Na história japonesa, o período Meiji (1868-1912) é conhecido como aquele da transição entre a nação pré-moderna, governada por xoguns e socialmente hierarquizada, para a nação moderna, dotada deconstituição e propiciadora demaior cidadania. Esta transição, esta mudança de paradigma, pode serobservada em várias instâncias. No caso específico da cultura eliteratura, passou-se para uma etapa de contato intenso com o Ocidente, suas formas culturais e artísticas. Assim, pintura, escultura e música foram renovadas face ao novo impacto. Com a literatura não seria diferente: a tradição do romance europeu irrompe com força na cena das letras japonesas e propiciou um rearranjo de gêneros, formas e temas. Pretendemos aqui analisar alguns desses deslocamentos, tendo em vista, sempre, o ponto de partida, ou seja, trata-se de uma análise histórica da renovação do fazer literário. Para tanto, abordamos primeiramente a situação da entrada da literatura europeia no Japão através da tradução. Esse passo foi de fundamental importância para a formação da literatura moderna japonesa, pois neste momento foram estabelecidas direções quanto ao tom e à dicção da nova prosa de ficção, bem como sua relação para com a literatura autóctone japonesa (ou seja, a chamada literatura clássica). Em um segundo momento, procuramos demonstrar o surgimento do narrador enquanto função textual dotexto, por oposição ao autor explícito da ficção pré-moderna japonesa. O estabelecimento de um narrador neutro consiste em uma das etapas mais importantes da reforma da ficção que pretendemos abordar. Procuramos detalhar com exemplos essa transformação. Por fim, detivemo-nos sobre o romanceUkigumo(1887), de Futabatei Shimei (1864-1909), como exemplo de romance criado durante o período desta reforma literária. Procuramos mostrar as hesitações de seu autor quanto ao papel do narrador e ao encaminhamento danarrativa. Posicionar a obra em seu contexto, é uma etapa importante para fundamentar a interpretação aqui apresentada em relação à especificidade do romance Ukigumo. / In Japanese history, the Meiji period (1868-1912) is known as one of transition between the pre-modern nation, governed by shoguns and a tigh social hierarquy,and a modern State, endowed with a Constitution and greater citizenship. This change of paradingsignals that all spheres were affected during this transition. In the case of culture and literature, there began anew, intense exchange with the Western world and its artistic and cultural forms. Thus, painting, sculputeand music were reformed and renewed due to the new impact. Regarding literature it was no different: the tradition of the European novel breaks the scene of Japanese letters, causing a new arrangement of genres, forms and themes. We intend to analyse heresome of these displacements and shifts, always bearing in mind their departing point. That is to say, this is an historical approach to the renewal of Japanese literature. In order to do so, we shall first study the importation of European fiction to Japan through the means of translation. This is a step of fundamental importance in the formation of modern Japanese literature, since it established directionsas to tone and diction of the new fiction, as well as its relation to the native tradition (that isto say, to the so-called classical literature). Secondly, we will try to demostrate the emergence of the narrator as a textual function of the narrative, opposed to the traditional explicit author of pre-modern fiction. The establishment of a neutral narrator is the most important step in the reform offiction we here present. We tried to offerdetailed examples of this transformation. Lastly, we focusedon the novel Ukigumo(1887), by Futabatei Shimei (1864-1909) as an example of work created during this period of reform. We tried to show the authors hesitation regarding the role of the narrator as well as the development of plot. We also tried, as much as possible, to insert the work in its historical context, so as to lead to a better understanding of its structure and our interpretation of it.

Este trabalho reúne esforços para analisar aspectos da teoria literária de Jean-Jacques Rousseau a partir do romance La Nouvelle Héloïse, considerando suas inovações estéticas em face do período de então (século XVIII) e a relevância explicativa da obra no seio do pensamento do autor. Aos propósitos do trabalho, é fundamental entender a escolha do gênero epistolar a fim de facilitar o estreitamento da narrativa com a experiência do leitor, o que se combina com a crítica da representação e com o ideal rousseauniano da transparência, perfazendo o formato do romance que Rousseau, após severas críticas à literatura, transige em considerar necessário por oferecer um exemplo de virtude no amor a uma sociedade degenerada pela corrupção dos costumes. / This work combines forces to analyze aspects of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Literary Theory at the novel La Nouvelle Héloïse in light of its aesthetic innovations towards that period (the 18th century) and the explicative relevance of the work to the core of the author\'s thoughts. With respect to the purpose of the work, it is important to understand the choice of the epistolary form in order to facilitate the alignment of the narrative with the experience of the reader, which is consonant with the critique of representation and with the Rousseaunian ideal of transparency, constituting the format of the novel that Rousseau, after severe criticisms of literature, came to consider necessary to offer an example of virtue through love to a society degenerated by the corruption of customs.

