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Bio-based flax fiber polymer composites (FFPC) have the potential to replace metals and synthetic fibers in certain applications due to their unique mechanical properties. However, the long term reliability of FFPC needs to be better understood. In this study, the fatigue limit was evaluated using mathematical, thermographic, and energy-based approaches. Each approach determined fatigue limits around 45% load of ultimate tensile strength at a loading frequency of 5 Hz. Thermographic and energy-based approaches were also implemented at different loading frequencies (5, 7, 10, and 15 Hz) to define the effect of loading frequency on the fatigue life. Fatigue limit was found to decrease slowly with increasing loading frequency. Moreover, two forms of damage energy (thermal and micro-mechanical) during cyclic loading was separated using an experimental approach to pinpoint the main responsible damage energy for decreasing fatigue limit with increasing loading frequency.

Thermometry measurements were carried out using planar laser induced phosphorescence in conjunction with thermographic phosphors in heated turbulent jets and laminar flames in order to further develop the technique for usage in flames. Two dimensional thermometry measurements are essential to improve the understanding of combustion processes, as temperature governs soot pyrolysis, leading to soot formation. Two particular thermographic phosphors, BAM and YAG:Dy were tested and compared and it was found that they were unsuitable for gas phase flame thermometry measurements. Soot volume fraction measurements were carried out using planar two colour laser induced incandescence in gaseous and liquid fuel flames. The gas fuel flames were diluted with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen individually and then with nitrogen and hydrogen together, as well as carbon dioxide and hydrogen together, separately. Results revealed the dilution effects of the gases on the soot formation process, where increasing nitrogen percentage in the flow decreased SVF, carbon dioxide reduced it further and hydrogen showed no marked difference. Biodiesels were compared with each other and with diesel in a wick burner in order to analyse their compositional effects on soot. Biodiesel composition was measured using gas chromatography. The sooting tendencies of the biodiesels were as expected, fuels with a longer average carbon chain length and a higher degree of unsaturation were found to produce more soot than shorter, more saturated fuels. Diesel was sootier than all of the biofuels tested, due to containing aromatics and a lower oxygen content. A pilot study was also done, where the performance and emissions of biofuels and biofuel-diesel blends were tested in a gas turbine engine, in order to relate the investigation to real world situations.

Monitoring the thermal behavior of material while heated or cooled is of great importance in order to understand the structural behavior of materials. This thesis aims to investigate the prospects for imaging hot materials using an RGB-camera. The main motivation of using an RGB-camera is the very simple set-up and, in comparison to thermal IR-cameras, low price. A method and code enabling thermographic measurements in the temperature range of 800°C up to 1500°C has been produced. Calibration of the RGB-camera was made, the accuracy was predicted to be poor within the temperature range of 1000°C up to about 1200°C. The poor accuracy of the calibration within this range has its source in the non-linear (and irregular) response of the CMOS sensor prohibiting a valid exposure time function to be accurately determined. The calibration is thus performed with different settings (i.e different exposure times and aperture settings) but without any correction for the setting change. The validation experiments were performed in (or very close to) the temperatures where the temperature error was predicted to be the largest. An under-estimation of approximately 30-50°C in the temperature range between 950°C and 1015°C could be seen corresponding to an absolute error of about 3-5% in this temperature range. The accuracy is however thought to increase with the temperature above a temperature of approximately 1250°C . It is possible to perform a temperature transform of target images with temperatures above 1500°C since the Look-up-table produced for the temperature transform extends to about 3000°C . However, the accuracy is unknown since no calibration or validation experiments within these ranges were performed. The result of the calibration and experiments along with the theoretical assessment within the thesis gave background to the discussion of