Thesis (D. Min.)--Logos Evangelical Seminary, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-236).

Thesis advisor: O. Ernesto Valiente / Thesis advisor: Benjamin Valentin / The thesis focuses on two historical forms of oppression: economic and racial, as well as two attempts to theologize these phenomena: one by Jon Sobrino, an author writing from the perspective of El Salvador and Latin America, and the other by James H. Cone, the founder of black liberation theology. Both theologians construct a link between the contemporary oppressed and the theological categories of cross and salvation. In Cone's and Sobrino's view, the perspective of historical victims allows for a better understanding of the biblical account of Jesus' death and resurrection. At the same time, the reality of oppression itself can only be fully understood in the light of Jesus' story, which creates a specific hermeneutical loop. At the center of this thesis lies the category of the crucified people, essential to Sobrino's theology, and the analogy between the cross and the lynching tree introduced by Cone. The proposed analysis juxtaposes some key elements of the two authors' writings and the historical contexts of their reflections. It shows where their interpretations meet, in what elements they differ, and how they can aid each other in constructing the perspective of historical soteriology. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Thesis (D.Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2006. / Includes prospectus. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 307-316).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 307-316).

Traditional theories of atonement have been criticized from a feminist theological perspective for making the suffering and death of Jesus salvific, but there are also feminist theologians that propose a retrieval of the theology of the cross and atonement. The purpose in this thesis is to critically analyze three Lutheran feminists theologians interpretations of the theology of the cross and theology of atonement. This analysis will then be used in a discussion on how a constructive contribution to a Lutheran feminist theology of atonement can be formulated. My research question is “How can a modern Lutheran feminist position concerning atonement and the theology of the cross be formulated so that it is credible in the light of radical feminist criticism?” First, I present Rita Nakashima Brock and Rebecca Ann Parkers radical feminist criticism and present six models that criticizes theories of atonement. Second, I analyze three Lutheran and feminist theologians. The Lutheran feminist theologians that I analyze in this thesis is Deanna Thompson, Arnfríður Guðmundsdóttir and Caryn D. Riswold. The method I use to analyze the Lutheran feminist theologians is the theologian Sofia Camnerins atonement model, which focus on the aspects of "from-transition-to". Brock and Park criticize theories of atonement and Jesus death on the cross as salvific because it makes meaning out of suffering and which in their view has negative interpretation and negative consequences on women’s lives.  Brock and Parker also problematize the theology of atonement to be hurtful for victims of abuse and violence. Thompson propose a feminist theology of the cross and interprets atonement as God befriending humanity.  Guðmundsdóttir also propose a feminist theology of the cross and focus on that God is the one suffering on the cross. Riswold propose that atonement should be viewed through a sacramental and ecclesiological understanding. The conclusion that I present in this thesis is that all three Lutheran feminist theologians have a strong focus on the relational aspect of atonement.  A modern Lutheran feminist position that is credible in the light of radical feminist criticism takes this relational aspect of atonement seriously.

[pt] A reflexão cristológica nos últimos anos tem procurado responder às questões sobre Jesus Cristo trazidas ao longo dos séculos pela Igreja através do Novo Testamento e dos dogmas cristológicos. Uma dessas questões é o significado da cruz de Jesus. Na América Latina foram desenvolvidas várias reflexões a partir do seu próprio poço partindo do Jesus histórico. Dentre elas destaca-se a do teólogo Jon Sobrino. Sua reflexão é uma proposta de condução ao sentido original da cruz a partir de nossa realidade ainda marcada por tanto sofrimento humano e onde os crucificados são uma grande maioria. Nossa dissertação busca apresentar possíveis consequências para todas as pessoas, principalmente para os seguidores de Jesus Cristo, para se vivenciar uma prática mais humana e humanizadora quando o ponto de partida é a compreensão da cruz proposta por Sobrino. / [en] The Christological reflection the last years has sought to answer the questions about Jesus Christ that has been brought up through the centuries by the Church through the New Testament and Christological dogmas. One such issue is what is the meaning of the Jesus cross. In Latin America there were developed several reflections from their own well based on the historical Jesus. Among them the theologian Jon Sobrino stands out. His reflection is a proposal of direction towards the original meaning of the cross from our reality still marked by so much human suffering and crucified are a large majority. Our dissertation aims to discuss possible consequences for all people, especially for followers of Jesus Christ, to experience a more human and humanizing practice when the starting point is the understanding of the Cross proposed by Sobrino.

