A língua geral amazônica (LGA), língua de base tupi, chamada em meados do século XIX de nheengatu (nheenga língua + katu bom, boa), foi mais falada que o português em toda a Amazônia até o término do século XIX. Após uma série de fatores que levaram ao seu enfraquecimento, hoje se concentra na região do Alto Rio Negro, onde é língua oficial do município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira AM. Por ser uma língua historicamente veiculada pela oralidade e pela ainda tímida elaboração de materiais para seu estudo e divulgação, iniciativas relacionadas à tradução ao nheengatu mostram-se como estratégias interessantes a favor da revitalização dessa língua e da contribuição para a consolidação de um registro escrito na mesma. Insere-se nesse contexto a tradução do livro Le Petit Prince, de Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, do francês ao nheengatu. O registro escrito adotado em minha proposta de tradução foi estabelecido com base nos textos em e sobre o nheengatu produzidos entre a segunda metade do século XIX e a primeira do século XX e no confronto desse período com a língua em seu estado atual. Além de aumentar o número de materiais escritos na língua, utilizados principalmente no ambiente escolar amazônico, a tradução proposta nesta dissertação vem acompanhada de uma seção em que apresento comentários a respeito das escolhas tradutológicas adotadas por mim, que se relacionam a aspectos linguísticos e culturais envolvidos no processo tradutório. Com o propósito de contribuir não apenas para o fortalecimento do nheengatu, as discussões sobre questões teóricas e modalidades de tradução também podem se somar às contribuições no campo dos Estudos da Tradução. / The Amazon general language (AGL), a language based on Tupi, known as Nheengatu in the mid XIX century (nheenga language + katu good), was more broadly used than Portuguese in the Amazon area until the end of the XIX century. After a series of factors that led to its weakening, the language now is concentrated in the Alto Rio Negro area, where it is established as the official language of the São Gabriel da Cachoeira town, in the state of Amazonas. Since it is a language that has been historically used orally and the development of materials to study and disclose it is still stagnant, measures related to the translation into Nheengatu have proved to be interesting strategies favoring the revitalization of the language and the contribution for a consolidation of a written register in it. In this context we find the translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupérys book, Le Petit Prince, from French to Nheengatu. The written register adopted in my translation proposal was established based on texts in Nheengatu, and about the language, produced between the second half of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century and the confrontation in this period with the language in its current state. Besides increasing the quantity of material written in the language, used mainly in the Amazon school environment, the translation put forth in this dissertation comes with a section in which I present comments concerning of the translation choices I adopted, which relate to linguistic and cultural aspects involved in the translation process. Aiming at contributing not only to strengthen the Nheengatu language, the discussions on theoretical matters and translation modalities may also add to the contributions to the Translation Studies field.

Le mot prince au XIXème siècle correspond à un titre, une fonction, un état ou une façon de vivre. Alexandre Dumas, comme bien d’autres auteurs avant lui, va construire ses œuvres (La trilogie des Trois Mousquetaires, La Reine Margot, Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) autour de cette thématique. Mais son prince aura quelques originalités. La première partie de ce travail de recherches présente ce prince par nature, son aspect physique, sa grande voix de commandeur, et son regard pénétrant. Le prince a un physique impressionnant. Soit il est très beau, soit très fort, soit il a beaucoup de charme, soit il a cette aura qui fait de lui un homme exceptionnel, soit il a et il est cela à la fois. Son caractère est celui d’un grand homme : force morale et/ou spirituelle, volonté et audace, travailleur, rusé et stratège, mémoire et connaissance, réserve et