Diss. Stockholm : Univ., 2003.

Since the late 1980s, representations of Japanese national identity and Japanese old age have been deconstructed. Images of the resilience of traditional cultural and social institutions are shown to have over-emphasized social and cultural homogeneity, elided social differentiation and inequality and minimized the significance of historical transformation. Key institutions of the postwar modernization project, including the patriarchal seniority system and household structure, are being transformed through globalization and feminization. This thesis focuses on the problem of representing individual and collective ageing in Japan in the context of modernization. Research is focussed on the contradictions, within essentialist representations of Japanese collective and individual identity, between socially constructed policy forms of old age and collective identities. Contemporary trends towards individualization and diversification of identities, and discourses on the ageing/information society, indicate cultural distance between an instrumentally rational administration and the life world of old people. Research explores the concept of embodiment through its significance in debates on postmodernization of the lifecourse in accordance with the structural shifts towards a postindustrial structure. This study examines representations of old age in broader social and cultural processes. Images of the social and cultural trajectory of the lifecourse draw attention to the embodiment of individual identities and ultimately generational cultures in contemporary social and cultural spaces. This research is the result of analyses of old age, which have been informed by postmodern theory. It in turn informs sociological theorizations of cultural representations of old age in contemporary societies.

Since the EPZ was set up in 1966, it has attracted foreign investment, introduced technology, opened up foreign trade and provided employment opportunities. When EPZ was first set up, it had every kind of investment-rewarding regulations, ¡§One-stop Window¡¨ administrational measures, so it could attract a lot of foreign and overseas Chinese capitals. But, after 2 years, the 68-hectare area was not enough for using. The EPZA has continuously expanded the zones up to 9 so far: the total area is about 576.81 hectares. The EPZs are export-oriented, their products are all exported, and the professions have increased step by sep, including trade, logistics and warehouses, software consulting and related industries. Its capital resources were mainly from Europe, U.S., Japan and Hong Kong, but converts into domestic mostly now, with 47.79%, the highest ratio. The Zones¡¦ industrial structure also changed from the original garments, plastics and leather with more than 55% to electronics & electric machinery with 80% the most now. The Export Processing Zone Administration (EPZA) has also coped with the era trend changes by innovating the policies and functions, such as efforts in zone transformation, deregulations, trade liberalization and industrial clustering. As the accumulations of Taiwan¡¦s capital and technology and the enormous changes both in global politics and economy, the in-zone enterprises have also changed the industrial structures and production processes, walk out the OEM shadows and walk in the ODM, so as to produce and do marketing by themselves and to expand the markets. They have transformed from labor-intensive industries of garments, plastics, leather to capital-intensive high-tech industries of IC, LCD, optics, precise tools, information software and digital content and so on. When Taiwan¡¦s producing costs are rising little by little, the enterprises form all over the world are moving to the mainland China and the booming southeastern Asian countries to reduce costs and grip the markets. It is the question how to mold the more suitable investment environment to lure the Taiwanese enterprises come back home and the foreign investment turn around to Taiwan. This study made the in-depth interviews and did the questionnaires to scholars, government agencies and the industrial circle for over 30 copies. This study also analyzes the key factors of attracting investment by AHP hierarchical analysis method. The results revealed that, firstly, the enterprises¡¦ interactions and the neighboring of customers, the benefits of industrial cluster and the completion of supply chain of down and up stream, are vital to attract investment. Secondly, the completion of the in-zone infrastructure is the most important key factor for attracting investment. Thirdly, The EPZA ¡¥s favorable measures and administrative efficiency are also the prior considering factors. This study suggested that the administration units should upgrade the functions of their in-zone administrative steps, build the modern facilities of the infrastructure and attach importance to the living functions, strengthen the cooperation between industries, governments and schools, and propagate the investment-rewarding measures offered by governments to the enterprises, so that the governments¡¦ good policies can truly do favors to the in-zone enterprises, and thus construct the zones¡¦ better investment environment and attract investment.

