The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a networking paradigm where entities are viewed as objects that are identifiable, traceable and connected. This view requires the integration and interoperability of numerous wireless standards. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are two dominant technologies that jointly constitute a class of hybrid/integrated IoT architectures known as RFID-Sensor Networks (RSNs). Data delivery across such integrated architectures faces challenges in terms of cost-efficiency, scalability and connectivity, among many others. Moreover, IoT-driven solutions are required to address constraints on node mobility, delay-tolerance and resource management, and may have to adhere to an economic model in order to establish incentive-based schemes. Most available RSN solutions are tailored for a single-application and fail to address the aforementioned IoT constraints. To the best of our knowledge, a detailed framework that comprehensively addresses such constraints does not exist. We investigate this promising research direction by proposing a novel framework that incorporates an RSN integrated architecture to improve delivery over heterogeneous topologies. Our framework provides data delivery solutions that adhere to delivery and connectivity considerations of integrated RSN architectures in IoT. Moreover, our data delivery solutions incorporate pricing policies for incentive public sensing applications over the proposed architecture. We show, by theoretical analysis and simulations, that our framework outperforms rival RSN integration approaches, as well as other wireless Ad-hoc data delivery schemes in realizing IoT performance requirements. / Thesis (Ph.D, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2013-05-01 15:09:52.668

Today communicating sensors are everywhere. There are sensors in our smart phones, in our vehicles, even in our homes. As the technology in electronics and wireless communication is developed more devices is installed all around us. The Internet connected network of physical objects is called the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT devices send, receive and exchange data in order to control, monitor and optimize. The possible appliances for IoT spans industries, healthcare, cities, airports, and much more. This project targets the current state of IoT, how the development of IoT might affect building services engineering and possible future IoT appliances in buildings. The main appliances of IoT in buildings are energy saving procedures, maintenance improvements, chore automation and security enhancements. Energy saving in buildings has been a hot topic for many years due to global warming. IoT offers the possibility to reduce greenhouse gases, not only locally but also on a grander scheme. This project investigate possible energy savings by assuming that IoT can create an optimal ventilation and heating schedules. The analysis is carried out by simulating energy consumption in an apartment building using IDA ICE. The apartment building used as a reference model is located in Lycksele, Sweden. The result shows a modest energy saving of 100 kWh/apartment for heating and 250 kWh/apartment for ventilation optimization. The conclusion is that energy saving potential of IoT lies in interoperability between devices and the possibility to find correlations between data, not in individual optimizations. The main focus of IoT today in the building sector is to assist facility management with supervision of real estate. Sensors that send information about the state of devices decreases the supervision time of operating technicians. It's fundamental for facility management companies to cooperate with building engineering companies in order to avoid a constant change of batteries in IoT devices installed in buildings. By settle necessary power connections during the construction phase of a building the need for batteries is limited.

