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1. ABSTRACT This diploma thesis refers to human body composition and its alterations by physiological and pathological processes that occur during different stages of life. Fat mass, fat free mass and total body water represent the major components of the human body which are modified during infancy, childhood, puberty, pregnancy and adulthood. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), Dual Energy Absorptiometry (DEXA), Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are some methods which are utilized for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the body composition according to nutritional and pathological state of each individual, targeting the optimal clinical outcome. During growth, the amount of total body water elevates through infancy but it gradually declines in the next stages of life. Fat mass or total body fat possesses higher values during infancy, pregnancy and aging whereas it increases preferentially in female population at puberty. Muscle mass is elevated significantly in males during puberty and declines gradually due to aging. Osteoporosis, obesity and wasting diseases such as anorexia, cachexia and sarcopenia provoke severe disturbances in body composition compartments resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality of the population.

A child dies in road traffic crashes every fourth minute. Totally were 186 300 children under the age of 18 killed in vehicle accidents in 2012, even more were severely injured [1]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) could conclude that fatalities in traffic accidents are more likely to occur in low- to middle income countries compared to high income countries [1]. Finite element based human body models has enabled the increased understanding of kinematics and injury mechanisms of child occupants. These models sustain higher biofidelity than the previously used crash test dummies. The European project PIPER [6] had the aim to develop a model that, combined with a framework, would simplify positioning and also to offer a scalable HBM child model. The PIPER framework software and the scalable PIPER model offers child HBM:s within the ages 1.5-6-years old and is an useful tool for the analysis of child occupants.    The present study evaluates the kinematics and dummy responses of the 4- and 6-year old PIPER model evaluated. The objective of this master thesis is to evaluate the PIPER model with respect to its sensitivity to seat belt geometries, child restraint system, load cases and child anthropometrics. The aim of the master thesis is to get an increased comprehension of the PIPER model and its capability to evaluate occupant kinematics relevant for safety developments, with a special focus on seat belt geometry and interaction in frontal impacts.   The PIPER model showed good sensitivity to different seatbelt geometries regarding the abdominal part of the shoulder belt and to different CRS. The PIPER framework was perceived as hard to use and with the presence of errors. The kinematic response showed good accuracy compared to other previous studies with other crash test dummies however, reoccurring error termination could not be neglectable.    The PIPER model is limited to its ease to positioning in desired sitting postures within the PIPER framework. It is regardless of its disadvantages believed to be a suitable tool to further understand occupant kinematics, as for different belt routings, child anthropometrics and dummy responses are further studies needed to validate the outputs that the model offers and to conclude its robustness in crashworthiness tests.

Este trabalho de História Social trata de discorrer sobre as práticas corporais dos indivíduos durante o higienismo, especialmente nos primeiros anos da República Brasileira, em que as elites se apropriam do poder, as camadas médias buscam sua acensão e reconhecimento social por meio da distinção de suas aparências e de seus corpos ora saudáveis por conta do progresso e da ciência, tentando fazer do futuro da pátria uma nação do futuro ao extirpar a doença e o atraso. / This work of social history comes to talk about bodily practices of individuals during hygienism, especially in the early years of the Republic of Brazil, where elites get hold of power, the middle classes seek their rise and social recognition through the excellence of her appearances and their bodies healthy now because of the progress and science, trying to make the future of the nation to eradicate disease and backwardness.

Née en 1935, Monique Wittig est aujourd’hui célèbre surtout grâce à ses textes théoriques, mais elle est aussi l’autrice d’une œuvre littéraire éclectique, complexe et subversive. Au centre de de sa production littéraire et théorique, il y a le corps. Tout d’abord, nous nous proposons donc d’étudier la relation entre corps du texte et corps humain dans l’œuvre de l’autrice. L’attention que Wittig focalise sur le corps est strictement liée à son idée de langage. À son avis, la langue peut opérer une « plastie » sur la réalité et, de la même manière, les mots ont un côté matériel qui touche notre vie quotidienne. De plus, le langage peut nous heurter et il joue un rôle précis dans la construction des injustices sociales. Ma thèse vise donc à sonder cette violence langagière qui est véhiculée par les textes littéraires et par le langage quotidien. Finalement, nous nous proposons d’analyser le personnage lesbien qui peuple les livres de Wittig. Le corps de ce protagoniste est traditionnellement monstrueux et effrayant : Wittig se réapproprie cette tradition afin de démontrer dans quelle mesure les corps lesbiens sont au même temps vulnérables et puissants. Bref, le personnage lesbien de Monique Wittig n’est pas seulement la femme qui aime une autre femme, mais il est un être humain qui échappe à toute norme hétérosexiste et dont le corps est à la fois heurté par les mots et grâce aux mots peut devenir puissant. / Even if Monique Wittig was a very talented writer, she has been especially studied as an essayist. At the center of both her fictional and political universes is the human body. First of all, I intend to examine the relationship between the body of the text and the human body described in the text. The attention that Wittig pays to the body of the text is interrelated to her idea of language. According to her, language can operate a “plastic surgery” on reality. In the same way, the book as an object and the act of reading can operate on the perception of one’s identity and body. In other words, the language has a material side that affects our everyday life. It can seem a banal statement, but Wittig goes further in her thought: words hurt us and cooperate in the development of social injustices and class hierarchies. On account of this, my research aims to investigate this particular kind of violence that literary texts and common language perform on our bodies. Finally, Wittig’s lesbian characters will be analyzed in the last part of my work. The body of this peculiar lesbian protagonist is traditionally represented as ambiguously monstrous and scary. Wittig takes this tradition back and she manipulates it in order to show how lesbian bodies are vulnerable and strong at the same time. In short, Wittig’s lesbian characters are not simply women who love other women: they are people who do not fit in the heteronormative binary system and whose bodies are made of and from words, and it is through words that they can create a different reality.