With the profound interest in regional planning by local administrative units to establish a more definitive criteria for policy implementation and framework for decision analysis, this study seeks to formulate a simplistic methodological approach in the construction of a fundamental tool for socioeconomic research. By utilizing the Bear River District as a case study, we have focused on the generation of basic informational requirements for manpower planning in analyzing the size, structure and distribution of the population and labor force; changes in the employment capacity of the region; sector interdependence; and historical economic base. Based on the results of the study, the input-output analysis has shown the predominance of labor-intensive industries which is indicative of low productivity growth. Specifically, the emergence of the services sector has been influenced partly by the expansion of the population base in the domestic market in view of its personalized character. However, such industries generate low income and employment multiplier effects in the economy due to their weak links with the other sectors. The projections of the labor force have depicted the changing working-age structure of the population and the divergent patterns in the labor force participation of the males and females in the Bear River District. On the other hand, the economic analysis of the demand for labor has depicted a gradual reorientation of jobs to more technical and mechanical operations. At the same time, there is a proliferation of part-time work which is more suitable for the employment of women in view of the time-flexibility it can offer between familial obligations and market activities. The historical economic base study has shown the various components of employment growth. Cache County has the most favorable distribution of industries while Box Elder County and Rich County represent regions losing employment. Generally, most of the industries are nonspecialized with a competitive advantage.

High speed railway and promote the economic development of the city. So the operation of high-speed railway in Ningbo to Hangzhou, Ningbo’s opportunity and challenge, tourism, transportation, business, industry, real estate industry, headquarters economy, financial, cultural and creative industries, attract talent. Although short-term high iron research is very difficult to see effect, but through some research can guess and judge the impact of high-speed rail industry of Ningbo city and some Suggestions put forward the Ningbo, Hang-Yong high-speed railway.

Taiwan was famous for ¡§Taiwan Miracle¡¨, ¡§Four Dragon in Asia¡¨, ¡§The Role Model of the Developing Countries¡¨ with the rapid economic development. The most remarkable achievement of Taiwan was her continuous adjustment and transformation of the industrial structures. The development of the industrial structures in Taiwan usually follows the steps of the developed countries. With having a series of changing process, from the agricultural era to the industrial, service and high-tech industry, it produced a lot of impact effects, especially the unfairness of the income distribution. Hence, this thesis is going to combine the both and discusses that from the change of the industrial structures if it would be the main factors of influencing the source and level of income and then lead to the unfair distribution of wealth. From the dividing time period of 1987, the government opened our citizens to visit their relatives in Mainland China. We analyze the impact of income distribution from the change of Taiwan industrial structures by three phases of ¡§manpower investment¡¨, ¡§intensive degree of capital and technology¡¨ and ¡§export industry structure¡¨. First of all, in the phase of manpower, according to employee structure of three- level industry, service has got the first place, industry got the second place and agriculture got the last place. As a long trend view, the gap of the industrial structure is getting close and the manpower distribution is getting stable. However, the adjustment of the industrial structure has caused unemployment problem for the non-transferred low-tech labors. Especially from the 1997, the main reason of the unemployment in Taiwan is the change of the industrial structure. Moreover, Taiwan businessmen who invest a lot in Mainland China have caused magnetic effect to speed up the structural unemployment. In the phase of the intensive degree of the capital and technology, we utilize industry to observe and discover that most of the high labor-intensive industry move abroad in order to lower the labor cost. However, electric, electronic and communication commodities are toward the development of the capital intensive commodity and invest abroad to replace domestic manufacture. Moreover, according to the change of industry investment, we discover that the establishment of southern industrial park, Kaohsiung industrial park and the government incentive policy have not only speeded up the growth of high-tech industry but also promoted metal and chemical development of the mid and lower material. In the phase of the export industry structure, the Mainland China has already surpassed other countries to be the trade main area in Taiwan. In the part of the export commodity, owing to the investment of abroad, it leads to the export chain effect of domestic mechanical commodity and promotes the export of domestic material. Low-labor intensive, high-capital intensive and high-tech intensive commodities have the highest occupied rate. From the above three different phases, we discover that in the impact of change for the industry structure, it not only has significant effect for the macro economy but also deeply affects the gap of the high and low family income. According to the model of variation, if we continue to develop, the distribution of the family income is going to be an enlarged trend year by year.

