Thesis (Th. M.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-58).

Le Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Aït.) est la première espèce forestière française en terme de surface boisée. En Tunisie, il est, après le pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) et le pin pignon (Pinus pinea L.), le plus utilisé dans les reboisements. L’estimation de la biomasse des peuplements forestiers est basée généralement sur des relations allométriques. Ces relations sont de deux types : des relations spécifiques à des sites donnés et des équations générales applicables à une vaste région.Dans une première étape de ce travail, on a construit des relations allométriques spécifiques au site du Rimel. Ces équations ont concerné le bois et l’écorce du tronc, le bois et l’écorce des branches, les rameaux, les cônes, les bourgeons et les racines. Les meilleurs modèles d’ajustement obtenus pour tous les compartiments, sont de la forme : W = a Db où W est la biomasse, a et b sont des paramètres à estimer et la variable D désigne soit le diamètre de la branche à son insertion sur le tronc, soit celui du tronc à 1,30 m de hauteur ou DBH. Cette variable a permis d’expliquer 92 % et 95 % de la biomasse et de la branche et de l’arbre, respectivement.Dans une étape suivante on a construit des équations générales de biomasse à partir des données pondérales collectées après abattage de 26 arbres-échantillons choisis dans six sites en Tunisie du nord et de 152 arbres choisis dans quatre sites en lande humide de Gascogne et dont certains appartiennent à des parcelles irriguées et/ ou fertilisées.En ce qui concerne le total aérien, le meilleur modèle obtenu est, également, de la forme W = a Db avec le DBH comme variable indépendante qui permet d’expliquer 98% de la variance de la biomasse. L’addition de la variable âge de l’arbre à ce modèle sous la forme :W = a Db agec a réduit de manière significative, la somme des carrées des résidus d’ajustement de la biomasse des aiguilles et, dans une moindre mesure, de celles du tronc et des branches. Ce modèle à deux variables a permis d’expliquer les variations observées de la biomasse à raison de 98 % dans le cas du tronc, de 79 % dans celui des aiguilles et de 71 % dans celui des branches.Dans une étape ultérieure, les biomasses totales et compartimentales à l’hectare et leurs accroissements annuels ont été estimés à l’aide des équations générales établies et ceci pour l’ensemble des sites concernés par l’étude. Les résultats mettent en évidence, à l’échelle de la parcelle et de la moyenne par arbre, une action conjuguée de l’âge moyen et des facteurs stationnels sur la biomasse aérienne et la productivité nette aérienne de la strate arborée. Par ailleurs, pour la majorité des parcelles étudiées, l’efficience d’utilisation des précipitations dans la production nette de biomasse par arbre et par an, est une fonction puissance de la variable âge moyen du peuplement. Cette variable permet d’expliquer 93% de la variation de l’efficience et l’équation obtenue permet d’estimer l’accroissement annuel de biomasse aérienne à l’hectare de la majorité des sites étudiés.En ce qui concerne l’allocation de la biomasse aux différents compartiments aériens, les résultats montrent que les cônes et les bourgeons accumulent 2,5 % et 0,3 % de la biomasse, respectivement, quel que soit l’âge du peuplement. Quant aux autres réservoirs de biomasse, leur taille relative varie avec l’âge selon une loi logarithmique, croissante dans le cas du bois du tronc et décroissante dans celui des autres compartiments. La variable âge moyen permet d’expliquer 59 % de la variance dans le cas de l’écorce du tronc et 96 % à 99 % de la variance dans celui des branches et des aiguilles.D’autre part, la surface terrière s’est avérée la meilleure variable explicative de la biomasse totale et compartimentale à l’hectare, quel que soit le site. Les meilleurs ajustements obtenus sont de la forme : W = a G b où la surface terrière (G) permet d’expliquer 84 % à 99 % de la variation de la biomasse selon l’âge moyen du peuplement et le compartiment, ce qui atteste de la haute valeur prédictive de cette variable. / Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aït.) covers the largest area of the French forest. In Tunisia, it’s after Pinus halepensis Mill. And Pinus pinea L, the most used in reforestations. Biomass estimation of forest populations is generally based on allometric relationships. These relations are of two types: specific relations to a given site and general equations applicable to a vast region. In the first, we have developed specific allometric relationships in a site of one hectare n the forest of Rimel. Biomass compartments are: stem wood, stem bark, branch wood, branch bark, needles, twigs, cones, buds and roots. The allometric relationships are of the form W = a Db, D being either the branch diameter at its insertion on the stem or the stem diameter measured at 1,30m height. These elationships revealed that branch diameter at stem insertion and DBH explained 92 and 95% of variances of the partial and total biomass of branch and tree respectively. After that, some generalized allometric equations were developed for predicting the biomass of aerial components of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) using data collected from he southern and northern latitudinal margins of its geographical area. The data comprised aboveground biomass values divided into foliage, branch, stem and minor components collected from 26 trees in Tunisia and 152 trees in France. (...)