optimal imaging system for thermographic measurements. In order to receive more accurate temperature measurements, a CCD-sensor is to prefer since producing more uniform images with a more linear and predictable response. This would most likely enable the implementation of the camera setting influence. To receive better color accuracy but mainly to prevent channel overlap a system using three sensors instead of one (as for the current imaging system) is to prefer. This would result in larger freedom of channel choice and thus, the temperature transform can somewhat be customized for the specific measured temperature ranges. A brief discussion concerning the overall choice of camera was also brought up. Since the temperature range is large and the red, green and blue channels are sensitive to temperature changes the demands on the sensor dynamic range will be high in order to receive a linear response, or even a fully predictable response, across the whole temperature range. A suggested option to the RGB-camera, still offering the very simple set up, is a dual-wavelength camera in the near (or medium wavelength) infrared range. / Kartläggning av materialförändringar vid uppvärmning eller nedkylning är av stor betydelse för förståelsen för ett materials strukturella beteende. Denna masteruppsatts syftar till att utforska utsikterna för termisk avbildning av varma material med en RGB-kamera. I detta inkluderas kalibrering av kamera, validerings experiment och teoretiska efterforskningar. Det huvudsakliga motivet för användning av en RGB-kamera är den enkla uppställningen (endast en kamera där de olika färg-lagren är alignerade) och det, i jämförelse med många IR-kameror, låga priset. En metod och en kod som möjliggör termografiska mätningar (både video och stillbild) inom temperaturområdet 800°C till 1500°C har tagits fram där kalibrering av kameran är inkluderat. Efter utförd kalibrering förutspåddes att noggrannheten av mätningarna mest troligt skulle vara bristfälliga i området 1000°C upp till cirka 1200°C.  Denna bristfälliga noggrannheten har sin grund i den icke-linjära (och i vissa fall oregelbundna) sensorresponsen vilket, i huvudsak, försvårade bestämning av exponeringstidens signalinflytande. Med anledning av detta gjordes en kalibrering med fixa inställningar, det vill säga; fixa exponeringstider och bländarinställningar för mätningar inom specifika temperaturområden, men utan korrigering vid förändring av kamerainställningar. Valideringsexperimenten som utfördes var i (eller mycket nära) det temperaturområde där de största temperaturavvikelserna förutspåddes vara.  Utförd validering av metod för temperaturavbildning visade att mätningen med RGB-kameran underskattade temperaturerna med cirka 30-50°C i temperaturområdet mellan 975-1015° motsvarar ett absolut fel på cirka 3-5% inom detta temperaturområde. Det är dock troligt att noggrannheten av mätningarna ökar då temperaturerna av det avbildade objektet är större än 1250°C då man i kalibreringsprocessen kunde se mindre avvikelser i detta område.  Med producerad look-up table (skapad i kalibreringsprocessen) är det möjligt att utföra temperaturtransformationer för avbildningar av objekt som har temperaturer över 1500°C, dock med okända osäkerheter då varken kalibrerings- eller valideringsexperiment har utförts för så pass höga temperaturer.  Resultatet av kalibreringen och experimenten, tillsammans med en teoretisk utredning av begränsningar och möjliga förbättringar vid termografiska mätningar, lade grunden till diskussion gällande optimalt bildsystem. Rekommendationer för att i framtiden utföra mer exakta termografiska mätningar med en RGB-kamera togs fram där en 3-CCD kamera föreslogs för att förbättra mätresultaten.  En CCD sensor är att föredra framför en CMOS sensor då de icke-verkliga pixel-avvikelserna inte är lika kritiska för en CCD-sensor som för en CMOS-sensor. CCD-sensorn är dessutom i många aspekter mer tillförlitlig vid vetenskapliga mätningar och har oftast mer linjär och förutsägbar respons vilket mest troligt skulle möjliggöra inkludering av exponeringstidens signalinflytande.  En kort diskussion gällande val av kanaler (våglängdsområden) som kan användas vid temperaturmätningar tas även upp i avhandlingen. Eftersom temperatur-mätområdet är stort och den röda, gröna och blå kanalen är känsliga för temperaturförändringar (liten förändring av temperatur ger stor förändring i uppmätt emission) så kommer kravet på det dynamiska omfånget av sensorn vara högt.  Ett alternativ till RGB-kameran, som fortfarande har en enkel uppställning, är en dubbel-sensor-kamera med ett dubbelt bandpass-filter i det när-infraröda (NIR) området. Detta kräver dock en utredning för hur sensorer i detta område påverkar den uppmätta signalen.

