Esta dissertação tem como proposta a edição semidiplomática justalinear de testamentos do século XVII (1651-1700), conservados no Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Taubaté, Felix Guisard Filho. O trabalho visa a oferecer a publicação de uma edição fidedigna de 37 testamentos, para os estudos filológicos, linguísticos, históricos e culturais do período colonial brasileiro. Apresenta-se o estudo histórico da vila de São Francisco das Chagas de Taubaté no século XVII, época em que foram escritos os testamentos, e o estudo filológico, que contempla a análise diplomática, codicológica e paleográfica dos manuscritos. Segue-se a edição semidiplomática e constam no fim do trabalho dois Apêndices com os índices de topônimos e antropônimos. A análise paleográfica apresenta-se em quadros dos 37 diferentes punhos que lavraram os testamentos. O exame paleográfico tem o objetivo de identificar as variações gráficas do período, buscando oferecer subsídios para o estudo da escrita seiscentista do Brasil colonial, visto que a bibliografia a respeito é muito escassa. A edição semidiplomática, acompanhada do fac-símile, será o resultado do trabalho. O corpus estudado é relevante para o estudo representativo do estado da língua portuguesa na segunda metade do século XVII / This dissertation proposes the justalinear semidiplomatic edition of testaments dated from 17th century (1651-1700), conserved at the Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Taubaté, Felix Guisard Filho. The work aims to offer a reliable publication of an edition of 37 testaments to philological, linguistic, historical and cultural studies of Brazilian colonial period. Presents the historical study of the Village of São Francisco das Chagas de Taubaté during 17th century, period that testaments were written, and a philological study, that include diplomatic, codicological and paleographic analysis of the manuscripts. It follows the semidiplomatic editing and listed at the end of work two appendices with Toponyms and Anthroponyms index. The paleographic analysis presents in tables with 37 different handwriting who wrote the wills. The paleographical examination aims to identify the graphics variation during the period, seeking to provide subsidies to the writing study in colonial Brazil during the 17th century, as literature about this subject is very uncommon. The semidiplomatic edition, followed by facsimile will be the result of the work. The corpus studied is relevant to representative study of the state of the Portuguese language in the second half of the 17th century

O presente trabalho propõe uma nova perspectiva ao debate sobre bailes e danças na Espanha do século XVII. Diante das variadas classificações que a bibliografia intenta formular, observa-se uma preocupação em distinguir os dois conceitos. Nesse sentido, os bailes são colocados como descompostos em seus gestos e exercitados por subalternos, enquanto as danças apresentam compostura e são realizadas pelas elites. Entretanto, há divergências entre os autores e contradições em uma mesma classificação, as quais se manifestam de acordo com as fontes utilizadas. Ao analisar as fontes, nota-se que suas formulações sobre tais práticas corporais são construídas a partir de uma moral gestual e por um ideal cortesão. Logo, trata-se de representações elaboradas pela articulação daqueles valores e ideais, e não de uma realidade. Partindo dessas constatações, coloca-se a hipótese de que a maior repressão e depreciação aos bailes, ou a tal conceito, seria uma forma mais eficaz da Igreja controlar e reformar tais práticas, pois os bailes eram realizados pelas distintas ordens sociais e em diversos ambientes, como na própria igreja, além de terem sido os mais representados nos palcos durante o processo da teatralização. / This dissertation thesis proposes to develop a new perspective to the debate on balls and dances in seventeenth-century Spain. Given the various attempts to classify, there is in the up-to-date bibliography a need to distinguish both concepts from each other. Thus, balls are said to be decomposed in its gestures and performed by lower social classes, while dances preserve their composure and is performed by the elites. However, there is a disagreement between authors that contradicts the same classification, as can be seen in different sources used by them. By analyzing the sources, it´s evident that its foundation lies on bodily practices built under a moral gesture and an ideal courtier. Thus, these are representations wrought out from values and ideals, not from a reality. Based on these findings, our hypothesis is that the greater repression and depreciation of balls or similar concepts would be a more effective way that the Church used to control and reform these practices, for the balls were performed by different social orders, to an extent, the church in itself, besides being the first mostly depicted on stage during the process of dramatization.

