This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of the development of nitrates and phosphates in various regions of the Czech Republic. The thesis contains of the description of the circulation of groundwater and its importance to the human society, the circulation of nitrogen and phosphorus and their occurrence in waters. Further, this thesis incorporates the description of the development and the way of observation of the concentration of nitrates and phosphates in groundwater. The selection of observational objects and used methods for the evaluation of the concentrations are described in the thesis. The aim of the thesis is the determination of trends of the concentrations of nitrates and phosphates during time periods and the statistical evaluation of the progress of the concentrations in regional cities of the Czech Republic. The next part of the thesis deals with the spatial analysis of the concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in the region of České Budějovice. This area was chosen for its great amount of the observational objects with a long time period of measuring.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA008.pdf: 3688775 bytes, checksum: 4a40e070e65e6367243d2ef1f2414666 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aimed to automatic extract crowns of Araucaria angustifolia using LiDAR data and indirectly obtain dendrometric variables. To conduct the project, a LiDAR point cloud was used with an average density of 7 points/m², located in the city of Painel in Santa Catarina. Four subareas were selected so that only isolated trees would be considered. The laser scanning survey was conducted by the company Aeroimagem S/A from Curitiba, in January 2011 using a Leica ALS-60 system. In the fieldwork, isolated trees of A. angustifolia were measured to give the DBH, total height and 4 crown radius in the direction of the cardinal points. The fieldwork occurred in September and August 2013. To delineate the crowns, it was employed the segmentation methodology of Thiessen polygons. Each segment was measured in order to obtain the canopy diameter for each tree. For the calculation of dendrometric variables, linear regression was used to obtain the DBH as a function of the crown diameter. The total height was obtained directly from LiDAR data. Because of the seasonality between the LiDAR survey and fieldwork, it was necessary to apply a correction in LiDAR data using increment data of the species. Segmentation by Thiessen polygons reached an accuracy ranging between 75.2% and 91.7%. Estimating the 14 DBH the difference between the field was 3,1mm. For total height 0,19m was the difference between the data field and the LiDAR. Using the proposed methodology, it was possible to perform the measurement of the crowns of A. angustifolia and estimate dendrometric variables with satisfactory accuracy / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a medição automática de copas de Araucaria angustifolia utilizando dados LiDAR e indiretamente a obtenção de variáveis dendrométricas. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se uma nuvem de pontos LiDAR com uma densidade média de 7 pontos/m², localizada no município de Painel em Santa Catarina. Quatro subáreas foram selecionadas para que fosse possível trabalhar apenas com árvores isoladas. O levantamento por varredura a LASER foi efetuado pela empresa Aeroimagem S/A de Curitiba, em janeiro de 2011 utilizando um sistema Leica ALS-60. No levantamento a campo, foram medidas árvores isoladas de A. angustifolia obtendo-se o DAP, altura total e 4 raios da copa na direção dos pontos cardeais. O levantamento à campo ocorreu em setembro e agosto de 2013. Para o delineamento das copas foi empregada a metodologia de segmentação de polígonos de Thiessen. Para o cálculo das variáveis dendrométricas, foi utilizado regressão linear para obter o DAP em função do diâmetro da copa. A altura pôde ser obtida diretamente dos dados LiDAR. Devido a sazonalidade entre o levantamento LiDAR e a coleta de dados a campo, foi necessário aplicar uma correção nos dados LiDAR utilizando dados de incremento da espécie. A segmentação por 12 polígonos de Thiessen atingiu uma acurácia que variou entre 75,2% e 91,7%. Na estimativa do DAP chegou-se a uma diferença de 3,1mm em relação ao campo. Para a altura total, 0,19m foi a diferença entre os dados a campo e o LiDAR. Utilizando a metodologia proposta, foi possível realizar a medição das copas de A. angustifolia e estimar as variáveis dendrométricas com precisão satisfatória

This thesis engages various methods of calculation of the spatial distribution of precipitation and the evaluation of differences in totals of rainfall in a chosen catchment. The aim of this work was to choose suitable methods for the calculation of areal rainfall and subsequently to create those methods. Most methods were developed in the GIS program. The next objective was to explore differences in monthly precipitation from hydrological years 2006 and 2007 calculated in the catchment by chosen methods. Chosen methods for the calculation of the spatial distribution of precipitation in the catchment were: arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygons, isohyetal method and inverse distance weighting method. (IDW). As a suitable catchment was selected the catchment of the Kopaninský stream where relatively dense rainfall measurement network is installed. During the solution of this thesis the area of interest had to be extended by the area between the used rain gauges which was delimited in the GIS program. The reason for an enlargement was a fact that a decomposition of rain gauges in the catchment of the Kopaninský stream did not permit the creation of isohyetal lines in this whole catchment. During the calculation and the comparison of results of individual methods was found that results of used methods were surprisingly nearly the same. It was also stated that not even sufficient dense rain gauges network does not guarantee 100% exactness for calculating the amount of the precipitation in the selected area because of their extraordinary variability.

This thesis engages a comparison of the development of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in different regions of the Czech Republic. The work explains the formation of atmospheric deposition and related terms such as the source of pollution, emissions, air pollution and nitrogen oxides. There are stated types of atmospheric deposition, sampling procedure and the process of determining the size of atmospheric deposition. This work describes the methods that were used in the calculations and evaluations. It also deals with the selection of suitable measuring stations for processing the development of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The atmospheric deposition of phosphorus were not measured in the territory of the Czech Republic in the period from 2000 to 2010. The aim of this work is to find trends in time series of concentrations of NOx and statistical evaluation of the development of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. For these chapters were selected concentration of nitrogen oxides in the regional towns of the Czech Republic. In the chapter of spatial analyzes of the concentration of nitrogen oxides is selected Ústecký kraj, mainly due to the fact that this area is characterized by significantly high atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and total air pollution. A therm the Black Triangle is often used for this location.

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