grond-wingerdstok interaksies. Verdere navorsing is nodig om helderheid te verskaf agter die redes vir hierdie variasies, sowel as moontlike gevolge van aardverwarming op funksionering van heuweltjies in verskillende klimaatstreke van die Wes-Kaap.

Dans le contexte de raréfaction de la ressource en eau, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte le caractère de tolérance à la sécheresse dans les programmes d’amélioration variétale, en particulier pour les porte-greffes de vigne. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser, à l’échelle de la plante entière, le déterminisme génétique des effets du porte-greffe sur les réponses de la tranpiration et de la croissance, au niveau de la partie aérienne, en conditions de déficit hydrique édaphique. L’étude de ces caractères complexes, soumis à une forte interaction génotype × environnement, a été conduite à partir d’une approche de génétique quantitative où ces interactions ont été intégrées par deux approches : l’utilisation des paramètres de courbes de réponses comme caractère quantitatif et la mise en oeuvre d’une analyse QTL pluriannuelle. Une population de type F1, issu du croisement Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon × Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier, constituée de 138 individus, a été cartographiée génétiquement avec des marqueurs microsatellites. Cette descendance a été ensuite phénotypée en position de porte-greffe, avec un greffon unique. A partir de cet outil, des QTL ont été recherchés et identifiés pour la transpiration, l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau et la plasticité de la transpiration induite par le porte-greffe, ainsi que pour plusieurs paramètres de la croissance et de l’allocation de la biomasse au sein de la plante entière. La plasticité de la transpiration réponse à l’état hydrique du substrat est déterminée génétiquement par des régions distinctes des autres caractères descriptifs de la consommation en eau. La colocalisation de gènes candidats dans les intervalles de confiance des QTL, impliqués dans la signalisation chimique (ABA) ou hydraulique (aquaporines) permet de formuler des hypothèses sur la signalisation porte-greffe/ greffon en condition de déficit hydrique. Des régions spécifiques du génome paraissent contrôler la croissance et la vigueur conférée par le porte-greffe en conditions de déficit hydrique. Ces régions sont également indépendantes de celles contrôlant la transpiration ou l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau. Ce résultat permet d’envisager un travail de sélection pour ces deux catégories de caractères de manière indépendante / In the water scarcity context with the global climate change, drought tolerance must be taken into account in crop genetic improvement program, particularly for grapevine rootstocks. The objective of this thesis was to analyse at the whole plant level, the genetic determinism of rootstock effect on the transpiration and growth of the scion, under edaphic water deficit conditions. The study of these complex traits, submitted to a strong genotype × environment interaction, was performed with a quantitative genetic approach. Genotype × environment interactions were integrated with two methods: first, using response curve to an environmental variable for detecting QTL, and secondly, to combine data in a multi-environment QTL analysis. The pedigree population consisted of 138 F1 individuals derived from the interspecific cross of Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon × Vitis riparia Gloire de Montpellier. This family was mapped with single sequence repeats (SSR) markers. This population was assessed as rootstock, so every genotype was grafted with the same scion. Then, QTL were detected for transpiration, water use efficiency and transpiration plasticity induced by rootstock, and for growth and biomass allocation inside the whole plant. Transpiration plasticity was represented as a function of substrate water status and was genetically determined with distinct genome regions from the other traits related to water consumption. Candidate genes involved in hormonal (ABA) or hydraulic (aquaporins) signaling between rootstock and scion, under water deficit conditions, were localized in the QTL confidence interval. Some specific genome regions were involved in growth and confered vigour genetic determinism under water deficit conditions. These regions were also different from those identified for transpiration or water use efficiency. This result allows a further selection process for these two traits groups independently.

Os amarelos estão associados a fitoplasmas, procariotos pertencentes à classe Mollicutes que não possuem parede celular e habitam o floema de plantas. Os danos causados pelas doenças de etiologia fitoplasmática são relevantes e podem ocorrer em diversas espécies economicamente importantes. Em videira, pesquisas realizadas em várias partes do mundo têm relatado a presença das doenças do tipo "amarelo", porém, no Brasil, estas doenças ainda não foram relatadas para esta cultura. Em vinhedos comerciais localizados nos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná têm sido observadas plantas com sintomas semelhantes àqueles provocados por fitoplasmas em outros países. Estes sintomas têm sido caracterizados por amarelecimento e ou avermelhamento foliar, necrose do limbo e rachaduras nas nervuras principais. Com o objetivo de detectar e identificar molecularmente fitoplasmas associados a estes tipos de sintomas, folhas e ramos foram amostrados a partir de plantas sintomática e assintomáticas. A detecção foi conduzida com PCR duplo usando-se os iniciadores R16 mF1/mR2 ou P1/P7 na primeira reação e R16 F2n/R2 na segunda reação. A identificação foi realizada através de PCR duplo com iniciadores específicos e análises de RFLP com as enzimas de restrição AluI, RsaI, KpnI, MseI, HhaI, HpaII, HinfI e MboI. Em 23 plantas amostradas, fitoplasmas foram detectados em 10 delas, através da amplificação do 16S rDNA, visualizado em gel de agarose na forma de bandas de 1,2Kb. A identificação por PCR demonstrou que os fitoplasmas associados ao amarelo da videira pertenciam aos grupos 16SrI e 16SrIII. As análises dos perfis eletroforéticos obtidos com o uso da técnica de RFLP revelaram a presença de fitoplasmas afiliados ao subgrupo 16SrI-B. A constatação de fitoplasmas pertencentes a estes dois grupos nas plantas amostradas demonstraram a ocorrência da doença conhecida como amarelo da videira nos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná. As pesquisas desenvolvidas neste trabalho vêm contribuir para aumentar os conhecimentos sobre o papel e a diversidade dos fitoplasmas no agroecossistema brasileiro. / Yellows diseases are associated with phytoplasmas, wall-less prokaryotes, inhabitant of phloem vessels. Damage caused by these diseases are relevant for some important cultivated botanical species. Grapevine yellows diseases have been observed in several areas of the world, but in Brazil the presence of these diseases had not been reported yet. In vineyards located in São Paulo and Paraná States, plants exhibiting symptoms similar those observed in grapevines from other countries have been observed. The symptoms were characterized by yellowing or redding of leaf blade and ribs, leaf blade necrosis and main ribs fissures. In order to detect and identify phytoplasmas associated with those kind of symptoms, leaves and stems were sampled from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants. The phytoplasma detection was conducted with nested PCR using the primer pairs R16mF1/mR2 or P1/P7 for first reaction and 16 F2n/R2 for second reaction. The identification was carried out by nested PCR with group-specifc primer pairs and RFLP analyses with enzymes AluI, RsaI, KpnI, MseI, HhaI, HpaII, HinfI and MboI. From a total of 23 samples analysed, phytoplasmas were detected in 10 of them, through amplification of the 16S rDNA, visualized through a 1.2Kb band in agarose gel. The identification by PCR demonstrated that phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellow belong to 16SrI and 16SrIII groups. Analyses of electrophoretic profiles revealed the presence of phytoplasmas affiliated to 16SrI-B subgroup. The presence of phytoplasmas belonging to these two groups in the sampled plants demonstrated the occurrence of yellow disease in grapevine in São Paulo and Paraná States. The investigation conducted in the present work contributed to the knowledgement of the role and the diversity of phytoplasmas in Brasilian ecosystem.