Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Perez.pdf: 1252060 bytes, checksum: 206ad077341f3b413fa28fc6381ba825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The organizational grapevine has been studied since the World War II in the United States. In Brazil, this communication process has gained prominence in late 1970 with the labor movements looking for democratic forms of communication during the military regime. The formal face-to-face communication began to be practiced in organizations in the mid-1990s with the arrival of new models of international business management. Based on the study of both grapevine and formal face-to-face communication, by bibliographic research and in-depth interviews with academics and professionals from different fields of knowledge, it was possible to describe their histories, attributes and roles in organizations nowadays, and how these two forms of face-to-face communication (formal and informal) interact with each other, according to personal or organizational interests.(AU) / A rádio-peão é estudada nos Estados Unidos desde o período pós II Guerra Mundial. No Brasil, este processo comunicacional ganhou relevância no final da década de 1970 com os movimentos operários que buscavam formas democráticas de diálogo, durante o regime militar. Já a comunicação formal face a face começou a ser praticada nas organizações brasileiras em meados dos anos 1990, com a chegada de novos modelos internacionais de gestão empresarial. Ao estudar estes dois formatos de comunicação, através de pesquisas bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas semi-abertas com acadêmicos e profissionais de mercado de diferentes áreas de conhecimento e atuação, foi possível um aprofundamento acerca de suas histórias, atributos e papéis desempenhados hoje, nas organizações, além de como essas formas de comunicação face a face (formal e informal) interagem entre si, de acordo com interesses pessoais ou organizacionais.(AU)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Weslwy alves martins.pdf: 1658428 bytes, checksum: 034cb01372fc23e0a439a66aedfd973a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-24 / The experiment was carried out in Santa Rita do Araguaia Goiás, in a commercial orchard settled in the Sperafico Site, with total area of 1,7 ha, placed on BR-364 Rd, Km 372, from Goiânia to Cuiabá. This trial with the grapevine Niagara Rosada was done from October 2007 to October 2008. The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of the cultivar Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca L.) undergone ten pruning times in Santa Rita do Araguaia GO. The cycle duration (pruning harvest) varied from 121 to 141 days for the 10 pruning times. The pruning times presented differences in the sum of degree-days needed to complete the cycle in the same site. The pruning times did not affect the form of the bunches significantly. Nevertheless, they affected the size of the bunches significantly, especially pruning time P9 (5/10/2008) with 11,60cm and P10 (5/24/2008). The largest berry diameter was found in the pruning times P1 (10/24/2007) and P2 (11/09/2007), with 18,60mm and 18,0mm respectively, patterns considered appropriate for cultivation of Niagara Rosada . The different pruning times showed influence on soluble solids levels, with the highest average of 18.4 ºBrix for pruning time P8 (4/26/2008). However, there was significant variation for the acidity titratable, and for the Ph, the highest value was 4.0, in pruning times P8, P9 and P10. The highest yield was obtained in pruning times P7 (3/28/2008) with 12,63 t ha and P10 (5/24/2008) with 12,12 t ha. Taking into account the thermal requirements and the cycle of the grapevine Niagara Rosada in Santa Rita do Araguaia, it is possible to estimate the date for each of the phenological sub- periods, as well as to predict harvest time. / O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Santa Rita do Araguaia Goiás, em pomar comercial instalado no Sítio Sperafico, com área total de 1,7 ha, localizado na rodovia BR-364, km 372 no sentido Goiânia-Cuiabá. A condução do experimento com a videira Niagara Rosada foi durante o período de outubro de 2007 a outubro de 2008. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as características da cultura da uva Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca L.) submetida a dez épocas de poda no município de Santa Rita do Araguaia GO. A duração do ciclo produtivo (poda colheita) variou de 121 a 141 dias para as 10 épocas poda. As épocas de poda apresentaram diferenças no somatório de graus-dia necessários para completar o ciclo no mesmo local. As épocas de podas não afetaram significativamente a forma dos cachos, entretanto, afetaram significativamente o tamanho dos cachos, com maior destaque para as épocas E9 (10/05/08) com 11,60cm e E10 (24/05/08). O maior diâmetro de baga foi encontrado nas podas E1 (24/10/07) e E2 (09/11/07) com médias de 18,60mm e 18,0mm respectivamente, médias consideradas adequadas para a Niagara Rosada. As diferentes épocas de poda exerceram influência sobre os teores de sólidos solúveis, com uma maior média de 17,40 ºBrix para época E8 (26/04/08). Todavia, houve variação significativa acidez titulável, e para o pH, o valor mais elevado foi 4,0, nas podas E8, E9 e E10. A maior produtividade foi verificada para as épocas E7 (28/03/08) com 12,63 t/ha e E10 (24/05/08) com 12,12 t/ha. Conhecendo-se a exigência térmica e o ciclo da videira Niagara Rosada em Santa Rita do Araguaia, é possível estimar a data em que ocorrerá cada um dos subperíodos fenológicos e prever a época de colheita.

