Análise da produção da imagem da mulher enquanto mercadoria na era moderna. O imaginário erótico na sociedade de consumo, na mídia gráfica do Século XIX ao Século XX. A imagem técnica e suas relações com a pintura acadêmica na representação da figura feminina e do nu, pela fotografia, cinema, ilustração e cartum. A pin-up sua origem e suas variações. / Analysis of the production of the female image as a commodity in modern age. The erotic imagery in the consumer society, in the graphic media from XIX to XX century. The technical image and its relation with the academic painting in the representation of the womens figure and the nude in the photography, cinema, illustration and cartoon. The pin-up, its origins and variations.

Moins connues que Chez Mondrian, ou d’autres tirages devenus célèbres, les Distorsions de 1933 peuvent apparaître comme une série d’importance mineure dans l’œuvre d’André Kertész. La série de photographies qui la composent, vaste par le nombre, donne à voir des déclinaisons de nu qui n’ont plus rien d’académique, dans le traitement qu’en donne le photographe. Les corps, déformés grâce à un miroir courbe, surprennent de par leur modernité et leur caractère d’étrangeté, au regard du reste de la production de l’auteur. Constitue-t-elle pour autant une « parenthèse » dans son œuvre ? Il convient pour y répondre de s’interroger sur le contexte d’apparition de ces photographies et les raisons de leur création. Pour ce faire, une évaluation des composantes plastiques de chacune des images s’avère incontournable, avant que d’établir des liens et correspondances avec d’autres œuvres du photographe. L’angle choisi, qui favorise le rapport direct aux images en les plaçant au centre de la recherche, s’intéresse à la mise en œuvre des Distorsions à l’aune de la commande qui en suscita l’objectivation, tout en dévoilant comment ce cadre spécifique fut outrepassé. Le dispositif complexe employé pour la prise de vue est alors questionné, dans l’intention de mesurer l’importance et le rôle du miroir dans le dévoiement de l’image. A ce moment sont abordées, par le biais d’analyses à la fois formelles et esthétiques, les diverses typologies de corps, et leur rapport à l’espace dans l’image. Ce qui aboutit enfin à une vision d’ensemble, permettant de replacer ce corpus dans l’œuvre entier de Kertész, et de dégager les parentés intentionnelles dans sa logique de création. / Less known than Chez Mondrian, or other famous prints, the Distortions of 1933 may appear as a series of minor importance in André Kertész’ work. The series of photographs, wide ranging in numbers, lets us see versions of nude, whose have nothing to do with academic, in the handling given by the photographer. Bodies, distorted by a curved mirror, surprising in their modernity and their strangeness, compared with the rest of the author production. Does it make up a "parenthesis" in his work? To respond to this question, we should wonder about the developing context of these photographs and also the reasons of their creation. An evaluation of visual aspects of each image is necessary, before establishing links and connections with other works made by the photographer. The angle chosen, which favors the direct images by placing them in the center of research focuses on the implementation of Distortions in the light of the order in which aroused objectification, while revealing how this specific framework was exceeded. The complex device used for the shooting is asked then, with the intention of measuring the importance and role of the mirror in the image’s corruption. At this time are addressed through analysis of both formal and aesthetic, the various types of bodies, and their relationship to space in the image. This leads finally to a vision, to put this body in the whole work of Kertész, and to identify the intentional similarities in his creation logic.