Neste trabalho, iremos analisar o livro A cidade e as serras, de Eça de Queirós, mediante os discursos referentes às estéticas de fin-de-siècle, que se estabelecem na França entre os anos de 1880 e 1900. Tentaremos observar, como o autor aproveita-se dos discursos para construir a personagem de Jacinto e como os manipula ironicamente a fim de estabelecer sua visão crítica sobre o período. Além disso, pretendemos mostrar como Eça de Queirós observa a mudança de perspectiva que acontece no campo cultural francês, ou ainda, no mundo no fim do século XIX, isto é, de um ponto de vista positivista, passando pelo decadente e pessimist, para o idealista. Acreditamos que através da manipulação irônica desse quadro histórico e do horizonte discursivo e estético que constitui o imaginário do homem do fim do século, Eça de Queirós irá estabelecer uma versão mais refinada do realismo praticada em seus livros da última fase / In this paper, we will examine the book The city and the mountains, Eça de Queirós, through the discourses concerning aesthetic of fin-de-siècle, which are established in France between the years 1880 and 1900. We will try to observe, as the author takes advantage of speeches to build character Jacinto and how ironically manipulates to establish his critical view of the period. Furthermore, we intend to show how Eça de Queirós notice the change in perspective that happens in the French cultural fields, besides in the world in the late nineteenth century, that is, a positivist point of view, through the decadent and pessimist, for idealistic. We believe that by manipulating this ironic historical context and the discursive and aesthetic which is the imaginary of man in the end of the century, Eça de Queirós horizon will establish a more refined version of realism practiced in his books of the last phase

O objetivo principal desta dissertação de mestrado é uma leitura do romance Orlando: A biography (1928) de Virginia Woolf a partir do levantamento de uma hipótese interpretativa do processo de construção do romance. Basicamente, procura-se investigar como acontece a seleção, organização e articulação dos materiais sociais e estéticos envolvidos na sua produção de modo a reconstruir momentos-chave da obra, bem como a propor códigos interpretativos. No primeiro capítulo há uma análise dos dispositivos formais que constituem a narração com intuito de revelar os conteúdos sócio-históricos que eles carregam. Já no capítulo dois identifica-se na dialética entre forma e conteúdo do romance duas formações ideológicas antagônicas: a figuração do patriarcado capitalista que organiza a experiência coletiva de maneira autoritária e da estética da modernização cultural que emerge em oposição à primeira. As considerações finais retomam os principais pontos trabalhados nos capítulos anteriores e propõem que o projeto de Woolf tematiza a amplitude da interioridade com o intuito de gerar uma compensação simbólica para crescente desumanização da vida no período entreguerras. Identifica-se, assim, ao menos duas linhas de força da narrativa modernista: uma que aposta na subjetivação e outra na objetivação do processo artístico. Esta dissertação propõe que Woolf se filia à primeira linhagem. / The central objective of this dissertation is a reading of the novel Orlando: A biography (1928) by Virginia Woolf from an interpretative hypothesis of its construction process. Basically, it seeks to investigate how the selection, organisation and articulation of the social and aesthetic materials involved in its production takes place, in a such a way that it is possible to reconstruct the work\'s key moments as well as to propose interpretative codes. In the first chapter there is an extensive analysis of the formal devices that constitute the narrative; in chapter two it is identified in the novel\'s dialectics of form and content two antagonist ideological formations: the figuration of capitalist patriarchy which organises colective experience in an authoritarian way and the aesthetic of cultural modernisation that rises in opposition to the former. Finally, in the conclusion, all the main points discussed in the previous chapters are summarized and it proposes that Woolf\'s project thematizes the human interiority\'s amplitude in order to create a symbolic compensation for the increasing dehumanization of social life in the interwar period. Thus, we identify two modernist paths: one that places centrality on subjectivization and another on objectivization of the artistic process. This dissertation supposes that Woolf belongs to the first lineage.