Os amarelos estão associados a fitoplasmas, procariotos pertencentes à classe Mollicutes que não possuem parede celular e habitam o floema de plantas. Os danos causados pelas doenças de etiologia fitoplasmática são relevantes e podem ocorrer em diversas espécies economicamente importantes. Em videira, pesquisas realizadas em várias partes do mundo têm relatado a presença das doenças do tipo “amarelo”, porém, no Brasil, estas doenças ainda não foram relatadas para esta cultura. Em vinhedos comerciais localizados nos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná têm sido observadas plantas com sintomas semelhantes àqueles provocados por fitoplasmas em outros países. Estes sintomas têm sido caracterizados por amarelecimento e ou avermelhamento foliar, necrose do limbo e rachaduras nas nervuras principais. Com o objetivo de detectar e identificar molecularmente fitoplasmas associados a estes tipos de sintomas, folhas e ramos foram amostrados a partir de plantas sintomática e assintomáticas. A detecção foi conduzida com PCR duplo usando-se os iniciadores R16 mF1/mR2 ou P1/P7 na primeira reação e R16 F2n/R2 na segunda reação. A identificação foi realizada através de PCR duplo com iniciadores específicos e análises de RFLP com as enzimas de restrição AluI, RsaI, KpnI, MseI, HhaI, HpaII, HinfI e MboI. Em 23 plantas amostradas, fitoplasmas foram detectados em 10 delas, através da amplificação do 16S rDNA, visualizado em gel de agarose na forma de bandas de 1,2Kb. A identificação por PCR demonstrou que os fitoplasmas associados ao amarelo da videira pertenciam aos grupos 16SrI e 16SrIII. As análises dos perfis eletroforéticos obtidos com o uso da técnica de RFLP revelaram a presença de fitoplasmas afiliados ao subgrupo 16SrI-B. A constatação de fitoplasmas pertencentes a estes dois grupos nas plantas amostradas demonstraram a ocorrência da doença conhecida como amarelo da videira nos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná. As pesquisas desenvolvidas neste trabalho vêm contribuir para aumentar os conhecimentos sobre o papel e a diversidade dos fitoplasmas no agroecossistema brasileiro. / Yellows diseases are associated with phytoplasmas, wall-less prokaryotes, inhabitant of phloem vessels. Damage caused by these diseases are relevant for some important cultivated botanical species. Grapevine yellows diseases have been observed in several areas of the world, but in Brazil the presence of these diseases had not been reported yet. In vineyards located in São Paulo and Paraná States, plants exhibiting symptoms similar those observed in grapevines from other countries have been observed. The symptoms were characterized by yellowing or redding of leaf blade and ribs, leaf blade necrosis and main ribs fissures. In order to detect and identify phytoplasmas associated with those kind of symptoms, leaves and stems were sampled from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants. The phytoplasma detection was conducted with nested PCR using the primer pairs R16mF1/mR2 or P1/P7 for first reaction and 16 F2n/R2 for second reaction. The identification was carried out by nested PCR with group-specifc primer pairs and RFLP analyses with enzymes AluI, RsaI, KpnI, MseI, HhaI, HpaII, HinfI and MboI. From a total of 23 samples analysed, phytoplasmas were detected in 10 of them, through amplification of the 16S rDNA, visualized through a 1.2Kb band in agarose gel. The identification by PCR demonstrated that phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellow belong to 16SrI and 16SrIII groups. Analyses of electrophoretic profiles revealed the presence of phytoplasmas affiliated to 16SrI-B subgroup. The presence of phytoplasmas belonging to these two groups in the sampled plants demonstrated the occurrence of yellow disease in grapevine in São Paulo and Paraná States. The investigation conducted in the present work contributed to the knowledgement of the role and the diversity of phytoplasmas in Brasilian ecosystem.