Orientador: Danilo Florentino Pereira / Resumo: O incubatório de ovos tem grande importância na cadeia produtiva, pois éa partir dele que a cadeia produtiva de frango é abastecida. Assim, a ineficiência noincubatório afeta todo o segmento. Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo deobservar os efeitos da idade da matriz pesada sobre o rendimento de incubação e aperda de calor dos ovos durante o trajeto da sala de incubação até o nascedouro.Foram incubados ovos de matrizes pesadas da linhagem Cobb de três idades: 26,32 e 53 semanas. Esses ovos foram separados em dois tratamentos, sendo T0 otratamento controle, que respeitou os procedimentos adotados normalmente pelaempresa incubadora e T1, que utilizou uma caixa térmica para o transporte dos ovosdurante a transferência. Para ambos os tratamentos a transferência durou cerca de10 minutos em todas as três repetições. Após o nascimento foi realizada a contagemdos pintos nascidos, dos ovos não eclodidos, os cálculos de eclosão eeclodibilidade, a quebra dos ovos não eclodidos para averiguar em qual momento dodesenvolvimento ocorreu mortalidade embrionária, e o peso dos pintos nascidos. Osresultados obtidos mostraram que os ovos de 26 semanas tiveram maiorinfertilidade, o que fez com que a eclosão se apresentasse menor, a eclodibilidade emortalidade não foram diferentes entre as idades. O peso dos pintinhos diferiu nastrês idades mostrando que os pintinhos de matrizes mais velhas são mais pesados.Quanto à perda de calor, os resultados mostrar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The incubatory of eggs has great importance in the production chain,since it is the supplier of the production chain. Thus, inefficiency in the incubatoryaffects the entire production chain. An experiment was performed in order to observethe effects of the broiler breeders and the heat loss of the eggs during the transferfrom the hatchery to the hatcher on the yield of the incubation. Eggs from three ages:26, 32 and 53 weeks of Cobb broiler breeders were incubated. These eggs wereseparated into two treatments: T0 as the control treatment, which complied with theprocedures normally adopted by the incubator company and T1 which used a coolerto transport the eggs during the transfer. For both treatments the transfer took about10 minutes in all the three repetitions. After the birth it was made the counting of thehatched chicks, of the unhatched eggs, the calculations of hatching and hatchability,the breaking of the unhatched eggs; all to determine at what time of the developmentthe embryonary mortality took place, and the weight of the hatched chicks. Theresults obtained showed that the eggs of the 26-week breeders had higher infertility,which led to the lower hatching. Hatchability and mortality did not differ between theages. The weight of the chicks differed in the three ages showing that the chicks ofolder breeders were heavier. Regarding the heat loss, the results showed that all theplaces evaluated had temperature and RH out of the recomme... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Gabriela Fagundes da Silva null (gabriela.fag@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-06T20:20:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO imprimir.pdf: 1071795 bytes, checksum: e66726b6241cc37dc681e6c87064094e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-07T18:09:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gf_me_dra.pdf: 1071795 bytes, checksum: e66726b6241cc37dc681e6c87064094e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T18:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gf_me_dra.pdf: 1071795 bytes, checksum: e66726b6241cc37dc681e6c87064094e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O incubatório de ovos tem grande importância na cadeia produtiva, pois é a partir dele que a cadeia produtiva de frango é abastecida. Assim, a ineficiência no incubatório afeta todo o segmento. Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de observar os efeitos da idade da matriz pesada sobre o rendimento de incubação e a perda de calor dos ovos durante o trajeto da sala de incubação até o nascedouro. Foram incubados ovos de matrizes pesadas da linhagem Cobb de três idades: 26, 32 e 53 semanas. Esses ovos foram separados em dois tratamentos, sendo T0 o tratamento controle, que respeitou os procedimentos adotados normalmente pela empresa incubadora e T1, que utilizou uma caixa térmica para o transporte dos ovos durante a transferência. Para ambos os tratamentos a transferência durou cerca de 10 minutos em todas as três repetições. Após o nascimento foi realizada a contagem dos pintos nascidos, dos ovos não eclodidos, os cálculos de eclosão e eclodibilidade, a quebra dos ovos não eclodidos para averiguar em qual momento do desenvolvimento ocorreu mortalidade embrionária, e o peso dos pintos nascidos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os ovos de 26 semanas tiveram maior infertilidade, o que fez com que a eclosão se apresentasse menor, a eclodibilidade e mortalidade não foram diferentes entre as idades. O peso dos pintinhos diferiu nas três idades mostrando que os pintinhos de matrizes mais velhas são mais pesados. Quanto à perda de calor, os resultados mostraram