mystère, dissimulation, fierté et hauteur, perspicacité ou clairvoyance, bonté, renaissance et métamorphose, baraka. La deuxième partie définit le gouvernement du prince, c’est-à-dire son pouvoir, le pouvoir de la princesse, et les rapports entre prince et princesse. La troisième partie définit le prince-héros. Il s’agit de préciser l’état du prince de Dumas dans l’histoire et l’Histoire, de signaler son besoin de l’Autre, de définir clairement le contexte littéraire : romantisme, réalisme, baroque et classicisme, et de dire précisément quel est l’apport personnel de Dumas dans la définition du prince et quels sont les éléments qui se retrouvent chez son prince. C’est un prince qui aura vécu dans les temps baroque, classique et romantique, qui aura toutes ces caractéristiques et qui ressemblera aussi au créateur du mythe de d’Artagnan. La figure du prince de Dumas, c’est celle du héros princier, c’est celle de celui qui fait l’Histoire, c’est celle de celui qui a l’essence divine ; c’est celle du Christ. / The word prince on the XIXth century means rank, a fonction, a state or a way of life. Alexandre Dumas, like many other writers before him, will build his novels (Les Trois Mousquetaires, Vingt ans après, Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, La Reine Margot, Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) around this subject. But his prince will have some specificities. The first part of this work of research presents this prince by nature, his look, his big voice, commander voice, and his deep stare. Prince has an amazing body. Either he is handsome, or very strong, or charming, or he’s got this aura which makes him exceptional, or he is all that. His nature is the nature of a bigman : moral strength and/or spiritual, will and daring, worker, crafty aud strategist, memory and knowledge, reservation and mystery, concealment, pride and haughtiness, shrewdness or clearsightedness, kindness, rebirth and metamorphosis, baraka. The second part defines prince’s gouverment, that means his power, princess power, and prince and princess relationships. The third part definies the prince-hero. We specify the state of Dumas’ prince in the history and the History, we signal his need of the Other, we define clearly the literary context : romanticism, realism, baroque, classicism, and we say precisely what is personnal Dumas contibution on prince definition and what elements be found again in his prince. This prince has lived during baroque, classic and romantic times. This prince will have all these characteristics and will look like d’Artagnan myth creator. Dumas’ prince figure is the one of prince-hero, the one of the man who makes History, the one of the man who has divin essence, the one of the Christ.

La mondialisation des activités humaines a grandement contribué à la dissémination et l’introduction anthropique d’espèces non indigènes (ENI) dans le monde. Le potentiel de dommages est tel qu’il y a une grande pression sur les gestionnaires environnementaux pour détecter et contrôler les ENI problématiques (espèces envahissantes) avant que des impacts apparaissent. En étudiant les ENI, les écologistes peuvent examiner certains aspects de la survie des espèces, la dispersion et l’établissement, qui, en plus de répondre à des questions fondamentales en écologie, fournissent des informations essentielles pour optimiser les efforts de gestion. Cependant, les difficultés associées à l’étude et la détection des populations naissantes ont réduit les études quantitatives sur les processus qui précèdent les envahissements, laissant les gestionnaires de l’environnement avec peu de directives pour détecter les ENI. Pour soulager ces défauts, cette étude apporte une évaluation quantitative des éléments déterminants du recrutement et de la dispersion du tunicier envahissant notoirement problématique, Ciona intestinalis, à l’île du Prince-Édouard (IPE), Canada, pendant les phases précoces de l’envahissement. Les données de recrutement d’une population de Ciona ont été collectées sur une période de 2 ans (2008 & 2009), ce qui a permis de modéliser la dissémination (étendue et mode) et d’examiner les schémas de recrutement pendant l’établissement. Ces données soulignent l’importance d’incorporer la dispersion, aussi bien que la variabilité environnementale, dans les stratégies de monitorage de détection