Lors des interactions tri-trophiques impliquant une plante hôte, ses insectes phytophages et leurs ennemis naturels (parasitoïdes, prédateurs...), chaque niveau trophique est fortement dépendant des autres. La plante hôte peut influencer directement les traits d’histoire de vie des insectes phytophages et indirectement les ennemis naturels se développant aux dépens de ces insectes phytophages. Lorsque qu’un ennemi naturel comme un parasitoïde attaque l’insecte phytophage, son système immunitaire constitue sa dernière chance de survie. Une grande variation dans l’immunité des insectes est généralement observée dans les populations naturelles, suggérant que différentes pressions de sélection peuvent moduler et conduire à une adaptation des paramètres immunitaires. Ma thèse vise à déterminer les influences conjointes de la plante hôte et des parasitoïdes, sur les paramètres immunitaires des chenilles de deux ravageurs de la vigne, Cochylis (Eupoecilia ambiguella) et Eudémis (Lobesia botrana).Durant ces 3 années, nous avons mis en évidence une forte influence du cépage de vigne sur les effecteurs immunitaires des chenilles de vers de la grappe. De plus, le cépage de vigne semble être à l'origine d'un compromis entre les voies immunitaires constitutives et induites. La présence variable de bactéries à la surface des baies ne semble pas être à l'origine de ce compromis. Outre le cépage de vigne, nous avons démontré une forte action des parasitoïdes sur l'immunité des vers de la grappe. A l'échelle nationale, les populations d’Eudémis les plus immunocompétentes sont également les populations les plus parasitées. Cette corrélation positive entre le succès de parasitisme et les paramètres immunitaires des chenilles ne semble pas expliquée par une réponse plastique du système immunitaire des chenilles à la présence des parasitoïdes, mais plutôt par une sélection locale du système immunitaire, en réponse à la pression de parasitisme subie par ces chenilles sur plusieurs années. Les différentes études réalisées dans le cadre de ma thèse confirment la complexité des relations tri-trophiques entre la plante hôte, l’insecte phytophage et ses ennemis naturels. L’intégration du système immunitaire de l’insecte phytophage semble primordiale dans la compréhension des interactions unissant ces trois protagonistes. / In tritrophic interactions involving phytophagous insects, host plants and natural enemies, trophic levels are highly dependent on each other. Host plant may strongly affect directly phytophagous insect and indirectly natural enemies growing on these phytophagous insects. When a natural enemy attacks a phytophagous insect, the host immune system constitutes the last chance for the host to survive to an infection. A great variation of insect immune system is generally found in populations for susceptibility to pathogens, suggesting that variable selection pressures may have shaped and driven adaptation of immune traits. This project aims to determine the influence of both host plant and natural enemies on the larval immune system of grapevine moth pests, Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella.During these three years, we have demonstrated a strong influence of grape variety on immune effectors of grapevine moth larvae. In addition, the grape variety modulates a trade-off between the constitutive and induced immune pathways. The variable presence of microbes on the surface of grape berries does not explain the trade-off in immune function. Beyond the grape variety effect, we also demonstrated a strong influence of parasitoids on the immune parameters of the grapevine moth larvae. In France, the most immunocompetent populations of grapevine moth are also the most parasitized. This positive correlation between successful parasitism and larval immune parameters seems not explained by a plastic response of the larval immune system to parasitoids presence, but rather by a local selection of larval immune system in response to parasitism pressure suffered by larvae for several years.The different experiments realized in my thesis confirm the complexity of the tri-trophic interactions between host plant, phytophagous insects and natural enemies. The integration of phytophagous insect immune system seems essential in understanding the interactions linking these three protagonists.