Sweden consists of almost 68% of forests. It is the duty of private forest owners and companies to manage the forest in the best way and ensure sustainable forest production. Mobile laser scanning is a relatively new method for quick and easy documentation of the forest and for extracting important parameters for volume calculation and visualization using data processing.  In this study, five different walking patterns are compared when scanning a pine forest with a handheld laser scanner to evaluate which pattern that generates the most accurate data, densest point cloud, and most time efficiency. Data were collected in a well-managed pine forest west of Årsunda, in Gävleborg County during April 2023, in a 5,64-meter radius circle. The point clouds from the hand-held laser scanner and the different walking patterns were compared with data from a scanning with a terrestrial laser scanner on the same day. The diameter at breast height (DBH) for all trees in the study circle, visualization of point clouds and scanning time were compared.  The study resulted in one walking pattern that provided the lowest uncertainty and another that provided the clearest visualization. The walking pattern that resulted in the lowest uncertainty was easy and quick to both plan and execute, it also had the lowest average deviation from the reference data, only 1 cm, which can be considered very good. The second walking pattern, which generated the best visual appearance, also received a relatively small mean deviation. During the study, it became clear that certain parameters are affected by the person performing the scan and the speed at which it is performed. When it comes to presenting the results, the pros and cons depend on what the collected data is to be used for. Some walking patterns yield good results in some respects and worse in other. Therefore, all different parameters are compared in the discussion and broad results are presented.