précoce et démontrent comment les facteurs déterminants du recrutement changent quand une population envahissante devient grande et plus répandue. De plus, une série d’expériences de terrain à petites échelles ont été réalisées pour évaluer les schémas de recrutement pendant la fixation. Les rôles respectifs de la lumière et de la gravité sur le comportement des larves de Ciona ont été identifiés et leur incorporation dans le design du matériel de monitorage a été discutée pour augmenter les taux de fixation et, ainsi, la probabilité de détection. Finalement, la résistance biotique envers les ENI a été examinée en recherchant les interactions les larves de Ciona et deux espèces d’amphipodes Caprellidae, Caprella linearis (indigène) et C. mutica (non-indigène) que l’on retrouve à l’IPE. Cette étude montre comment la présence de caprelles diminue le recrutement larvaire de Ciona et illustre les potentielles interactions négatives entre deux ENI (C. mutica et Ciona), un phénomène rarement documenté. Dans une perspective de gestion, ces interactions négatives peuvent fournir de précieuses connaissances sur de possibles agents de contrôle biologique. De plus, cette étude présente un compte détaillé des mécanismes sous-jacents qui influencent les patrons de recrutement d’un envahisseur problématique et discute de l’utilité de ces découvertes pour le monitorage et la gestion future des espèces envahissantes. / The globalisation of human activity has contributed greatly to the artificial dispersal and introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) around the world. The potential for damage is such that there is great pressure on environmental managers to detect and control problematic NIS (i.e., invasive species) before any impacts occur. By studying NIS, ecologists can examine aspects of species survival, dispersal, and establishment, which, in addition to addressing fundamental questions of ecology, provide vital information for optimizing management effort. However, the difficulties associated with studying and detecting nascent populations has restricted quantitative studies on the processes that precede invasion, leaving environmental mangers with little guidance for detecting NIS. To alleviate this shortcoming, this study provides a quantitative assessment of the determinants of recruitment and dispersal of the notoriously problematic invasive tunicate, Ciona intestinalis (henceforth Ciona), in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, during the early stages of invasion. Recruitment data from a nascent population of Ciona was collected over a two-year period (2008 & 2009), which allowed for dispersal to be modelled (range and peak) and for patterns of recruitment during establishment to be examined. These data highlight the importance of incorporating dispersal, as well as environmental variability, into early-detection monitoring strategies and demonstrate how drivers of recruitment change as the invading population becomes larger and more widespread. Additionally, a series of small-scale manipulative field studies were performed to assess patterns of recruitment during settlement. The respective roles of light and gravity on Ciona larval behaviour were identified and their incorporation into the design of monitoring equipment (to increase settlement rates and, thus, probability of detection) are discussed. Finally, biotic resistance towards NIS was examined by investigating the interactions between Ciona larvae and two species of caprellid amphipod, Caprella linearis (native) and C. mutica (invasive) found in PEI. This study shows how the presence of caprellids reduces Ciona recruitment and illustrates the potential for negative interactions between two NIS (C. mutica and Ciona), a phenomenon rarely documented. From a managerial perspective, these negative interactions can provide valuable insights to potential biocontrol agents. Moreover, this study presents a detailed account of the underlying mechanisms that influence patterns of recruitment of a problematic invader and discusses the utility of these findings for future monitoring and management of invasive species.