L’étude des communautés microbiennes de la baie de raisin dans des conditions de production à l’échelle de la parcelle montre une dynamique temporelle des populations cultivables, qui se traduit par une augmentation des niveaux de population à partir des stades de début véraison et début maturité. Concernant la communauté bactérienne cultivable, 44 espèces appartenant à 21 genres ont été identifiées. Parmi les huit genres identifiés pour la population fongique, les espèces appartenant au genre Aureobasidium sont les plus abondantes, contrairement aux espèces fermentaires qui restent minoritaires. L’incidence des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques sur différents paramètres de population microbienne tels que la structure, la densité et l’activité métabolique a été analysée. Nous avons observé que les zones climatiques plus fraîches et humides, favorisent le développement des microorganismes. Ces travaux mettent en évidence l’impact écotoxique du cuivre sur la communauté microbienne, en particulier dans sa fraction bactérienne. Le développement de Botrytis cinerea sur la grappe modifie la communauté microbienne des baies de raisin sain : le nombre d’espèces bactériennes augmente ainsi que leur diversité. La communauté bactérienne de la baie de raisin est proche de celle des feuilles d’un point de vue de sa structure, et mais éloignée de celles des écorces et du sol, avec des indices de diversité et de richesse plus faibles. / The study of microbial communities associated with wine grapes under field conditions revealed changes in the size and structure during the berry ripening process, with levels rising gradually and reaching their highest value when the berries were over ripe. During this work several bacteria and fungi species, including fermentative yeast, have been isolated and identified. From cultured bacteria, over 44 species were identified from 21 genera. Concerning fungi population, among eight genera identified, the genus Aureobasidium was the most abundant. Our study reveals the impact of different abiotic and biotic factors over microbial community structure, density and metabolic activity. Comparing different vineyards in the same region, we observed that areas presenting more humid and colder climate favor the growth of microorganisms. Our results also show that the farming system has a clear impact on the microbial community, especially in the bacterial fraction. One of the reasons is the inhibiting effect of copper-based fungicides, frequently used in both organic and conventional farming systems. The presence of Botrytis cinerea in grape berries without visual symptoms of infection can change the microbial community of the grapes, increasing bacterial population density and diversity.

Dans le contexte du changement climatique, les prédictions réalisées mettent en évidence une altération de la disponibilité en eau dans de nombreuses régions viticoles ; ce qui, conjointement à l’augmentation de la population mondiale et la diminution des terres agricoles, va accroître la compétition pour l’utilisation des ressources hydriques. Par conséquent, améliorer l'adaptation à la sécheresse de la vigne est un des enjeux majeurs des prochaines années. Pour cela, une adaptation des pratiques culturales peut être proposée, en particulier le choix pertinent du matériel végétal et notamment du porte-greffe.Dans ce travail, le rôle du porte-greffe vis-à-vis de la réponse de la vigne greffée à la contrainte hydrique a été étudié, en utilisant des approches écophysiologiques, moléculaires et de modélisation. Des expériences ont été réalisées en conditions contrôlées afin d’étudier l’effet du déficit hydrique à court et long terme sur les réponses de différents porte-greffes greffés avec le même scion.Le modèle écophysiologique a démontré que les porte-greffes affectent l'ouverture stomatique du greffon par des processus coordonnés incluant les caractéristiques racinaires, les signaux hydrauliques et les signaux chimiques lors d’un déficit hydrique à court terme. La conductance stomatique, le taux de transpiration et la conductance hydraulique des feuilles ont été plus élevés en conditions irriguées et de stress hydriques modérés chez le génotype résistant à la sécheresse (110 Richter) par rapport au génotype sensible à la sécheresse (Vitis riparia cv. Gloire de Montpellier). Nous avons identifié plusieurs paramètres génétiques impliqués dans le contrôle de la régulation stomatique. Des différences d’architecture racinaire et de conductivité hydraulique des racines ont été identifiées entre les porte-greffes.Le déficit hydrique à long terme a entrainé des réponses adaptatives différentes entre les porte-greffes. Le génotype tolérant la sécheresse a induit une modification du diamètre des vaisseaux du xylème de la partie apicale de la racine en réponse au déficit hydrique modéré tandis que le génotype sensible n'a pas présenté de différence par rapport au contrôle. L’analyse transcriptomique des racines a identifié des gènes spécifiques aux différents génotypes, qui sont régulés en fonction du niveau de déficit hydrique. La comparaison entre les niveaux de stress et les génotypes