Technology-sustained pervasive games, contrary to technology-supported pervasive games, can be understood as computer games interfacing with the physical world. Pervasive games are known to make use of ‘non-standard input devices’ and with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), pervasive applications can be expected to move beyond games. This dissertation is requirements- and development-focused Design Science research for distributed technology-sustained pervasive applications, incorporating knowledge from the domains of Distributed Computing, Mixed Reality, Context-Aware Computing, Geographical Information Systems and IoT. Computer video games have existed for decades, with a reusable game engine to drive them. If pervasive games can be understood as computer games interfacing with the physical world, can computer game engines be used to stage pervasive games? Considering the use of non-standard input devices in pervasive games and the rise of IoT, how will this affect the architectures supporting the broader set of pervasive applications? The use of a game engine can be found in some existing pervasive game projects, but general research into how the domain of pervasive games overlaps with that of video games is lacking. When an engine is used, a discussion of, what type of engine is most suitable and what properties are being fulfilled by the engine, is often not part of the discourse. This dissertation uses multiple iterations of the method framework for Design Science for the design and development of three software system architectures. In the face of IoT, the problem of extending pervasive games into a fourth software architecture, accommodating a broader set of pervasive applications, is explicated. The requirements, for technology-sustained pervasive games, are verified through the design, development and demonstration of the three software system architectures. The scaling up of the architecture to support distributed pervasive applications, is based on research in the domain of Virtual Worlds and IoT. The results of this dissertation are: the aligning of the Pervasive Games research domain with that of Virtual Worlds, the mapping of virtual time and space to physical counterparts, the scaling up of pervasive games to distributed systems, and the explication of the problem of incorporating IoT into pervasive applications. The implication of this dissertation is to ensure that pervasive games are not left reinventing existing technologies. / Teknikförmedlade verklighetsspel (technology-sustained pervasive games), i motsats till teknikstödda verklighetsspel (technology-supported pervasive games), kan förstås som dataspelets gränssnitt mot den fysiska världen. Verklighetsspel games är kända för att använda sig av ‘icke-standardiserade inmatningsenheter’ och med ökningen av Sakernas Internet (Internet of Things) (IoT), kan verklighetsapplikationer (pervasive applications) förväntas gå längre än verklighetsspel. Denna avhandling omfattar krav- och utvecklingfokuserad (Design Science) forskning för distribuerad teknik omfattande verklighetsspel, som innehåller kunskap från områdena distribuerad databehandling (Distributed Computing), blandad realitet (Mixed Reality), kontextmedveten databehandling, geografiska informationssystem och IoT. Dataspel har funnits i decennier, ofta med en återanvändbar spelmotor för att driva dem. Om verklighetsspel kan förstås som dataspel med gränssnitt mot den fysiska världen, kan då dataspelsmotorer användas för att iscensätta verklighetsspel? Med tanke på användningen av ickestandardiserade inmatningsenheter i verklighetsspel och den tilltagande mängde IoT tillämpningar, hur kommer detta att påverka arkitekturen som stöder verklighetsspel? Användningen av en konventionell spelmotor kan återfinnas i vissa befintliga verklighetsspelsprojekt, men mer generell forskning om hur verklighetsspel överlappar med konventionella dataspel saknas. När en konventionell dataspelsmotor används, är en diskussion om vilken typ av motor som är mest lämplig och vilka egenskaper uppfylls av motorn ofta inte en del av diskursen. Denna avhandling använder flera iterationer av metodramverket för design vetenskap (method framework for Design Science) för konstruktion och utveckling av tre mjukvarusystemarkitekturer. Med tanke på IoT utarbetas problemet att utvidga verklighetsspel till en fjärde mjukvaruarkitektur som kan tillmötesgå en bredare uppsättning av verklighetsapplikationer. Kraven för teknikförmedlade verklighetsspel verifieras genom design, utveckling och demonstration av tre mjukvarusystemarkitekturer. Uppskalning av arkitekturen för att stödja distribuerade verklighetsspel är baserad på forskning inom området för virtuella världar och IoT. Resultaten från avhandlingen är: anpassning av forskningsområdet verklighetsspel med forskningsområdet virtuella världar, metod för matchning av virtuell tid och utrymme till fysiska motsvarigheter, uppskalning av verklighetsspel till distribuerade system, och utarbetning av problemen med att införliva IoT in verklighetsapplikationer. Innebörden av denna avhandling är att se till att implementeringen av verklighetsspel inte leder till att man återuppfinner redan existerande teknik. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 6: Submitted. Paper 7: Submitted.</p>

This thesis focuses on securing data exchanged between highly constrained IoT devices and the internet. This thesis builds on existing research by combining elements of different research solutions to create a more secure solution. This solution helps to solve gaps in security left behind by existing solutions through the use of symmetric cryptography in data objects and IoT security gateways which act as intermediaries between devices and the internet. The goal of this research is to provide a security solution for devices which do not have the resources necessary to effectively implement the recommended TLS based protocols for secure communication over the internet. The solution provides confidentiality to data traveling between device and gateway while also providing confidentiality, integrity and authenticity to data traveling across the internet. The solution works by delegating demanding security processes to an IoT security gateway which securely processes communications to and from the internet using HTTPS (SSL/TLS). Security of data being passed between device and gateway is provided with AES symmetric encryption at the Data Link and Data Object layers. The performance of the solution is measured by timing the security process of the IoT device while also measuring the resource requirements of applying the solution to the device. / <p>Validerat; 20150622 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