More efficient and reliable High-Throughput Field Phenotyping (HTFP) approaches are essential for the development of plant breeding and carbon storage studies, as well as the improvement of yield estimation in the food production sector. The use of ground-based platforms in combination with other data sources such as UAVs and satellites addresses constraints related to payload capacity restrictions and reduced below-canopy data collection. This study describes an early approach to the deployment of agile robots for HTFP that aims to estimate height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and volume for forty-three unique trees corresponding to two different species (E. variegata and F. altissima) occupying an urban-park. The data acquisition system consists of an agile robot from Boston Dynamics and a navigation enhancer LiDAR module from the same company. In order to obtain a point cloud using this system, it is necessary to overcome two challenges: a reduced vertical FoV of the LiDAR and limited management of the LiDAR module. A multiway registration approach is implemented to reconstruct a low-density digital twin of the experiment site, which is later georeferenced using points surveyed with a GNSS system. Subsequently, the point cloud is manually segmented using CloudCompare software to obtain individual tree point clouds. Three different algorithms are implemented to obtain height, DBH, and tree volume estimates from the individual point clouds. The results are statistically analyzed by species in order to characterize sources of error. The height estimation method had a Median Percentage Error (MPE) of 1.4% for E. variegata and 1.2% for F. altissima. The DBH estimation had an MPE of 20.1% for E. variegata and 13% for F. altissima. The volume estimation model returned an R2 of 0.86 for E. variegata and 0.98 for F. altissima. Finally, all three feature estimations are mapped into a GEOJson file. These findings, combined with the numerous advantages of using agile robots as mobile platforms in HTFP, enable more efficient and reliable estimation of important parameters such as aboveground biomass and carbon storage sequestration, as well as delivery the potential for improvements in crop monitoring and yield estimation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA008.pdf: 3688775 bytes, checksum: 4a40e070e65e6367243d2ef1f2414666 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aimed to automatic extract crowns of Araucaria angustifolia using LiDAR data and indirectly obtain dendrometric variables. To conduct the project, a LiDAR point cloud was used with an average density of 7 points/m², located in the city of Painel in Santa Catarina. Four subareas were selected so that only isolated trees would be considered. The laser scanning survey was conducted by the company Aeroimagem S/A from Curitiba, in January 2011 using a Leica ALS-60 system. In the fieldwork, isolated trees of A. angustifolia were measured to give the DBH, total height and 4 crown radius in the direction of the cardinal points. The fieldwork occurred in September and August 2013. To delineate the crowns, it was employed the segmentation methodology of Thiessen polygons. Each segment was measured in order to obtain the canopy diameter for each tree. For the calculation of dendrometric variables, linear regression was used to obtain the DBH as a function of the crown diameter. The total height was obtained directly from LiDAR data. Because of the seasonality between the LiDAR survey and fieldwork, it was necessary to apply a correction in LiDAR data using increment data of the species. Segmentation by Thiessen polygons reached an accuracy ranging between 75.2% and 91.7%. Estimating the 14 DBH the difference between the field was 3,1mm. For total height 0,19m was the difference between the data field and the LiDAR. Using the proposed methodology, it was possible to perform the measurement of the crowns of A. angustifolia and estimate dendrometric variables with satisfactory accuracy / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a medição automática de copas de Araucaria angustifolia utilizando dados LiDAR e indiretamente a obtenção de variáveis dendrométricas. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se uma nuvem de pontos LiDAR com uma densidade média de 7 pontos/m², localizada no município de Painel em Santa Catarina. Quatro subáreas foram selecionadas para que fosse possível trabalhar apenas com árvores isoladas. O levantamento por varredura a LASER foi efetuado pela empresa Aeroimagem S/A de Curitiba, em janeiro de 2011 utilizando um sistema Leica ALS-60. No levantamento a campo, foram medidas árvores isoladas de A. angustifolia obtendo-se o DAP, altura total e 4 raios da copa na direção dos pontos cardeais. O levantamento à campo ocorreu em setembro e agosto de 2013. Para o delineamento das copas foi empregada a metodologia de segmentação de polígonos de Thiessen. Para o cálculo das variáveis dendrométricas, foi utilizado regressão linear para obter o DAP em função do diâmetro da copa. A altura pôde ser obtida diretamente dos dados LiDAR. Devido a sazonalidade entre o levantamento LiDAR e a coleta de dados a campo, foi necessário aplicar uma correção nos dados LiDAR utilizando dados de incremento da espécie. A segmentação por 12 polígonos de Thiessen atingiu uma acurácia que variou entre 75,2% e 91,7%. Na estimativa do DAP chegou-se a uma diferença de 3,1mm em relação ao campo. Para a altura total, 0,19m foi a diferença entre os dados a campo e o LiDAR. Utilizando a metodologia proposta, foi possível realizar a medição das copas de A. angustifolia e estimar as variáveis dendrométricas com precisão satisfatória