a identifié 24 gènes intervenant dans l’interaction « traitement × génotype ». Ces gènes sont majoritairement impliqués dans le métabolisme des lipides et de la paroi cellulaire. Des courbes de réponse au déficit hydrique spécifiques aux différents génotypes ont été observées. La protection contre les dommages liés aux stress oxydatifs induits par le stress hydrique semble être un mécanisme important chez le porte-greffe résistant à la sécheresse. Le génotype sensible semble répondre au déficit hydrique par une modification des propriétés de la paroi cellulaire de la racine. / Climate change raises concerns about temporal and spatial water availability in many grape growing countries. The rapidly increasing world population and the scarcity of suitable land for agricultural food production, together with a changing climate, will increase competition with grape-producing areas for the use of land and resources. Consequently, other practices that can potentially improve water management of vineyards and water acquisition by grapevines need to be considered. Aside from canopy systems and their management, the choice of plant material is a key issue. Therefore, in the present work, the role of different rootstocks, regarding their tolerance to drought, was investigated for their potential effects on i) water uptake, ii) water transport and iii) shoot water use, using a combination of ecophysiological, modelling and transcriptomic approaches. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to decipher short and long term responses to drought of different rootstocks grafted with the same scion. An ecophysiological model was used to investigate the roles of rootstock genotypes in the control of stomatal aperture. Long-term steady state water-deficit conditions were used to examine the responses of i) whole plant growth, root anatomy and hydraulic properties and ii) transcriptome remodelling in the roots.Our model showed that rootstock affect stomatal aperture of the grafted scion via coordinated processes between root traits, hydraulic signals and chemical signals. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance were higher and better maintained under well-watered and moderate water-deficit conditions in the drought-tolerant genotype (110 Richter) compared to the drought-sensitive one (Vitis riparia cv. Gloire de Montpellier). We identified several genotype-specific parameters which play important roles, like root-related parameters, in the control of stomatal regulation. Additionally, root system architecture and root hydraulic properties are important constitutive traits identified between rootstocks.Long-term water-deficit induced genotype adaptive responses in the roots were evaluated. The drought-tolerant genotype exhibited a substantial shift in root tips xylem conduit diameter under moderate water-deficit while the drought-sensitive genotype did not respond. Transcriptomic analysis identified genotype-specific transcripts that are regulated by water-deficit levels. The comparison between stress levels and genotypes identified 24 significant genes in “treatment×genotype” interactions, most of them were involved in lipid metabolism and cell wall processes. These genes displayed genotype-specific water-deficit response curves. Protection against drought-induced oxidative damage was found to be an important mechanisms induced by the drought-tolerant rootstock, while the drought-sensitive one responds to water-deficit by modification of cell wall properties.

La compréhension des mécanismes de défense mis en place lors de la résistance des plantes vis-à-vis d'agents pathogènes a pour objectif de proposer des alternatives à l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires utilisés en agriculture. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance induite aux pathogènes par l'acide β-aminobutyrique (BABA) chez la vigne. En effet, cet acide aminé non protéique favorise un état physiologique particulier, appelé potentialisation, dans lequel la plante est capable de mobiliser plus rapidement et/ou plus intensément ses réactions de défense en réponse à un stress. Contrairement aux éliciteurs comme les oligogalacturonates (OG), nous avons montré que le BABA seul n’induisait pas les événements précoces de signalisation sur suspensions cellulaires de vigne, tels que les variations de la concentration en calcium cytosolique libre ([Ca2+]cyt), la production de monoxyde d’azote (NO), la production d’H2O2, la phosphorylation de MAPkinases, ni l’expression de gènes de défense. Seules la production d’H2O2 et l’expression plus intense du gène RbohD codant une NADPH oxydase sont potentialisées par le BABA dans les suspensions cellulaires élicitées par les OG. In planta, le BABA potentialise également une production d’H2O2 en réponse à l’infection par l’oomycète Plasmopara viticola. L’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de NADPH oxydase abolit complètement cette production d’H2O2 et bloque partiellement la résistance induite par le BABA. Nous montrons donc que la potentialisation de la production d’H2O2 dépendante d’une NADPH oxydase contribue à l’établissement de la résistance