With the addition of mesh capability to Bluetooth low energy(BLE) in 2017 new possibilities open up for the Internet of Things applications of Bluetooth. With the rapidly increasing number of connected devices a few new standards are competing for being the standard protocol for low power mesh communication. BLE is mostly aimed towards low bandwidth data such as sensor readings or light control. However, this thesis attempts to investigate the viability of adapting BLE mesh nodes to communicate DMX-data which is a protocol widely used in lightning and stage effects. The system is implemented on Bluetooth development kits and the latency and power consumption are measured. The results show that the latency is significant and with high variance if the full DMX frame is transmitted, rendering the application non-applicable on many real-time applications. It can however be justified in some applications due to Bluetooth's well established eco-system of devices and functionality where the nodes could extend their capabilities by implementing already established BLE models. By only transmitting the updated channels the latency can be lowered to values that would in some applications be indistinguishable from wired connection. The energy consumption of BLE mesh suffers greatly with the addition of mesh due to its constant scanning but by implementing low power nodes which keep the radio off during certain intervals this consumption could be greatly decreased. The results also show a high variance of latency depending on the node configuration regarding to the placements and the number of hops required to reach the intended recipient. / Bluetooth har länge varit standardprotokollet för kommunikation mellan två stycken enheter. 2017 kom tillägget med mesh till Bluetooth. Mesh innebär att andra enheten i närheten ska skicka vidare meddelanden och därigenom tillåta kommunikation mellan enheter som är utanför direkt radiokontakt. DMX är ett protokoll som används inom ljus- och sceneffekter. Bluetooth mesh är utformat för att skicka små datamängder som till exempel sensordata eller styra glödlampor. Denna uppsats kommer utvärdera om det är användbart att skicka DMX-data över Bluetooth mesh. En implementation gjordes på Bluetooth utvecklingskort och resultatet visar på en signifikant fördröjning och med hög varians vid överföring av alla DMX-kanaler, vilket innebär att denna implementation inte är användbar vid många användningsområden. Men trots det kan den vid vissa fall vara användningsbar, mycket till hjälp av Bluetooths billiga och utbyggda ekosystem av produkter och tilläggsfunktioner. Eftersom Bluetooth mesh byggs in i en del befintliga byggnader kan de uppoffringar man får göra vid överföringar av DMX-data vara acceptabel då man kan uttnyttja befintliga nät. Strömförbrukningen ökar avsevärt vid mesh jämfört med klassisk lågenergi Bluetooth då mesh måste skanna radiotrafiken konstant. Vid implementationen av lågenergi noder kan dock radio vara i stand-by och starta endast vid speciella tidpunkter och man kan därigenom få avsevärt lägre strömförbrukning, med uppoffringen att DMX-datan inte kan överföras omgående. Det visade sig också att noduppställningen kraftigt påverkade variansen i överföringshastighet och att detta måste ta i hänsyn vid valet om DMX över Bluetooth mesh är användbart i just det fallet.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology. / Department of Computer and Information Science

While the seamless interconnection of IoT devices with the physical realm is envisioned to bring a plethora of critical improvements on many aspects and in diverse domains, it will undoubtedly pave the way for attackers that will target and exploit such devices, threatening the integrity of their data and the reliability of critical infrastructure. The aim of this thesis is to generate cyber threat intelligence related to Internet-scale inference and evaluation of malicious activities generated by compromised IoT devices to facilitate prompt detection, mitigation and prevention of IoT exploitation. In this context, we initially provide a unique taxonomy, which sheds the light on IoT vulnerabilities from five di↵erent perspectives. Subsequently, we address the task of inference and characterization of IoT maliciousness by leveraging active and passive measurements. To support large-scale empirical data analytics in the context of IoT, we made available corresponding raw data through an authenticated platform. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