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Marion Island is situated approximately 2600 km southeast of Cape Town and is the larger of the two islands that comprise the Prince Edward Island group. During past glaciation events, Marion was partially covered by ice with fauna and flora confined to isolated refugia across the island. As a result of these long-term isolation events, it is postulated that species predating these glaciation events might show geographic partitioning of genetic variation. Subsequently, the majority of Southern Oceanic islands have a history of sealing activities with vessels frequenting various islands in their hunt for seals. These combined visits to several islands could have facilitated the introduction of alien species, or the reintroduction of species already present on islands. These incidents, combined with more recent scientific voyages, have led to the establishment of several exotic species on Marion Island. Two indigenous Collembola species (Cryptopygus antarcticus (Willem, 1901) and Tullbergia bisetosa (Börner, 1903)) were chosen as model species to investigate the possible effects of glaciation on the spatial distribution of genetic variation on indigenous species. Given the negative impact that alien taxa have on indigenous species and ecosystems, the phylogeographic population structure of the recently introduced Isotomurus cf. palustris (Müller, 1876) was determined and compared to those described for the two indigenous species. To address these questions, two mitochondrial DNA genes were targeted: cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII). These genes were sequenced (GENBANK accession numbers DQ147289-DQ147558) and analysed using, amongst others, AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance), SAMOVA (Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance) and NCA (Nested Clade Analysis). As expected, the two indigenous species showed distinct signs of population expansion, whilst the recently introduced species exhibits little genetic variance across its range. The life histories of species have an influence on their resultant genetic signature; therefore life history parameters were incorporated to explain differences in the phylogeographic patterns observed for these three species. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Marion Eiland is die groter van twee eilande wat die Prins Edward eilandgroep vorm, ongeveer 2600 km suid-oos vanaf Kaapstad. Gedurende glasiasie episodes in die verlede, was Marion gedeeltelik met ys bedek en fauna en flora was geisoleer in klein gedeeltes van die eiland wat beskut was. As gevolg van hierdie langtermyn isolasie word daar voorgestel dat spesies wat op die eiland was voor hierdie gebeurtenisse plaasgevind het, ‘n geografiese verdeling van genetiese variasie sal toon. Sedertdien het die meerderheid van die eilande in die Suidelike Oseaan ook ‘n geskiedenis van skepe wat op een of meer van die eilande aangedoen het in die jag op robbe. Hierdie besoeke deur die robjagters aan die eilande het meegebring dat daar eksotiese spesies op die eiland aangekom het of dat spesies wat reeds op die eiland voorgekom het, opnuut daar geland het. Hierdie, tesame met die onlangse wetenskaplike reise na Marion Eiland, het daartoe gelei dat baie eksotiese spesies ingevoer is na die eiland. Twee inheemse spesies, naamlik Cryptopygus antarcticus (Willem, 1901) en Tullbergia bisetosa (Börner, 1903) is gekies om as model spesies te dien om die moontlike gevolge van glasiasie op die geografiese verspreiding van genetiese variasie te toets. In ag geneem die moontlike negatiewe impak wat eksotiese spesies op die inheemse spesies mag hê, is die filogeografie van ‘n uitheemse spesie, Isotomurus cf. palustris (Müller, 1876) ook bepaal en vergelyk met díe van die bogenoemde inheemse spesies. Dit is gedoen deur twee gene, sitokroom oksidase I (COI) en sitokroom oksidase II (COII) te analiseer. Hierdie gene se basispaarvolgordes is bepaal (GENBANK toetreenommers DQ147289-DQ147558), en hulle is ge-analiseer deur gebruik te maak van AMOVA (Analise van Molekulêre Variasie), SAMOVA (Ruimtelike Analises van Molekulêre Variasie) en NCA (geseteldegroepsanalises). Net soos verwag, het die twee inheemse spesies albei duidelike tekens getoon van ‘n bevolkingstoename terwyl die uitheemse spesie amper geen variasie oor sy verspreidingsgebied getoon het nie. Die lewensstyle van spesies het ‘n beduidende invloed op hulle genetiese bevolkingstruktuur. As sulks is díe in ag geneem om die verskille tussen hulle genetiese strukture te verduidelik.