induite par le BABA chez la vigne. Une deuxième partie a permis d’appréhender les événements cellulaires impliqués dans la résistance des plantes en se focalisant sur le mutant pad2 (phytoalexin deficient) d’Arabidopsis thaliana. Ce mutant présente une sensibilité accrue à différents pathogènes et contient un taux de glutathion de l’ordre de 20 % par rapport à l’écotype sauvage. Nous avons tout d’abord montré que le faible taux de glutathion dépendait d’une quantité réduite de la première enzyme de sa biosynthèse, la glutamate-cystéine ligase. Le glutathion étant impliqué dans la mise en place des réactions de défense, nous avons tenté de définir le lien entre la déficience en glutathion et la sensibilité de pad2 aux pathogènes. Nous avons tout d’abord montré que pad2 possédait un état redox du glutathion plus oxydé que le sauvage. Une analyse transcriptomique à l’état basal a révélé que la plupart des gènes différentiellement exprimés étaient réprimés chez pad2. Parmi ces gènes, certains codent des protéines impliquées dans les flux d’ions qui pourraient déréguler la dépolarisation membranaire. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que la dépolarisation de la membrane plasmique est amoindrie chez pad2 en réponse aux OG. De plus, des événements en aval tels que la production d’H2O2 et la production de NO sont également plus faibles chez le mutant par rapport au sauvage. Cette absence de la production d’H2O2 a également été spécifiquement observée sur plantes pad2 infectées par l’oomycète Phytophthora brassicae. Il en résulte un développement accru du pathogène corrélé à une absence de réponse hypersensible, une mort cellulaire localisée normalement observée dans le cas du sauvage résistant. En réponse aux OG ou à l’infection par P. brassicae, les analyses transcriptomiques font ressortir un fort enrichissement de gènes relatifs à la dégradation des protéines chez pad2. De manière globale, nos résultats suggèrent que la déficience en glutathion chez pad2 pourrait profondément modifier le turn-over des protéines, perturbant ainsi la signalisation cellulaire et les réponses biologiques associées. / Alternative strategies are required to reduce pesticide input into the environment for effective and sustainable plant protection. One solution is the activation of plant basal resistance that relies on the application of resistance inducer molecules. In the first part of this study, we analyzed the mode of action of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a non-protein amino acid, in the grapevine induced resistance. BABA confers a physiological state, called priming, during which plants are able to mobilize better and/or more rapidly defense responses to biotic or abiotic stress. Unlike oligogalacturonides (OG), we showed that BABA did not induce early signaling events in grapevine cells such as variations of cytosolic free calcium concentration, H2O2 and nitric oxide production, MAPkinase phosphorylation, nor the expression of defense-related genes. Among them, only H2O2 production and the expression of RbohD gene, which encodes a NADPH oxidase, are primed by BABA in OG-treated cells. Moreover, BABA-treated plants display a stronger accumulation of H2O2 in response to the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. Application of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor completely abolishes this H2O2 production and leads to a reduction of BABA-induced resistance against P. viticola. These data suggest that the priming of an NADPH oxidase-dependent H2O2 production contributes to BABA-induced resistance in grapevine. The second part consisted to analyze molecular events involved in plant resistance by using the pad2 (phytoalexin deficient) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana which is susceptible to a broad range of pathogens. We showed that the glutathione depletion depends on the low amount of glutamate-cysteine ligase protein, the first enzyme involved in its biosynthesis. We studied molecular events, which are involved in defense mechanisms, to understand the impact of the glutathione content on pad2 susceptibility. Our results show that the redox state of glutathione is more oxidized in pad2 than in wild type Col-0. Since cellular redox state change is known to regulate gene expression, a basal transcriptome analysis has been performed in pad2 and wild type plants. Interestingly, most of the identified genes in pad2 are down-regulated, some of them encoding proteins involved in ion fluxes. As expected, the plasma membrane depolarization and events downstream like H2O2 and NO production are impaired in pad2 in response to OG. During infection with Phytophthora brassicae, the lack of H2O2 production is concomitant with an absence of the hypersensitive response, a localize cell death observed in the resistant wild type. After OG treatment or P. brassicae infection, microarray analysis brings out genes related to protein machinery including degradation in pad2. Taken together, these data suggest that the depletion of glutathione has an impact on protein turn-over which disturbs cell signaling events and related biological responses.