Abstract The thesis is from the angle of economic and industrial development, which proves between Taiwan's industrial structure and income distribution are positively correlated. With track of Taiwanese industry change, investigates the change of income distribution economic because of development and industrial structure change. Most of national economic development progress is associated with certain uneven distribution of income. The phenomenon of uneven income distribution is growing, however, is a concern in current worldwide economic development. In this article is the observation of Taiwanese industrial changes from early-day agricultural industry dramatically stepped to industrial industry, then expending toward service industry, to verify which is higher on uneven income distribution among them. This research takes the theories of Fisher and Clark (1939,1940) as foundation, based on productivity and GDP, to build the pragmatic model of Regression Analysis as proof of income distribution affecting to tertiary industrial sectors change in Taiwan. The substantial evidence finds the growth of the service sector increased by 1%, the impact of Taiwan's economic growth is 0.769%, the agricultural sector is 0.103%, while service sector increased by 1%. The worsening of income distribution, caused the agricultural sector decreased by 0.11%. Therefore, we can deduce that the service sector growth more has brought Taiwan's economy growth but also income distribution has significant worse. This study also considers foreign trade is an important economic lifeline of Taiwan, according to the IMF (IMF), Taiwan is the closest relations with the United States in East Asian nations, but China is coming up right after. Thus, this study conducts variables of regression analysis by putting in the United States and China, as proof that China or USA has more impact on our economic growth as policy maker¡¦s reference.

The vigorous economic growth in Japan after World War II triggered the demographic change of low fertility, low mortality and increasing life expectancy. Japan¡¦s ¡§Dankainosedai¡¨ (Baby boomer) getting old led to a rapid aging society in the past twenty years. Currently, the percentage of older people in Japan significantly exceeds global average and even reaches a level so called super-aging society. Such phenomenon of baby bust and population aging not only deteriorates the economic growth but also reduces government¡¦s budget for public construction, leads to rural-urban divide, and causes major social issues such as family support, retirement and healthcares. Recent literature focusing on influence of demographic transition on economic growth was primarily based on cross-sectional data or panel data. Few articles presented analysis using the prefecture -by- prefecture or regional data as a base. Therefore, we try to clarify the interaction between demographic change and economic growth by using 47 prefectures¡¦ statistic data of Japan, which is very well collected and ideal for conducting documental regression analysis. The objective of this paper is to provide some conclusions from Japan which might be useful for the government of Taiwan when making population and economic policy. Following Bloom and Williamson¡]1998¡^, this paper seek to examine the links between several variables, such as demographic change , and economic growth, by running regressions on panel data covering 47 prefectures of Japan during 1975-2008. We found that population growth, age structure, physical capital and industrial structure did have significant impact on growth rates of Japan. Population growth as a whole and the young and elderly dependants had a strong negative impact on economic growth, while growth of the working-age population and physical capital had strong positive impact. The result shown that the economic growth of Japan was impeded for a few years since the age structure of population was shifted to constrictive type which is caused by baby bust and aging. We also tried different frameworks to examine the influence of various variables, such as selecting some prefectures with unique feature, segmenting seven major economic regions, or dividing years in two periods ¡]before and after the year with bubble economy 1989¡^. We can make a conclusion that comparing with the period 1975 -1989, the economic growth rate during 1990-2008 slumped due to the changes of age structure, physical capital and industrial structure.

In this thesis, I take Yunnan and Heilongjiang as a sample to discuss the border trade in China. I find that there are obvious difference between southern and northern border trade because of the demand and supply of natural resource, the industrial structure, the structure of import and export, the step of economic growth of the neighbor countries, as well as the open policy and the foreign relationship among those countries.

This thesis aims to provide evidence on the relations between productivity, industrial structure, and labour markets for countries with different characteristics from 1965 to 1999. In order to do so, we first examine manufacturing industry production and trade with respect to both technology orientation and intensity, the impact of structural change on productivity growth, and the existence of convergence in industrial structures. Second, this study investigates the impact of labour market and industrial structures on aggregate productivity in manufacturing. While descriptive analysis of manufacturing industry with regard to technological orientation and intensity shows changing industrial structures in favour of relatively more technology intensive production and exports especially in fast growing countries, decomposition analysis suggests that the impact of structural change on productivity growth is negligible for most of the countries. The factor analysis revealed that although a general structural convergence tendency among countries is not observed, fast growing countries have converged their industrial structure towards those of industrialised countries. Finally, econometric estimation results also showed that while wage flexibility is detrimental to productivity in manufacturing, regulations in labour markets may foster productivity growth.