que todos os locais avaliados possuem temperatura e UR fora do recomendado na literatura, caracterizando o trajeto todo como ponto crítico para controle da temperatura, e que os ovos de T1 sofreram menos perda de calor nas transferências que os ovos de T0. Todavia, o tratamento com caixa térmica não proporcionou melhoria nos indicadores de eclodibilidade e peso de pintinho, para o tempo de transferência estudado. / The incubatory of eggs has great importance in the production chain, since it is the supplier of the production chain. Thus, inefficiency in the incubatory affects the entire production chain. An experiment was performed in order to observe the effects of the broiler breeders and the heat loss of the eggs during the transfer from the hatchery to the hatcher on the yield of the incubation. Eggs from three ages: 26, 32 and 53 weeks of Cobb broiler breeders were incubated. These eggs were separated into two treatments: T0 as the control treatment, which complied with the procedures normally adopted by the incubator company and T1 which used a cooler to transport the eggs during the transfer. For both treatments the transfer took about 10 minutes in all the three repetitions. After the birth it was made the counting of the hatched chicks, of the unhatched eggs, the calculations of hatching and hatchability, the breaking of the unhatched eggs; all to determine at what time of the development the embryonary mortality took place, and the weight of the hatched chicks. The results obtained showed that the eggs of the 26-week breeders had higher infertility, which led to the lower hatching. Hatchability and mortality did not differ between the ages. The weight of the chicks differed in the three ages showing that the chicks of older breeders were heavier. Regarding the heat loss, the results showed that all the places evaluated had temperature and RH out of the recommended in the literature, characterizing the whole route as critical for the temperature control, and that the eggs of T1 suffered less heat loss in the transfers than the T0 eggs. However, the treatment using the cooler did not improve the hatchability indicators and chick weight for the studied transfer time.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-01T14:24:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda.pdf: 1636861 bytes, checksum: 75751b060fb15b626d5f147c36748a99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T14:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda.pdf: 1636861 bytes, checksum: 75751b060fb15b626d5f147c36748a99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / The objective of this study was to study the influence of the periods of the year and reproductive phases on body temperature, pregnancy and milk components of cows of the Black and White Dutch breed. Cows (n = 24) of the Black and White Dutch breed aged 5.0 ± 1.3 years were used in the reproductive stages: 1 (1-95 days of pregnancy); 2 (96-190 days of pregnancy); 3 (191-285 days of pregnancy); 4 (puerperium) and 5 (non-pregnant cows), kept on pasture of Urochloa decumbens, corn silage, mineral mixture and water at will. The experiment period was 365 days, dry period (April to September) and rainy (October to March). Infrared thermography of body areas was performed every 28 ± 5 days, followed by rectal thermometry, ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pregnancy, measurement of climatic parameters, CMT examination and milk collection to study its composition. Statistical analysis was performed using the Tukey test at the significance level of 5% and in the Leeds stadium comparison. For temperatures obtained by thermograms there were differences (P <0.05) between periods of the year and reproductive phases. For the flank, lateral udder and perineal temperatures there were differences (P <0.05) between periods of the year. The udder, perineum and rectal temperatures differed for reproductive phases (P <0.05). There were significant correlations (P <0.01) between: reproductive phase with rectal temperature, ocular globe, muzzle, flank and perineum. The CMT correlated with the temperature of the different reproductive phases presented significant differences (P <0.05) in all the reproductive phases during the rainy season, there were positive correlations (P <0.01) between CMT and CCS. It was concluded that the areas of the body examined by thermographic images presented different temperatures, showing physiological variations that aid in the clinical evaluation of each of the examined areas. Infrared thermography images have also been shown to detect changes in skin surface temperature in response to varying degrees of severity of mammary gland infection, as CMT suggests. The periods of the year and reproductive phases influenced the temperature of areas of the body of milk cows. The image processing was practical, and routine thermography examination was recommended as a complement to the clinical examination. / Objetivou-se estudar a influência dos períodos do ano e fases reprodutivas na temperatura de áreas do corpo, prenhez e componentes do leite de vacas da raça Holandês Preto e Branco. Foram utilizadas vacas (n=24) da raça Holandês Preto e Branco com idade de 5,0±1,3 