Little has been written of either parochial or integrated educational history in northern British Columbia. Prince George College, founded in 1956 by Bishop Fergus O'Grady of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, represents a. particular attempt by the Catholic community of the Diocese of Prince George to offer a Catholic education for both Aboriginal and white students in northern British Columbia. Using the personal and professional files of the late Bishop O'Grady and other documentary evidence made available to me by the Archives of the Diocese of Prince George an attempt has been made to construct an image of Bishop 0'Grady's "vision" for Prince George College. Using letters, memos, minutes, personal notes, and a number of available monographs on the subject of parochial, Aboriginal, integrated,- and northern Canadian education, this thesis begins the process of piecing together some of the bishop's plans and visions for the school from its founding to its change of name in 1989 to "O'Grady Catholic High School" and eventual closing in June, 2001. Chapter One details the bishop's construction of not only the school's financial groundwork, but more importantly its ethos - a narrative rooted in century's old stories of the Oblates and their pioneering efforts to establish Christianity in northern B.C. The second chapter examines the role of volunteerism and parental support in staffing the school. In'particular, much credit must be given to the Frontier Apostles - a lay, volunteer organization started by Bishop 0'Grady - for the day-to-day running of the school for most of its thirty years. The third chapter looks specifically at the "integrated" nature of the school - the supposed presence of integration of both Aboriginal and white students. What is constructed is an image of the bishop's vision that finally provides some context to his plans for the school. The school lay on a foundation of a carefully constructed ethos, the sacrifices of hundreds of lay volunteers, and the involuntary financial subsidies provided by Aboriginal students from approximately 1960 to 1989. The school finally closed its doors in 2001 citing both financial difficulties and a lack of local parental support. Much can be learned from the mistakes of the past in any future attempts to re-open the institution.

Little has been written of either parochial or integrated educational history in northern British Columbia. Prince George College, founded in 1956 by Bishop Fergus O'Grady of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, represents a. particular attempt by the Catholic community of the Diocese of Prince George to offer a Catholic education for both Aboriginal and white students in northern British Columbia. Using the personal and professional files of the late Bishop O'Grady and other documentary evidence made available to me by the Archives of the Diocese of Prince George an attempt has been made to construct an image of Bishop 0'Grady's "vision" for Prince George College. Using letters, memos, minutes, personal notes, and a number of available monographs on the subject of parochial, Aboriginal, integrated,- and northern Canadian education, this thesis begins the process of piecing together some of the bishop's plans and visions for the school from its founding to its change of name in 1989 to "O'Grady Catholic High School" and eventual closing in June, 2001. Chapter One details the bishop's construction of not only the school's financial groundwork, but more importantly its ethos - a narrative rooted in century's old stories of the Oblates and their pioneering efforts to establish Christianity in northern B.C. The second chapter examines the role of volunteerism and parental support in staffing the school. In'particular, much credit must be given to the Frontier Apostles - a lay, volunteer organization started by Bishop 0'Grady - for the day-to-day running of the school for most of its thirty years. The third chapter looks specifically at the "integrated" nature of the school - the supposed presence of integration of both Aboriginal and white students. What is constructed is an image of the bishop's vision that finally provides some context to his plans for the school. The school lay on a foundation of a carefully constructed ethos, the sacrifices of hundreds of lay volunteers, and the involuntary financial subsidies provided by Aboriginal students from approximately 1960 to 1989. The school finally closed its doors in 2001 citing both financial difficulties and a lack of local parental support. Much can be learned from the mistakes of the past in any future attempts to re-open the institution. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climate sets range limits in many taxa, and as climate changes, the ranges that plants and animals occupy are altered. The responses of species to climate change involve either migration or local adaptation. An investigation of the local physiological adaptation shown by indigenous and alien arthropods to temperature acclimation formed the primary focus of this study. Increased environmental temperatures favour the establishment of alien species on Southern Ocean Islands. The first records of Porce/lio scaber Latreille, 1804 (Isopoda, Porcellionidae) and an Aphidius wasp species from Marion Island were documented here. The alien wasp was discovered in 2003 and had a current known distribution along the east coast of Marion Island. Both isopods and wasps were reproducing successfully on Marion Island. The wasp species is an aphid parasitoid and had been found mummifying the alien aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. These introductions highlighted the ongoing conflict between use and conservation on the Southern Ocean Islands. Despite considerable work on the upper and lower lethal limits of insects, several major taxa have received little attention. Here this issue was addressed and the lower and upper thermal tolerances and cold hardiness strategy of Antarciopsocus jeanneli Badonnel (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae) from sub-Antarctic Marion Island was investigated. A. jeanneli is freeze intolerant, and more specifically, moderately chill tolerant. Field fresh A. jeanne li had a mean supercooling point (SCP) of -11.1oC, whereas LTSO was -7.7°C, indicating pre-freeze mortality. A. jeanneli responded to acclimation: mean SCP increased from -IS.8°C at a treatment temperature ofO°C, to -7.3°C at ISOC. Investigations of the responses to acclimation of upper and lower lethal limits and limits to activity in insects have focussed primarily on Drosophila. Halmaeusa atriceps (Staphylinidae) was examined for thermal tolerance responses to acclimation, and seasonal acclimatization. In summer and winter, lower lethal temperatures of adults and larvae were c. -7.6 ± 0.03 and -11.1 ± 0.06 °C, respectively. Supercooling points (SCPs) were more variable, with winter SCPs of -S.4 ± 0.4 °C in larvae and -6.3 ± 0.8 °C in adults. The species appeared to be chill susceptible in summer and moderately freeze tolerant in winter, thus showing seasonal acclimatization. Critical thermal minima varied between -3.6 ± 0.2 and -0.6 ± 0.2 °C in larvae, and from -4.1 ± 0.1 to -0.8 ± 0.2 °C in adults. These findings were in keeping with the general pattern found in insects, although this species differed in several respects from others found on Marion Island. In this study the differential responses of indigenous and invasive springtails to temperature were explicitly examined in the context of the beneficial acclimation hypothesis (BAH) and its alternatives. In particular, the thermal acclimation responses of desiccation resistance, supercooling ability, lower and upper thermal limits were compared. Invasive springtails (Pogonognathellus jlavescens, Isotomurus palustris and Ceratophysella denticulata) did not display greater phenotypic flexibility than indigenous springtails (Cryptopygus antarcticus and Tullbergia bisetosa), but did perform better under high temperature conditions. Indigenous species, however, performed better under low temperature conditions. In most cases the BAH was not supported, or could not be distinguished from its alternatives. The prediction that invasive species will outperform indigenous species as climates on Southern Ocean Islands warm was supported. Because temperature plays such a large role in the distribution, abundance and physiological tolerances of invertebrates, microhabitat temperatures along an altitudinal gradient (0 to 800 m above sea level (asi)) were investigated over a two-year period on Marion Island. Mean microhabitat temperatures were comparable to those from previous studies for Southern Ocean Islands, and declined with increasing altitude. The 800 m asl site had the most severe microclimate (highest absolute maximum, lowest absolute minimum and the highest frequency of freeze-thaw cycles). Year one was substantially colder than year two, indicating that interannual variation in microclimate conditions could be responsible for substantial mortality amongst. invertebrate populations. Indeed, indigenous species were best able to tolerate the high incidence of low temperatures at high altitudes, whereas alien species appeared to be confined to lower altitudinal sites on Marion Island, possibly