In this project cyclisation chemistry using palladium and radical methodologies has been developed. The aim was to compare palladium and radical mediated cyclisations. Initially small molecules containing amine and amide functional groups were synthesised to screen the methodology. Later the design of these molecules was changed to be based on the imidoyl functional group. A series of N-benzyl protected aliphatic amine and amides were synthesised in the hope (with the aim of cyclisation) that they could be cyclised using both palladium and radical conditions. When these examples failed, which was attributed to the strain of the cyclic molecules, alternative precursors were sought. Initially, the N-protecting group was changed to a tosyl-group. However, when this had no positive effect, the size of the precursor molecules were examined. Two alternative amine precursors were designed which would remove the strain element in the cyclised molecules. The lengthy synthesis of these two molecules was not favourable for the development of methodology. Although it appeared that the cyclisations were now occurring it did not prove favourable to carry on down this path. The final part of this research project utilises imines and imidoyl selenides as radical and palladium cyclisation precursors respectively. A series of aromatic imines and imidoyl selenides were synthesised. The irnines were synthesised from amino-biphenyl and a range of p-substituted benza1dehydes. The corresponding imidoyl selenides were synthesised from amino-biphenyl and a range of p-substituted benzoyl chlorides to give the amides which in tum were converted to the target molecules via the imidoyl chlorides. The successful cyclisations using both methodologies resulted in a series of phenanthridines. This success of these cyclisations led to further precursors being developed which included bisphenanthridine, alkyne, alkyl and heteroaromatic precursors. However, most of the cyclisations of these molecules proved problematic and require further development of methodology.

While the Kelvin Probe (KP) has been used in a variety of surface scanning applications, the use of the KP in reinforced concrete structures to detect corrosion has been pioneered by previous work performed at the University of South Florida. However, in that work, the scale and construction of the probes was not suited to use in the field. This is primarily attributable to the small operating disk-to-concrete gap which would make the probe unable to accommodate road conditions, such as irregularities in the grading of the road, and local pitting of the surface. Therefore, it was important to investigate whether the KP can be scaled up while still maintaining resolution and fidelity of the measurements taken. The new mobile KP prototype (MKPP) constructed in this work, has a sensing disk that is approximately 10 cm in diameter and is capable of operating up to 2 cm above the concrete surface. Testing consisted of mapping an instrumented test slab simulating a corroding concrete bridge deck, at a rate of travel of about 0.6 mph (~1 ft/s) over the slab surface. The potential map generated through use of the MKPP successfully identified the corroding spot, the location of which was verified using the traditional half-cell potential mapping method outlined in ASTM C 876-09. The MKPP mapping in these trials was approximately 10 times faster than when using the traditional method. The faster potential mapping by the MKPP, while still identifying corroding sites, should allow for more economical and less intrusive survey of the condition of bridge decks. The work set the necessary proof of concept for future demonstration of an array of such probes which would further magnify the beneficial effect.

M.A. (French) / The novel, in Zalre, is proliferating despite the economic difficulties of the country. Popular writing, in particular, consisting of shortish books and selling for very reasonable prices, has become something of a phenomenon. The leader of that market, not studied here, is Zamenga. The two works chosen, Mais les pieges eieien: de la fete of Bwabwa wa Kayembe M. (1988) and Train des malheurs by Tshibanda Wamuela Bujitu (1990) illustrate a category of writing that reflects daily realities without making emotional demands on the reader. The heroes are virtuous, and there is a happy ending. A type of novel we have called intermediate makes more demands on the reader, and is particularly less simplistic as to its moral. Kin-Ia-joie Kin-la-folie by the journalist Achille Ngoye (1993) strike a chord of fellow feeling in the heart of . anyone struggling to live in Kinshasa and aware of the undercurrents of crime. The happy ending allows the reader to indulge in fairly deep reflection, or simply to close the book with pleasure. Le fils de la tribu by Pius Ngandu (1983) is much more troubling, unless the reader enjoys the beauty of a tragic ending. Above all, no reader can fail to reflect on the underlyirig-tl'!essage, Ngandu's plea for the· brotherhood of tribes and a cessation of the fratricidal wars ravaging Africa. The last text, Le bel immonde by V.Y. Mudimbe (1976) takes the reader into a category of much denser story-writing, and finds once again that the reader is not able to read without reflecting on the implications of what he has read.