Esta dissertação trata do espaço da pessoa surda e de sua convivência com os ouvintes numa congregação cristã. A partir de um modelo de trabalho com surdos numa congregação cristã, levanto questões sobre a possibilidade do convívio entre surdos e ouvintes, o espaço de cada um e fatores práticos relevantes no atendimento aos surdos. A reflexão inicia com o primeiro capítulo que destaca aspectos históricos da deficiência. Apresento a pessoa do surdo, sua língua e sua cultura, história e comunidade. Ao final do capítulo, apresento o intérprete, como profissional da LIBRAS, sua ética e postura. No segundo capítulo, a ênfase é teológica. Reflito sobre as causas da deficiência, sua relação com o pecado original e com o castigo divino, focando a Teologia da Cruz de Lutero. Em seguida, trato do surdo no contexto bíblico e a atitude de Jesus para com a pessoa surda. E, termino o capítulo abordando a Igreja como corpo de Cristo e a sua diaconia com os surdos. No terceiro capítulo, levanto questões práticas referentes ao modelo da Missão Surdos, a partir do qual busco indicar ações viáveis, bem como apontar a possibilidade de mudanças neste trabalho. O resultado desta pesquisa indica a possibilidade de uma convivência digna e respeitosa entre surdos e ouvintes, bem como a importância dos surdos terem os seus momentos em separado. / This work aims to discuss the space of the deaf person and his/her contact with hearing people at a christian congregation. From the model of a work with the deafs at a christian congregation, I come into questions about the possibility of contact between deaf and hearing people, the space of each other and the relevant aspects at the deafs work. In first chapter I highlight historical aspects of the handicaps. Next, I present the deaf person and his/her culture. In the end of this chapter, I introduce the interpreter, his/her ethics and posture as a professional of LIBRAS. In the second chapter, the main issue is teology. Through a reflective thinking I analyze the motive of handicap and the relation with the original sin, the divine punishment, focusing on the Theology of the Cross of Luther. After that, I deal with the deaf on the biblical context and the atitude of Jesus with the deaf person. I end this chapter pointing out the Church as Christs body and his diacony with the deafs. In the third chapter I analyze the work with deaf people and the implications in a hearing congregation. The results of this study indicate the possibility of a joint work with deaf and hearing people and also point out the importance of having separated moments.

Thesis (doctoral)--Dortmund, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-295).

[pt] A kénosis de Jesus evidencia o ser profundo de Deus - pathos. Ela revela, no esvaziamento de Cristo - esvaziamento obediente ao Pai até morte de cruz -, que o Deus das escrituras é um Deus passível, próximo à humanidade em seu sofrimento, é amor e por ser amor - apaixonado e sofredor - sofre com os sofrimentos de sua criação. Seu sofrimento, no entanto, não constitui uma carência de seu ser, mas sua onipotência no amor. O pathos de Deus evidenciado na kénosis de Jesus difere muito do Deus da filosofia clássica, cuja existência implica a ordenação do mundo como um motor imóvel ou como o sujeito absoluto da modernidade que recebe a subjetividade de sua criação, portanto, um Deus apático, indiferente às vicissitudes da história humana. Jesus, em sua kénosis, revela o ser humano como o evento da gratuita autocomunicação de Deus e no ponto culminante de seu esvaziamento - abandono e morte de cruz – acolhe os sofredores, justifica os ímpios e vivifica os mortos em sua comunhão com o Pai e com o Espírito que procede dessa comunhão amorosa. Sendo assim, os objetivos desse trabalho são: proporcionar uma nova perspectiva para a compreensão de Deus, que norteia a fé cristã, através de Jesus Cristo. Este em sua vida e profunda intimidade autocomunica o pathos de Deus e isso pôde ser constatado nesta pesquisa a partir dos diversos livros e artigos consultados para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Portanto, concluímos que Jesus em sua kénosis autocomunica o pathos de Deus. / [en] The kenosis of Jesus evidences the profound being of God - pathos. It Vreveals, in the emptying of Christ - obedient emptying to the Father until death on the cross - that the God of scripture is a passible God, close to humanity in its suffering, He is love and because being love - passionate and suffering - suffers with the sufferings of His creation. His suffering, however, is not a lack of His being, but His omnipotence in love. God s pathos that is evidenced in the kenosis of Jesus differs at all from the god of classical philosophy, whose existence implies the ordering of the world as a motionless motor or as the absolute subject of modernity which receives the subjectivity of its creation, therefore, it is an Apathetic god, indifferent to the vicissitudes of human history. Jesus, in his kenosis, reveals the human being as the event of God s gratuitous selfcommunication and at the culmination of his emptying - abandonment and death on the cross - He welcomes the suffering, He justifies the ungodly and He vivifies the dead in their communion with the Father and with the Spirit that proceeds from this loving communion. Thus, the objectives of this work are: to provide a new perspective for the understanding of God, that guides the Christian faith, through Jesus Christ. Jesus in his life and deep self-communion intimacy communicate God s pathos and this could be verified in this research from the many books and articles that were consulted for the development of this work. Therefore, we conclude that Jesus in His kenosis self-communicates God s pathos.

Saint Francis' quest for the Crucified through the San Damiano Cross Abstract The encounter with the Crucified is the constitutive element of the spirituality of Saint Francis of Assisi. The objective of my thesis is finding the deeper understanding of Francis' perception of the cross. The topic should be elucidated by the San Damiano Cross Icon and other moments of the Saint of Assisi's life. The study of Francis' relation to the cross will be put into an appropriate context: the theology of the cross is mainly ingrained in the Jesus Christ's Mystery of Easter. This knowledge is deepened in life of the Early Church and, through the enriching epoch-making interposition even the "poor little" of Assisi may experience its fruits. In the fundamental part of the text I will organize the key materials for the study of Francis' relation to the crucified Christ contained in the franciscan sources with the help of the newest literature. Therefore the thesis will offer a complex view to one of the crucial moments of Francis' conversion. Keywords Saint Francis of Assisi, San Damiano, icon, cross, theology of the cross, The Crucified, history of the cross, speaking cross, franciscan sources, St. Paul, St. Bonaventure