This dissertation argues that the Williams Harvey's novel conceptualization of the circulation developed from a set of concerns and sensitivities that Harvey shared with merchants and courtiers, and that it emerged at the courts of King James and King Charles, alongside a new conceptualizations of commercial circulation. As a brother to merchants and a physician to kings during the commercial crises of the 1620s, Harvey was exposed to ways of thinking about circulation that he used to make sense of the disparate observations he made about the motion of the heart and blood. Harvey's famous quantitative argument, the thought experiment at the center of his conceptualization of the blood, was an exercise in accounting. Through a process of "reckoning," and "by laying of account," Harvey balanced blood like a merchant balances books, conceptualizing arterial and venous blood as fungible. Harvey showed that there was a recirculation of blood through the heart. Over time, these aspects of Harvey's circulation became easier to overlook; the Great Fire of 1666 destroyed the most tangible artifacts of Harvey's mercantile sociability, such as his fine Persian rugs or the collection of marvels contained in the library and museum that Harvey established at the College of Physicians of London. By situating Harvey among courtiers and royal patrons who were concerned with the circulation of cloths, dyestuffs, coin, and bullion, this dissertation aims to add to the burgeoning literature on the scientific revolution that posits a multitude of different scientific practitioners with diverse philosophical commitments and varied connections to other facets of early modern life, while stressing key conceptual changes in Harvey's thought.

"Drawing as a Way of Knowing: Architectural Survey in the Late Renaissance" explores a group of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century architectural manuscripts that are each part of a network of copies. Made by French and Italian draftsmen studying ancient and modern Roman monuments from the 1560s to the 1640s, the drawings contain information about the buildings--which include the Pantheon and Saint Peter's--that is not known from any other sources. Yet the information that the drawings preserve is only part of their value: the drawings also show how that information was recorded, transferred, and valued by other draftsmen. With a special focus on chronological complications, "Drawing as a Way of Knowing" examines the singularities that are produced when draftsmen try to repeat pictorial statements exactly. These chronological complications include the representation of elements that no longer exist, that never existed, or that collapse several distinct chronological moments into a single image. All these complications can be found in the network of drawings now found in the Goldschmidt and Scholz Scrapbooks in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ms XII. D. 74 in the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, the Cronstedt Collection of the Stockholm Nationalmuseum, the album known as Architectura Civile in the Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo at Windsor Castle, codex Destailleur D at the Berlin Kunstbibliothek, the Album François Derand at the Louvre, and Ms B 2. 3 at the Worcester College Library at Oxford. This dissertation examines this web of manuscripts to consider how drawing was used as a way of knowing after the invention of print.

This thesis examines how biblical typology was used in early modern Scotland. It focuses on the works of the Aberdonian minister and theologian, William Guild (1586–1657), who was one of the most prominent seventeenth-­‐century typological exegetes. His handbook, Moses Unvailed (1620), has been repeatedly noted as one of the key works in the development of Protestant typology. Yet his typological exegesis has not been properly explored. Indeed, detailed analysis of Guild’s life and works has been lacking. This study seeks to address those issues. Chapter One offers an updated biography of Guild, focusing on his intellectual development and religious involvement. Chapter Two provides the first detailed study of the theological influences on, and beliefs undergirding, Moses Unvailed, showing that Guild’s typological exegesis became more Christocentric in the period between 1608 and 1620. Chapters Three and Four explore the varied uses of typology in Guild’s sermons, biblical study aids, polemical works, and political treatises, drawing comparisons with his Scottish contemporaries. Chapter Three examines how typology was used in works addressed to godly audiences, while Chapter Four focuses on how typology was used in works aimed at theological opponents and political authorities. These chapters suggest that typology was consistently used – either directly or indirectly – to edify Reformed Protestants. Chapter Five turns to Guild’s commentaries to consider how typology related to allegorical, moral, and prophetic exegesis. This chapter argues that while typology was rarely Guild’s primary interpretative approach it still served vital functions in allowing him to reinforce, clarify, and expand his expositions. This thesis provides the first study of early modern typology in a Scottish context and also represents the most detailed engagement with Guild’s works to date. It challenges the divisions that have been drawn by scholars between different applications of typology and argues that Guild’s distinction between types and comparisons offers a more helpful way of understanding the varied uses of typology in early modern Scotland. From this analysis a clearer understanding of the functions of typology for early modern exegetes emerges. This thesis argues that while, for Guild and his contemporaries, typology served to demonstrate how the Old Testament reveals Christ, they were frequently drawn to this approach because it also gave them a biblically and providentially grounded means of articulating their vision of Protestant godliness.