My aim for That Dark Remembered Day was to create a work of fiction with a strong sense of the literary, one whose themes of violence, landscape and survivor guilt shone a light on the human condition, specifically the effects of post-war trauma on one family. The novel’s structure would be crucial in achieving its emotional heft, as each of the central characters is allocated at least one section, the reader experiencing events from disparate and increasingly illuminating perspectives. Fragmenting the book’s chronology (both throughout, but particularly in Part 3) by employing a technique of temporal blurring, helped to recreate a sense of disorientation in the reader, a key symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder. And despite an at times lyrical style, readability was important to me, in that I wanted the novel to retain its pace as a psychological thriller, albeit one where the reader is told what happens at the outset, the remainder of the book tasked with explaining how and why. Crucial to this thesis is the relationship I developed with my appointed editor, specifically how conflict emerged and was for the most part resolved during revision of the work. Significantly, I argue that these negotiations, together with my exploration of the author/editor relationship, contributed to my development as an author, and to the realisation of the novel. Research was conducted into the Falklands conflict by studying first-hand accounts of those who served, allowing me to blur fact with fiction, a process that delivered its own ethical challenges.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / The oligonchoinean monogenean family Hexabothriidae Price, 1942 currently consists of approximately 60 valid species, representing 15 genera. Hexabothriids are gill parasites of chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays and chimaeras). Some hexabothriid species have been reported as problematic in public aquaria, directly responsible for host pathology and subsequent host mortalities. However, without information on specific hexabothriid species and their host associations, accurate captive management of hexabothriids in public aquaria is hindered. Hexabothriid taxonomy is in a state of confusion. The historic taxonomic restoration of the priority of Hexabothrium sees the beginning of the taxonomic uncertainty of the hexabothriids, and is continued into the present literature particularly among lower-level taxa in Hexabothriidae. In addition, there is currently no consensus for a single accepted morphometric protocol for the discrimination of hexabothriid taxa, which leads to unnecessary ambiguity of character variable nomenclature, measurement and interpretation. A call for stability in the nomenclature and morphometric discrimination of species is therefore proposed. A novel morphometric protocol is tested for the sclerotised haptoral armature, supported by the proteolytic digestion of structures for optimal representation. Character variables, subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses were systematically accepted or rejected based on their potential to discriminating species of Callorhynchocotyle Suriano and Incorvaia, 1986. The hexabothriid genera Callorhynchocotyle and Branchotenthes, represented by South African taxa, are reviewed, using these variables. Four Callorhynchocotyle species and 2 Branchotenthes species are redescribed with the inclusion of some new voucher specimens.

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis considers introspection and female consciousness in the novels Woman At Point Zero and Two Women In One by Nawal El Saadawi, an Egyptian writer and So Long A Letter and Scarlet Song by Mariama Bâ, a Senegalese writer. This study looks at how narrative technique impacts on questions of self and identity, subjective experience, coherence and transformation. The form of the novel is also highly significant because it shows the connection between form, individualism and consciousness of experience and this is important in understanding these questions of self and identity, subjective experience, coherence and transformation. It allows insight into the internal workings of the individual. The form of the novel is therefore particularly relevant because of the focus on the individual, subject and the consciousness of the individual. Pertinent to the discussion in this thesis is how narrative provides a creative space to enable the reflexive process and also how narrative contributes to the construction and understanding of the self and identity. The dynamic between narratology and novel form, on the one hand, the modes of confession and letter writing, on the other are considered both of which use first person narration.Confession as a genre of personal narrative enables the subject to move inward as part of the self reflection process which allows knowledge of the self. Letter writing a form of personal narrative plays an important role in the exploration of the self and identity.The novel in letter form forces the introspective process through the act of writing and the character reaches a realisation about events and experiences which have shaped her present consciousness. By contrast third person narration in Scarlet Song and Two Women In One foregrounds the social context which shapes the characters‟ sense of self and identity and worldview. The narrative which is rebellious and resistant in form,although quietly so, enables a “revolution” in the character‟s self- and world view.