L'Internet des objets est l'un des concepts clefs stimulant l'évolution des réseaux mobiles dans le but de leur donner de nouvelles fonctionnalités de communication et de gestion d'objets dits connectés. Comparativement aux terminaux mobiles standards, les usages associés à ces objets connectés sont en général caractérisés par des débits modestes et de faibles ressources en capacité de calcul et en énergie. Les techniques de modulation spatiale (SM) sont proposées comme une solution prometteuse pour assurer les débits des objets connectés tout en maîtrisant le critère de la consommation énergétique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les performances de différents schémas de transmission basés sur le concept SM mis en oeuvre en transmission ou en réception. Nous avons notamment proposé un système global de communication en liaisons montante (SM en transmission) et descendante (SM en réception) entre une station de base et un objet, dans lequel l'essentiel de la complexité de calcul est concentré à la station de base. Par ce système, une liaison avec un objet peut être établie en limitant les traitements au sein de l'objet à di simples fonctions d'activation/désactivation d'antenne et de détection à seuil. Par ailleurs, nous avons proposé des schémas SM étendus grâce auxquels l'efficacité spectrale atteignable devient égale au nombre d'antennes au sein de l'objet. Les expressions analytiques de la probabilité d'erreur binaire ont été développées pour l'ensemble des systèmes étudiés en utilisant différentes méthodes de détection. L'impact de la connaissance imparfaite de l'état des canaux de propagation ainsi que l'effet des corrélations entre antennes ont également été incorporés dans l'étude des performances des schémas SM de réception. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons proposé d'adapter les schémas SM de réception dans un environnement de propagation en ondes millimétriques en utilisant une formation de faisceau hybride analogique/numérique au niveau de l'émetteur. / Internet of Things is one of the keyword that represents the evolution in 5G that is able to connect the so-called Connected Devices (CD) to the network. These CDs are expected to require modest data rates and will be characterized by low resources in terms of both computation and energy consumption compared to other mobile multi-media devices. Spatial Modulation (SM) is proposed to be a promising solution to boost the data rate of the CD with a small ( or no) increase in energy consumption. Inspired by the advantages of SM, the objective of this thesis is to study the performance of different transmission scheme based on the SM concept at the transmitter and at tht receiver, for respectively an uplink and a downlink transmission between a BS and a CD. We proposed a global system where the higher computational complexity remains at the BS: The transmit SM is used for uplink, and the receive SM for downlink. It is shown that with SM, an ON­OFF keying for uplink and Single Tap detector for downlink could be sufficient for the transmission a the CD. Also, with Extended SM schemes, we increased the spectral efficiency of SM to be equal t< the number of antennas of CD in both uplink and downlink transmission. A framework for the derivation of the Bit Error Probability (BEP) is developed for all schemes with different detection methods. Impact of imperfect CSIT transmission has been studied when linear precoding is implemented for the receive spatial modulation, as well as the effect of antenna correlations. Finally we proposed to adapte the spatial modulation at the receiver with the mmWave environment, using hybrid beamformina at the transmitter.

This thesis summarizes my project in setting up a Thread network. The idea of this project was presented by the company ÅF in Karlstad, Sweden. ÅF wishes to upgrade their current demonstrator for IoT. The current demonstrator includes Azure Cloud component, Raspberry Pi, Bluetooth and Arduino components. The upgrade includes implementing Thread technology together with Thread verified hardware from Nordic semiconductor and the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Thread is an IoT mesh networking protocol that was released year 2014. Compared to Bluetooth it offers IP communication (including IPv6) combined with higher reliability, performance and security. The process of installing, compiling and configuring the Thread network is explained. The result is an operational thread network that has sensor devices sending data to an HTTP web server, where the data is stored and monitored. Though, there are many improvements and functions that can be implemented to make this demonstrator more appealing.

Clustering and cooperative transmission are the key enablers in power-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The challenges for power-constrained devices in IoT networks are to reduce the energy consumption and to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) provision. In this thesis, optimal node selection algorithms based on clustering and cooperative communication are proposed for different network scenarios, in particular: • The QoS-aware energy efficient cluster heads (CHs) selection algorithm in one-hop capillary networks. This algorithm selects the optimum set of CHs and construct clusters accordingly based on the location and residual energy of devices. • Cooperative nodes selection algorithms for cluster-based capillary networks. By utilising the spacial diversity of cooperative communication, these algorithms select the optimum set of cooperative nodes to assist the CHs for the long-haul transmission. In addition, with the regard of evenly energy distribution in one-hop cluster-based capillary networks, the CH selection is taken into consideration when developing cooperative devices selection algorithms. The performance of proposed selection algorithms are evaluated via comprehensive simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can achieve up to 20% network lifetime longevity and up to 50% overall packet error rate (PER) decrement. Furthermore, the simulation results also prove that the optimal tradeoff between energy efficiency and QoS provision can be achieved in one-hop and multi-hop cluster-based scenarios.