<p>Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has been shown to be a practicable way to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. A specific antibody recognizes the charasteristic structure of tumour cells when loaded with cytotoxic agents (toxins, drugs, radionuclides, etc). But RIT kills not only tumour cells with attached radionuclides but also adjacent tumour cells due to the “cross fire effect”. To be efficacious, RIT depends closely on suitable monoclonal antibody, on the properties of the chosen radionuclides, and on a suitable labelling method for attaching radionuclide to antibody. </p><p>In this study we initially used radionuclide-labelled cMAB U36, via linker DABI in order to improve the retention of radio-conjugates in the tumour cells. Improved retention is important because the longer the radionuclide remains in tumour cells, the more effective will the tumour cells be eradicated. In the investigation, both normal mice and HNSCC-bearing nude mice were used to compare our form of treatment against other radio-iodination methods. In the biodistribution study, normal mice showed that radioactive uptake in organs diminished with time, irrespectively of whether the conjugate was directly or indirectly labelled. But in thyroid, there was a tenfold greater accumulation of direct-labelled than of indirectly labelled conjugate.</p><p>In tumour-bearing nude mice, by contrast, the results showed promising uptake of radioactivity, but little uptake in direct-labelled conjugate in thyroid. Significant differences were observed on comparing tumour: organ ratios between 131I-cMAb U36 vs. 125I-DABI-cMAb U36.</p><p>In the present study, cMAb U36 labelled with 211Astatine was initially used to treat HNSCC in nude mice. The biodistribution of 211At-cMAb U36 did not reveal any significant difference between an antibody-blocked group and a non-blocked group. But it did highlight the characteristics of a successful targeting conjugate in HNSCC-bearing nude mice.</p><p>In the subcutaneous therapy experiment, most of the treated tumours (n=18) had disappeared by the 26th day, in both U36-blocked and non-blocked groups. Treatment in the intravenous therapy experiment had also proved effective. In the antibody non-blocked group, the smallest tumour volume was 25 mm3 (average 111 mm3) vis-á-vis 65 mm3 (average 145 mm3) in the blocked group. None of tumours grew again following treatment.</p>

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has been shown to be a practicable way to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. A specific antibody recognizes the charasteristic structure of tumour cells when loaded with cytotoxic agents (toxins, drugs, radionuclides, etc). But RIT kills not only tumour cells with attached radionuclides but also adjacent tumour cells due to the “cross fire effect”. To be efficacious, RIT depends closely on suitable monoclonal antibody, on the properties of the chosen radionuclides, and on a suitable labelling method for attaching radionuclide to antibody. In this study we initially used radionuclide-labelled cMAB U36, via linker DABI in order to improve the retention of radio-conjugates in the tumour cells. Improved retention is important because the longer the radionuclide remains in tumour cells, the more effective will the tumour cells be eradicated. In the investigation, both normal mice and HNSCC-bearing nude mice were used to compare our form of treatment against other radio-iodination methods. In the biodistribution study, normal mice showed that radioactive uptake in organs diminished with time, irrespectively of whether the conjugate was directly or indirectly labelled. But in thyroid, there was a tenfold greater accumulation of direct-labelled than of indirectly labelled conjugate. In tumour-bearing nude mice, by contrast, the results showed promising uptake of radioactivity, but little uptake in direct-labelled conjugate in thyroid. Significant differences were observed on comparing tumour: organ ratios between 131I-cMAb U36 vs. 125I-DABI-cMAb U36. In the present study, cMAb U36 labelled with 211Astatine was initially used to treat HNSCC in nude mice. The biodistribution of 211At-cMAb U36 did not reveal any significant difference between an antibody-blocked group and a non-blocked group. But it did highlight the characteristics of a successful targeting conjugate in HNSCC-bearing nude mice. In the subcutaneous therapy experiment, most of the treated tumours (n=18) had disappeared by the 26th day, in both U36-blocked and non-blocked groups. Treatment in the intravenous therapy experiment had also proved effective. In the antibody non-blocked group, the smallest tumour volume was 25 mm3 (average 111 mm3) vis-á-vis 65 mm3 (average 145 mm3) in the blocked group. None of tumours grew again following treatment.