as a consequence of extreme low temperatures at higher altitudes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaat is een van die grootste faktore wat die verpreiding en digthede van dier en plantspesies bepaal. Soos wat klimaatsverandering plaasvind, kan spesies migreer om stresvolle klimaatstoestande te vermy, of hulle kan aanpas by plaaslike omstandighede. Dit is die laasgenoemde opsie wat in hierdie tesis ondersoek was. Die opsporing van Porcellio scaber Latreille, 1804 (Isopoda Porcellionidae) en 'n Aphidius wesp van Marion Eiland word hier aangeteken. Die huidige verspreiding van houtluise in die omgewing van die Navorsingstasie dui daarop dat hulle die eiland waarskynlik vanaf Kaapstad in bou-materiaal bereik het. Die wesp is gedurende 2003 ontdek en is tans versprei langs die oostelike kuslyn van Marion Eiland. Beide hierdie spesies plant suksesvol voort op Marion Eiland. Die wesp spesie parasiteer die uitheemse plantluis Rhopalosiphum padi. Uitheemse muise en die inheemse kleinskedebek weier tot dusver om P. scaber te eet. Die ontdekking van twee nuwe uitheemse spesies dui weereens op die konflik tussen bewaring en benutting van die Suidsee Eilande. Ten spyte daarvan dat aansienlike aandag gewy is aan die hoë- en lae temperatuur toleransies van insekte, is daar talle taksa wat selde nagevors word. Dié toleransies is dus nagevors vir die boekluis Antarctopsocus jeanneli Badennel (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae) van Marion Eiland. Die spesie is vries vermydend, en meer spesifiek, matig verkoelingsbestand. Veldvars A. jeanneli het 'n gemiddelde superverkoelingspunt van - 11.1 °C gehad, en letale temperature (LTSO) van -7.7 °C, wat aandui dat individue vrek voordat hulle vnes, Hierdie spesie reageer op akklimasie: gemiddelde superverkoelingspunt het toegeneem van -15.8 °C na akklimasie by 0 °C tot -7.3 °C na akklimasie by 15 oe. Die effek van akklimasie op temperatuur toleransie in insekte het dusver meestalop Drosophila gefokus. Hier vors ons die effek van akklimasie op die temperatuur toleransie van Halmaeusa atriceps (Styphylynidae) na. In die somer en winter was die lae letale temperature van kewers en larwes onderskeidelik -7.6 ± 0.03 en -11.1 ± 0.06 °C. Superverkoelingspunte (SVP) het meer gevarieer, met SVP van -5.4 ± 0.4 °C in larwes en -6.3 ± 0.8 oe in kewers. Die spesie IS verkoelingsvatbaar in die somer en matig vriesbestand in die winter, wat dui op akklimatisasie in hierdie spesie. Kritiese termale minima het tussen -3.6 ± 0.2 en -0.6 ± 0.2 oe in larwes, en tussen -4.1 ± 0.1 tot -0.8 ± 0.2 oe in kewers gewissel. Hierdie spesie blyk dieselfde fisiologiese tendense wat in insekte te vinde is uit te beeld, maar verskil in verskeie opsigte van ander insekte op Marion Eiland. Hierdie studie het ook die verskillende reaksies van inheemse en uitheemse springsterte met betrekking tot temperatuur akklimasie bestudeer. Die voordelige-akklimasie hipotese en sy alternatiewe hipoteses is in terme van akklimasiereaksies tot desikkasie weerstand, superverkoeling en lae- en hoë temperatuur bestandheid in Marion Eiland springsterte getoets. Die uitheemse springsterte (Pogonognathellus jlavescens, Isotomurus cf palustris en Ceratophysella denticulata) het nie beter fenotipiese plastisiteit getoon as die inheemse spesies (Cryptopygus antarcticus en Tullbergia bisetosa) nie. Die inheemse spesies het egter beter gevaar onder lae-temperatuur toestande. Die voordeligeakklimasie hipotese ontvang nie veelondersteuning in die huidige studie nie, maar kon in sommige gevalle nie van die alternatiewe hipoteses onderskei word nie. Klimaatsverandering mag uitheemse spesies bevoordeel. Die rol wat temperatuur in die verspreiding en fisiologiese toleransies van invertebrate speel word lank reeds waardeer. Daarom vors hierdie studie die mikrohabitat temperature teen 'n gradient tussen seespieël en 800 m bo seespieël (m bs) oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar op Marion Eiland na. Gemiddelde temperature is vergelykbaar met die van vorige studies op Marion Eiland, en neem af soos wat hoogte bo seespieël toeneem. Die 800 m bs studie-gebied het die mees stresvolle mikrohabitat-toestande ondervind (die hoogste absolute maksimum, laagste absolute minimum temperature, en die meeste vries-ontdooi siklusse). Inheemse spesies op Marion Eiland toon hoër.toleransies tot lae temperature as uiheemse spesies, laasgenoemde kom slegs voor by laer hoogtes bo seespieël, waar ekstreme ternperatuur-toestande dalk minder volop is. Klimaatsverwarming mag egter tot 'n toename in ekstreme weerstoestande lei op Marion Eiland, wat aansienlike mortaliteit in invertebraat populasies kan veroorsaak.