Esta dissertação tem como proposta a edição semidiplomática justalinear de testamentos do século XVII (1651-1700), conservados no Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Taubaté, Felix Guisard Filho. O trabalho visa a oferecer a publicação de uma edição fidedigna de 37 testamentos, para os estudos filológicos, linguísticos, históricos e culturais do período colonial brasileiro. Apresenta-se o estudo histórico da vila de São Francisco das Chagas de Taubaté no século XVII, época em que foram escritos os testamentos, e o estudo filológico, que contempla a análise diplomática, codicológica e paleográfica dos manuscritos. Segue-se a edição semidiplomática e constam no fim do trabalho dois Apêndices com os índices de topônimos e antropônimos. A análise paleográfica apresenta-se em quadros dos 37 diferentes punhos que lavraram os testamentos. O exame paleográfico tem o objetivo de identificar as variações gráficas do período, buscando oferecer subsídios para o estudo da escrita seiscentista do Brasil colonial, visto que a bibliografia a respeito é muito escassa. A edição semidiplomática, acompanhada do fac-símile, será o resultado do trabalho. O corpus estudado é relevante para o estudo representativo do estado da língua portuguesa na segunda metade do século XVII / This dissertation proposes the justalinear semidiplomatic edition of testaments dated from 17th century (1651-1700), conserved at the Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Taubaté, Felix Guisard Filho. The work aims to offer a reliable publication of an edition of 37 testaments to philological, linguistic, historical and cultural studies of Brazilian colonial period. Presents the historical study of the Village of São Francisco das Chagas de Taubaté during 17th century, period that testaments were written, and a philological study, that include diplomatic, codicological and paleographic analysis of the manuscripts. It follows the semidiplomatic editing and listed at the end of work two appendices with Toponyms and Anthroponyms index. The paleographic analysis presents in tables with 37 different handwriting who wrote the wills. The paleographical examination aims to identify the graphics variation during the period, seeking to provide subsidies to the writing study in colonial Brazil during the 17th century, as literature about this subject is very uncommon. The semidiplomatic edition, followed by facsimile will be the result of the work. The corpus studied is relevant to representative study of the state of the Portuguese language in the second half of the 17th century

The popular image of Richard III remains, even today, deeply indebted to Shakespeare's portrayal; however, the century following the publication of Shakespeare's play in 1597 witnessed a fresh and vibrant re-evaluation of this character in a diverse range of texts from poems and history works to pamphlets. While many authors still perpetuated the negative Tudor image, original writings challenged this ingrained view and resulted in a more nuanced assessment of Richard III than the one pervading the sixteenth century. The present thesis investigates a range of seventeenth-century texts about Richard III which shed new light on the reception of Shakespeare's play, bring unique testimony to the contemporary understanding of tyranny, and capture specific social and political anxieties of the period: the end of the Tudor dynasty, the conflict between the Crown and Parliament culminating in the Civil Wars, and the execution of Charles I. These texts offer a fuller picture of the contemporary literary-political climate, while illuminating the role of historical memory in forming national consciousness, including the forging and dismantling of myths. The thesis analyses seventeenth-century responses to Richard III in historiography, legal and constitutional debates, poetry, plays, and the visual arts. The first two chapters demonstrate that historians and legal theorists during the Stuart reign and the Civil Wars proved unexpected advocates of Richard III. Challenging the traditional narrative of Tudor chronicles, they reappraised Richard's election by parliament and his moderate taxation policies and contrasted them with the controversial high-taxation programmes of the Stuarts. The third chapter offers a re-evaluation of Richard's portraits which betray hitherto unnoticed marks of ageism as a symbol of governmental inadequacy. The chapter explores visual art as a distinct incarnation of historical commentary. Chapter four examines the depictions of Richard's conscience in poems by Richard Niccols and Christopher Brooke. The final two chapters analyse two extensive poems on Richard III. John Beaumont's 'Bosworth Field' (1629) offers an original account of the battle and Richard III as a study of patriotism and leadership. Thomas Wincoll's Plantagenets Tragicall Story (1649) transforms Richard III into a vehicle of anti-Cromwellian political allegory in the time of the regicide. By reconstructing the life of Wincoll, a royalist poet from a puritan family, the chapter outlines the contradictory nexus of convictions which underlie Civil War literature. Overall, my thesis argues that Richard III evolved from the plainly negative tyrant of Tudor chronicles to a more complex figure, resulting in a more original and balanced portrayal of his character in the seventeenth century.