anos, nas fases reprodutivas: 1(1-95 dias de prenhez); 2 (96-190 dias de prenhez); 3 (191-285 dias de prenhez); 4 (puerpério) e 5 (vacas não prenhes), mantidas em pastagem de Urochloa decumbens, silagem de milho, mistura mineral e água à vontade. O período do experimento foi de 365 dias, período seco (abril a setembro) e chuvoso (outubro a março). Termografia de infravermelho de áreas do corpo foi realizada a cada 28±5 dias, seguido de termometria retal, ultrassonografia para o diagnóstico de prenhez, mensuração de parâmetros climáticos, exame de CMT e coleta de leite para estudo da sua composição. A análise estatística utilizou-se do teste Tukey ao nível de significância de 5% e na comparação estádio Leeds. Para as temperaturas obtidas por termogramas houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre períodos do ano e fases reprodutivas. Para as temperaturas do flanco, úbere lateral e períneo houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre períodos do ano. As temperaturas do úbere, períneo e temperatura retal diferiram para fases reprodutivas (P <0,05). Houve correlações significativas (P <0,01) entre: fase reprodutiva com temperatura retal, globo ocular, mufla, flanco e períneo. O CMT correlacionado com a temperatura das diferentes fases reprodutivas apresentou diferenças significativas (P<0,05) em todas as fases reprodutivas durante a estação chuvosa, houve correlações positivas (P<0,01) entre o CMT e a CCS. Conclui-se que as áreas do corpo examinadas por imagens termográficas apresentaram diferentes temperaturas, mostrando variações fisiológicas que auxiliam na avaliação clínica de cada uma das áreas examinadas. As imagens de termografia por infravermelho também se revelaram sensíveis para detectar alterações de temperatura na superfície da pele em resposta a graus variados de gravidade da infecção da glândula mamária, como sugere o CMT. Os períodos do ano e fases reprodutivas influenciaram na temperatura de áreas do corpo de vacas de leite. O processamento das imagens foi prático, sendo recomendado o exame de termografia na rotina como complementar ao exame clínico.

Thermographic phosphors are useful compounds to determine temperature, due to their luminescence characteristics being a function of temperature. In this research, Zinc Oxide: Gallium was evaluated for its ability to measure the temperature of an impact event in a drop weight apparatus. Different solids loadings of the phosphor were placed in a sylgard binder and these samples were then excited by a 355 nm laser as they were impacted. Images of the event were captured through two separate filters with a high-speed camera, from which intensity ratios were formed. These intensity ratios correlated to a temperature, revealing the change in temperature of the sample throughout the impact. Initial testing at a repetition rate of 500 kHz provided insignificant data, due to difficulties with timing. The whole impact event was not able to be captured, and the imprecise timing of the drop did not allow for imaging of a specific area of the impact. Moving to a slower repetition rate of 50 kHz, the entire impact was captured on the high-speed camera, showing three separate areas of interest. The first section of this area was where the impact was first initiated, resulting in a temperature increase. Next, there was a temperature decrease, where the energy from the drop weight transitioned to deforming, rather than heating the sample. Lastly, there was a final temperature rise when the sample was fully compressed, but the impact was still occurring. This trend presented itself in all of the samples, supporting the idea that when combined with the intensity ratio method, ZnO:Ga embedded in a sylgard binder is an appropriate method to determine the temperature changes in a high-speed impact event.

Yes / Non-invasive methods to monitor tumour growth are an important goal in cancer drug development. Thermographic imaging systems offer potential in this area, since a change in temperature is known to be induced due to changes within the tumour microenvironment. This study demonstrates that this imaging modality can be applied to a broad range of tumour xenografts and also, for the first time, the methodology’s suitability to assess anti-cancer agent efficacy. Mice bearing subcutaneously implanted H460 lung cancer xenografts were treated with a novel vascular disrupting agent, ICT-2552, and the cytotoxin doxorubicin. The effects on tumour temperature were assessed using thermographic imaging over the first 6 hours post-administration and subsequently a further 7 days. For ICT-2552 a significant initial temperature drop was observed, whilst for both agents a significant temperature drop was seen compared to controls over the longer time period. Thus thermographic imaging can detect functional differences (manifesting as temperature reductions) in the tumour response to these anti-cancer agents compared to controls. Importantly, these effects can be detected in the first few hours following treatment and therefore the tumour is observable non-invasively. As discussed, this technique will have considerable 3Rs benefits in terms of reduction and refinement of animal use. / University of Bradford