The aim of this study is to analyse the patterns of ancient myths that can be found in the novel Le Petit Prince by Antoine Saint-Exupery. In order to understand the culture and human behavior we will draw parallels to ancient myths and through the discovered myths in the novel, we will use the help of Carl Gustav Jung’s theory about the human psyche. The main questions are the following :  What are the patterns of ancient myths in the novel Le Petit Prince ? Do these myths carry any messages that we, as readers, can learn from ? In the introduction, a theorical backround is given which defines the concept of myth and explains briefly Jung’s theory. Our analysis shows that although myths differ from one another they all have the same roots. By this means, all characters in myths are archetypes that, according to Jung, are the same through history and in every culture. By studying the archetypes in this novel, like the divine child, Anima/Animus, the Sages etc., we are able to understand the plot more clearly. We are also aware of patterns that seem to repeat themselves through the generations. Our conclusion is that humans adapt easily to their surroundings and eventually lose their self-awareness. Therefore Saint-Exupery sends readers the message that we have to wake ourselves up to truly live our lives. Also we discovered that numerous archetypes that are present in all of myths, give us clues to self-realization, thus myths are necessary for people of all ages.

Cette thèse se concentre sur l’ensemble du carteggio diplomatique machiavélien : les lettres administratives (ou écrits de gouvernement) envoyées depuis Florence, et celles que Machiavel rédige lors de ses missions à l’extérieur de la cité. Cette correspondance témoigne des pratiques culturelles de l'écriture et de toutes les transformations sociolinguistiques qu'elles recouvrent en amont. La dimension pratique d'une telle correspondance, comme usage, comme application concrète, est double : d’un côté, la rédaction de lettres mais aussi d'écrits de gouvernement qui participent d'une même « mécanique institutionnelle » ; de l’autre, leur archivage, à savoir les processus socio-culturels qui fondent la volonté de conserver ces traces et ces formes de mémoire publique. La méthodologie adoptée pour exploiter le corpus des Legazioni, des Commissarie et des Scritti di governo relève d’une association entre les méthodes traditionnelles de la philologie et les techniques de l’informatique (Humanités Numériques et de Digital Studies) : c’est au croisement de ces champs disciplinaire que j’ai conçu la modélisation d’un logiciel d’analyse de mon corpus (Machiato).Nous avons cherché à expliciter la thèse de la précarité du politique selon trois thématiques : l’analyse des bouleversements induits par la multiplication des conflits ; les conséquences des guerres sur la conception du Stato comme sur les pratiques et enfin, la multiplication et la confusion des temporalités propres au monde politique.Les acteurs se voient contraints de réduire les temps de spéculation et de théorisation politiques afin de parer à l’état d’urgence, un état de guerre permanent et nouveau. Les LCSG permettent d’assister à la construction du regard machiavélien et plus précisément, aux différentes tentatives de fonder la pratique en incluant la précarité, non pas comme source de désorientation mais comme spécificité de l’agir en politique. / This thesis focuses on the entire Machiavellian diplomatic carteggio (Legazioni, Commissarie, Scritti di governo). This correspondence reflects cultural practices of writing and all the sociolinguistic transformations they cover. The methodology is a combination between traditional philological methods and computer technology (Digital Humanities and Digital Studies): it is the intersection of these disciplinary fields I have conceived a software to analyze my corpus (Machiato). The argument of the the political instability has been developed in three stages: analyzing the upheavals triggered by the proliferation of conflicts; the impact of war on the conception of Stato as on practices and finally, multiplication and confusion of temporalities of the political world. Individuals are forced to reduce the time of speculation and theorizing to respond to the state of emergency, a state of permanent war. The LCSG allow to identify the steps in the construction of the Machiavellian perspective and more specifically, the various attempts to found the practice including insecurity, not as a source of disorientation but as specificity of action in politics.

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