Em nossa dissertação de Mestrado analisamos o conjunto de quatro pinturas retabulares encomendadas na década de 40 do século XVII para ornar a capela do hoje extinto Convento dos Capuchinhos da Paciência de Cristo de Madri (1651-1836). Estas pinturas narram a lenda que ficou conhecida como a do Santo Cristo da Paciência ou do Cristo das Injurias, e figuram o ataque de um grupo de pessoas a um crucifixo que, enquanto sofre tal desacato, expressa o seu poder milagroso através da fala e do jorro de sangue. Nosso objetivo foi, por meio da análise dessas pinturas, entender o significado das imagens religiosas para a cristandade espanhola deste período e o quanto os ataques iconoclastas preocupavam os membros da Igreja católica e seus fiéis de modo geral, a ponto de gerar a encomenda de tais obras. Para tal, investigamos este corpus de imagens em dois níveis fundamentais: analisando seus elementos formais e temáticos; e sua relação com o cristianismo a encomenda e o debate sobre as imagens, sobre seus usos e funções nas práticas cultuais do catolicismo na Espanha do século XVII. / In our master dissertation we analyzed the group of four altarpieces commissioned in the 1640s to decorate the chapel of the extinct Capuchin Convent of Patience Christ of Madrid (1651-1836). These paintings ndepict the legend that became known as the Holy Christ of the Patience or Christ of the Injuries, and represent the attack of a group of people to a crucifix which, while suffering such disrespect, expressed his miraculous power through speech and the blood gush. Our aim was, through the analysis of these paintings, to understand the meaning of these religious images for Spanish Christendom in this period and how the iconoclastic attacks were a source of worry for the members of the Catholic Church and the faithful in general so as to generate a commission for such works. For this purpose, we investigated this corpus of images on two fundamental levels: analyzing their formal and thematic elements; and its relation to Christianity - the commission and the debate about images, their uses and functions in cultual practices of Catholicism in seventeenth century Spain.

Travel literature has been understood to comment on the expectations and impressions of the traveler as they encountered foreign spaces, customs, and people. There has been an unspoken understanding, at best, that travelers who wrote their tales used these foreign spaces to engage in debates that were meaningful to their domestic audience. However, the author has been central to much of the analysis, disconnecting travel literature from other linguistic exercises that more directly offered observations that were directly rooted in domestic culture. Author-centered analysis isolates the traveler from the wider world in which they engaged. It also ignores the other voices that are inherent in the works. As the disparate kingdoms of England and Scotland began their process of unification under King James VI and I, society did not emerge as distinctly novel in a short period of time. Religious beliefs inherited from a unified Christian Europe helped travelers engage with other confessions. They also provided models to help travelers both understand their experiences and relate them to their readers. Powerful Christian ideas, such as martyrdom, pilgrimage, and shared devotion, infused the thoughts of travelers, readers, and those who brought the two together in the marketplace. The travel works relating William Lithgow's adventures at the dawn of the seventeenth century provide an exceptional opportunity to glimpse the development of a traveler's identity. They also provide the opportunity to place the various editions within the context of his domestic culture, as he was re-inculcated before once again debarking on new adventures. As England and Scotland fluctuated between a state of stronger alliance and greater distance, Lithgow became a subtle example of political and religious unity. Understanding that early modern Europeans, in general, travelers more specifically required the ability to easily adopt variant persona are critical to recognizing the protagonist of an adventure tale as a political partisan and tolerant zealot.

La riforma attuata nel ramo femminile dell'ordine di San Benedetto da Catherine Mectilde de Bar [Madre Mectilde del Santissimo Sacramento] (1614-1698). La formazione, l'opera e gli incontri della religiosa lorenese sullo sfondo delle vicende politiche ed ecclesiali della Francia del XVII secolo. Gli aspetti storici, istituzionali e teologici legati alla fondazione e allo sviluppo dell'Istituto delle benedettine dell'Adorazione Perpetua del Santissimo Sacramento. / The reform realised by Catherine Mectilde de Bar [Mother Mectilde of the Most Holy Sacrament] (1614-1698) in the feminine branch of the Benedictine Order. The formation, the works and the writings of this nun from Lorraine in the midst of the political and ecclesial events in seventeenth century France. The historical, institutional and theological aspects connected with the foundation and the development of the institute of the Benedictine nuns of the perpetual adoration of the Most Holy Sacrament.