Children find decomposing bodies on a beach. A girl becomes a ghost and finds someone. A dog dies but its owner is out of his mind and eating waffles. Sheep are a perfect species. A woman experiences a pregnancy that is out of this world! A raccoon dies and you watch its body break down. A father does his best fathering. You take a textual road-trip tour of America’s oldest hobby. A trauma is slowed down, picked apart. A soupfin shark is dissected and you watch. A homestead becomesa ghost town in rural Oregon. Joseph Beuys is an artist. A sister falls in love with an object, has a difference of opinion with her sister.

Grief has a way of changing shape. It has the ability to take on qualities of physical illness and the emotional distraught. At times it is visible and others it is hidden. My work focuses on the physical and psychological effects of loss. There are themes of memory, intimacy, and mortality surfacing within my work with clay, highlighting the synonymous nature of the material to the human body. I often look to my family history, and to photographs as a means of dissecting my present body.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Baylor University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-219).

The carbody plays an important role in rail vehicle dynamics.This thesis aims atdeveloping validated modelling methods tostudy its dynamics, how it is excited on trackand how itinteracts with the passengers. The primary interest is ridecomfort,considering vibrations up to 20 Hz. In this frequencyrange, the structural flexibility ofthe carbody is of majorconcern. The models are intended for use intime-domainsimulation, calling for small-sized models to reducecomputational time and costs. Keyparameters are proposed toselect carbody eigenmodes for inclusion in a flexiblemultibodymodel, and to quantify the interaction between passengers andcarbody. Extensive comparisons between measurements and correspondingsimulations arecarried out in a case study. On-track measurementsare performed to obtain operatingdeflection shapes and powerspectral densities of the accelerations in the carbody.Thecomplete vehicle is modelled using the pieces of softwareGENSYS (flexible multibodymodel) and ANSYS (finite element modelof the carbody). Actual, measured trackirregularities are used asinput. In order to investigate the influence of passengerload,experimental modal analysis of the carbody is performed withand without passengers.Also, amplitude dependence is examined.Simple models, based on human-body modelsfrom literature, of thepassenger-carbody system are proposed and validated.Verticalseating dynamics is considered. The models areimplemented and tested in the casestudy. Finally, ideas on modelreduction and approximation are presented and applied. The main conclusions drawn from the study are that     the structural flexibility of the carbody must be takeninto account when predictingvertical vibration comfort. It ispossible to predict which carbody modes that willcontributemost to the vibrations.     the carbody dynamical properties depend on the excitationamplitude.     passengers and carbody interact significantly.- theproposed models describe the interaction quite well. Theproposed passenger-carbodymodel gives an upper boundary on theinteraction.     the proposed passenger-seat-carbody model can be used tostudy the influence of theseat parameters on the interaction.This merits to be investigated further, however. <b>Keywords</b>: Carbody, Experimental modal analysis, Human-bodydynamics, Modelreduction, Multibody dynamics, Operatingdeflection shapes, Rail-vehicle dynamics,Ride comfort, Seatingdynamics, Structural dynamics.

<p>The carbody plays an important role in rail vehicle dynamics.This thesis aims atdeveloping validated modelling methods tostudy its dynamics, how it is excited on trackand how itinteracts with the passengers. The primary interest is ridecomfort,considering vibrations up to 20 Hz. In this frequencyrange, the structural flexibility ofthe carbody is of majorconcern. The models are intended for use intime-domainsimulation, calling for small-sized models to reducecomputational time and costs. Keyparameters are proposed toselect carbody eigenmodes for inclusion in a flexiblemultibodymodel, and to quantify the interaction between passengers andcarbody.</p><p>Extensive comparisons between measurements and correspondingsimulations arecarried out in a case study. On-track measurementsare performed to obtain operatingdeflection shapes and powerspectral densities of the accelerations in the carbody.Thecomplete vehicle is modelled using the pieces of softwareGENSYS (flexible multibodymodel) and ANSYS (finite element modelof the carbody). Actual, measured trackirregularities are used asinput. In order to investigate the influence of passengerload,experimental modal analysis of the carbody is performed withand without passengers.Also, amplitude dependence is examined.Simple models, based on human-body modelsfrom literature, of thepassenger-carbody system are proposed and validated.Verticalseating dynamics is considered. The models areimplemented and tested in the casestudy. Finally, ideas on modelreduction and approximation are presented and applied.</p><p>The main conclusions drawn from the study are that</p><p>    the structural flexibility of the carbody must be takeninto account when predictingvertical vibration comfort. It ispossible to predict which carbody modes that willcontributemost to the vibrations.</p><p>    the carbody dynamical properties depend on the excitationamplitude.</p><p>    passengers and carbody interact significantly.- theproposed models describe the interaction quite well. Theproposed passenger-carbodymodel gives an upper boundary on theinteraction.</p><p>    the proposed passenger-seat-carbody model can be used tostudy the influence of theseat parameters on the interaction.This merits to be investigated further, however.</p><p><b>Keywords</b>: Carbody, Experimental modal analysis, Human-bodydynamics, Modelreduction, Multibody dynamics, Operatingdeflection shapes, Rail-vehicle dynamics,Ride comfort, Seatingdynamics, Structural dynamics.</p>