IFN-α has been applied in medical treatment of various neuroendocrine (NE) tumors, either alone or combination with somatostatin analogues. They can improve clinical symptoms in 50-70% of patients but a significant tumor reduction is only observed in 5-15% patients. Vasostatin (vaso) is believed to be an angiogenic inhibitor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility to use IFN-α and vasostatin gene therapy in NE tumors. We constructed plasmid vectors carrying human IFN-α2 (hIFN-α2) gene and human vasostatin gene, which were transfected into BON I cell to obtain stable gene-expressing cell lines. We found that in animal tumor model and cell experiments gene transfer of vasostatin caused a faster cell growth and tumor development via down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene and p27. Cell adhesion, spreading, migration and invasion ability were increased in vaso-expressing BON I cells. Transfecting chicken vinculin could reverse the malignant behavior and restored expression of tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, vinculin knockdown could result in a faster cell growth and an increased colony formation. Condition medium taken from hIFN-α2-expressing BON I cells showed significant antiproliferative effects both on the NE tumor cells, BON I and LCC18, and the endothelial cells, PAE. It also suppressed cell adhesion and cell invasion and inhibited angiogenesis on CAM assay. Mice implanted with a mixture of WT BON cells and hIFN-α2-expressing BON cells (1:1) demonstrated significantly lower tumor incidence and longer tumor doubling time. Furthermore, long-acting IFN-α2b (PEGIntron®) demonstrated a better anti-tumor effect in contrast with IFN-α2b (IntronA®). Intratumoral injection of hIFN-α2 plasmids significantly inhibited NE tumor growth and caused tumor regression. We concluded that gene transfer of vasostatin into BON I cells might cause an enhanced malignant tumor behavior. Therefore, vasostatin therapy can not be recommended for patients with NE tumors. Vinculin might play an important role in NE tumor development and growth regulation. Gene therapy by using plasmid DNA carrying hIFN-α2 gene is feasible and promising in NE tumors.

Sex steroid exposure constitutes a risk factor for breast cancer, but little is known about the effects of sex steroids on factors mediating angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, in normal and malignant breast tissue. In this thesis we have investigated the effects of estradiol, progesterone, and the nonsteroidal anti-estrogen tamoxifen on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) in normal human breast tissue, endothelial cells, and breast cancer. We have applied the technique of microdialysis to provide in situ sampling of estradiol and VEGF in tumors and normal breast tissue of breast cancer patients in vivo. Furthermore, we present a novel method of culturing normal human breast tissue ex vivo. Our results suggest a pro-angiogenic effect of estradiol and an anti-angiogenic effect of tamoxifen in the breast. Estradiol increased extracellular levels of VEGF in normal human breast tissue and breast cancer cells in vitro. In addition, estradiol decreased sVEGFR-1 in breast cancer cells and indirectly increased VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells. Compared to estradiol treatment alone, estradiol + tamoxifen increased sVEGFR-1 and decreased VEGF in breast cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, estradiol + tamoxifen decreased tumor VEGF levels and tumor vasculature in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. In breast cancer patients, a significant correlation was found between in vivo levels of estradiol and VEGF sampled by microdialysis in normal human breast tissue, suggesting that estradiol may be a potent regulator of VEGF in the breast in vivo. Tumor levels of VEGF were significantly higher than in normal breast tissue in vivo, supporting the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis. For studies of normal human breast, whole breast tissue may be cultured in vitro for up to one week with preserved morphology. Using this method, estradiol, and not progesterone, appears to be the main sex steroid regulator of extracellular VEGF in normal breast tissue. In conclusion, the data suggest that sex steroids and tamoxifen exert pro- and anti-angiogenic effects in normal breast tissue and breast cancer.

No description available.

Laura Aguilar, John Coplans, and Carla Williams explore, through photographic self-portraiture, the representation of unconventional bodies. Even though the images produced by these artists are quite different in style, they all reflect an interest in a representation of the nude human body that challenges the traditional concepts of beauty so prevalent in a Western society obsessed with physical perfection. Even though the three artists produced their photographic self-portraits at roughly the same time, using the traditional gelatin silver process and responding to standards of classical beauty, their divergent life experiences, education, and social backgrounds have led them to question an almost universal vision of the perfect body from a broad spectrum of perspectives.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Art History, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.(History of Art))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references.