The purpose of this thesis is to compare the contents anthocyans in different varieties of European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). It was also studied the relationship between the content anthocyans in selected samples of blue grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) and position of the track, where the grapes were grown. The theoretical part describes elderberries and grapes in terms of botanical, chemical, and in terms of their using in the food industry. The dominant part of this chapter is to describe anthocyans and possibilities for their determination in the elderberry and grapes. Emphasis has been placed on the pH-differential method and determination by high performance liquid chromatography. The experiments are divided into two parts. The aim of the first experimental part is comparison of the total anthocyanins content in fifteen varieties of elderberry. The performed analysis shows that in terms of anthocyanins content for cultivation of elderberry in the Czech Republic the most suitable varieties are Mammut, Samyl, Reis aus Vossloch and Haschberg. In the second part of the experiments were determined total anthocyanins content in nine varieties of blue grape grown in the Mikulov region. For determination were used HPLC and pH-differential methods, as well as in the first part. The highest content of pigments was found in varieties Alibernet and Neronet. The present study focused on the suitability of the location pointed to vineyard south to southeast orientation plantings. At the end of the experimental part is a comparison of both methods of determination. Method using high performance liquid chromatography to provide very accurate results compared to less demanding pH-differential method of determination. This is recommended only for tentative determination of anthocyanins content in real samples.

Eutypa dieback, one of several grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), is of serious concern to the grape industry globally. This disease is caused by the fungus Eutypa lata but it is often seen in consortia growth with Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. It is vital to understand the mechanisms for how this disease functions to develop control measures to combat it. Brown rot fungi are able to use a complex of low molecular weight (LMW) metabolites to induce a Fenton reaction to deconstruct woody tissue. These metabolites are part of a chelator mediated Fenton (CMF) chemistry that produces reactive oxygen species that are capable of depolymerizing wood polymers. We propose that a mechanism similar to CMF chemistry may be occurring in grapevine trunk disease pathogens. This thesis investigates how LMW metabolites produced by the fungi contribute to the disease and decay progression in GTDs. Research on Mite control in the laboratory with abamectin was also investigated, as research in this area was required when mites infested our fungal cultures and suitable laboratory controls were not available. Research on the GTD fungi was initiated by first examining whether metabolites produced by the three fungi can function in a manner to promote reactions like the CMF system. We separated and identified specific metabolites that potentially could contribute to CMF chemistry. We found that all three GTD fungi were able to produced LMW metabolites that promoted CMF chemistry, and we hypothesized that this mechanism contributes to processes leading to tissue necrosis in grapevine trunk wood. To explore the development of effective control measures based on this newly discovered mechanism for pathogenesis, we also explored the use of antioxidant/chelator compounds, BHA and BHT, in the control of the consortia fungi. Biocontrol organisms, Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma atroviride, that produce antioxidants were also tested as biocontrols against the fungi involved in Eutypa Dieback disease. We found that BHA was highly effective in inhibiting fungal growth for all three fungi at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, and both B. subtilis and T. atroviride proved to be effective biocontrol agents in inhibiting E. lata, P. minimum, and P. chlamydospora.

Vineyards in the Mid-Atlantic often have large, vigorous vines that can be costly to manage and produce inadequate fruit for wine production. Dense canopies increase the incidence of fungal disease, require greater allocation of resources to manage, and inhibit fruit development. The primary objective of these studies was to determine effective vine-size modification treatments that would optimize fruit quality, while reducing labor and chemical control. Research factors included root manipulation, under-trellis ground cover, and rootstock. Treatment levels were root bag (RBG) or no root manipulation (NRM); under-trellis cover crop (CC) or herbicide strip (HERB); and one of three rootstocks: 101-14, Riparia Gloire, or 420-A. Effects of these treatments were measured in two experiments: Experiment I compared combinations of all three treatments, while Experiment II explored the individual effects of root restriction using root bags of varying volumes. Root restriction consistently demonstrated the ability to reduce vegetative growth and vine water status. In the first experiment fruit-zone photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was increased by 234% in RBG vines. Timed canopy management tasks indicated that RBG canopies required about half the labor time of NRM canopies. Anthocyanin concentration and total phenolic content were increased by 20% and 19% respectively in RBG fruit. CC increased fruit-zone PPFD by 62%, and increased soluble solids and color compounds. The 420-A rootstock reduced potassium uptake, resulting in lower must potassium concentration. Results demonstrated that these treatments significantly reduce vegetative growth in a humid climate, decrease management labor, and produce higher quality fruit. / Master of Science