The aim of the present study was to assess the productivity and growth rate of three native species (Cabralea canjerana, Cedrela fissilis and Cordia trichotoma), with supposedly productive and economic potential, in unmanaged native forest fragments of Vale Vêneto district, in São João do Polêsine, a town in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In 1994, 346 permanent observation plots were randomly installed by Durlo (1996) in the forests of Vale Vêneto. In these plots, there were, among other species, 146 Cabralea canjerana, 117 Cedrela fissilis and 46 Cordia trichotoma trees. The occurring species were identified around each of the selected trees; the diameter at breast height (DBH), the distance between neighboring trees (co-occurring species) and the selected ones (subject species), and basal area per hectare were measured; in addition, the site characteristics were described, and eight crown radii were measured in order to determine productivity. Between 1995 and 2003, the increments in DBH and in basal area (g), competition indices, and morphometric parameters were calculated for each of the three selected species. The model ig = f (a + b. dimension + c. competition + d. site + e. morphometry) was used to describe the increment in basal area. The dependence of increment upon competition was tested using competition indices. Easily determined site parameters were assessed around each selected tree, namely relief, slope gradient, stone cover, and cardinal direction. The morphometric parameters (crown ratio, degree of slenderness, saliency measure, range measure and crown formal measure were calculated using dimensional characteristics (DBH, total height, length, diameter, and eight crown radii). The major results show that the largest basal area increments were observed for Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana and Cordia trichotoma, respectively. However, this difference was not statistically confirmed. There was no significant difference in productivity across the analyzed species. The three species demonstrate a growing and regular basal area increment on an annual basis as their DBH increases. The inflection points of growth curves were not reached, which indicates the necessity of further research studies that include trees with larger DBH. The regression analysis allowed selecting the mathematical models that best describe the basal area increment and productivity of each species. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se conhecer a produtividade e o ritmo de crescimento de três espécies nativas (Cabralea canjerana, Cedrela fissilis e Cordia trichotoma), as quais acreditou-se terem potencial produtivo e econômico, em fragmentos florestais nativos não-manejados do distrito de Vale Vêneto, no Município de São João do Polêsine, situado na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. No ano de 1994, foram instaladas por Durlo (1996), aleatoriamente, 346 unidades amostrais de observação permanente nas florestas de Vale Vêneto. Nessas unidades amostrais, foram encontradas, entre outras, as três espécies objeto desse estudo, respectivamente, 146 canjeranas, 117 cedros e 46 louros. No entorno de cada uma das árvores selecionadas, foram identificadas as espécies ocorrentes, medidos os diâmetros à altura do peito (DAP s), medidas as distâncias das árvores circundantes (concorrentes) até as árvores selecionadas (concorridas), determinada a área basal por hectare, caracterizados os sítios circundantes e medidos oito raios de projeção de copa para a determinação da produtividade. Para as três espécies selecionadas, individualmente, no período de 1995 a 2003, foram calculados os incrementos em DAP e em área basal (g), índices de concorrência e índices morfométricos. Para a descrição do incremento em área basal de cada uma das espécies, foi utilizado o seguinte modelo: ig = f (a + b.dimensão + c.concorrência + d.sítio + e.morfometria). A dependência do incremento em relação à concorrência foi testada por meio de índices de concorrência. Ao redor de cada árvore estudada, foram observadas variáveis definidoras de sítio de fácil determinação como o relevo, a inclinação, a pedregosidade e a exposição. Utilizando-se as características dimensionais (DAP, altura total, comprimento, diâmetro e oito raios de copa), foram calculados os índices morfométricos: proporção de copa, grau de esbeltez, índice de saliência, índice de abrangência e índice formal de copa. Os principais resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: os incrementos mais altos em área basal foram observados, respectivamente, para Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana e Cordia trichotoma. Porém, essa diferença não foi comprovada estatisticamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas de produtividade entre as espécies. As espécies estudadas têm incremento periódico anual em área basal ascendente à medida que apresentam maiores DAP s. Ainda não foram atingidos os pontos de inflexão das curvas de incremento, o que induz à realização de novos estudos sobre o tema, que incluam árvores de maiores DAP s. Mediante a análise de regressão, selecionaram-se os modelos matemáticos que melhor descrevem o incremento em área basal e a produtividade de cada espécie.

No description available.

No description available.

The diploma thesis provides basic characteristics of short rotation coppice plantations, then the most significant short rotation coppice species cultivated in the Czech Republic are described. The detailed description of particular Populus L. clone J-105 grown at the plantation of the Test Station Domanínek Ltd. follows. Afterwards, key determinants of short rotation coppice yield are presented in the text. The last theoretical part of the thesis deals with water use efficiency (WUE) with emphasis on the method used at the experimental plantation in Domanínek. The methods of sap flow measurements and biomass determinations are described for this purpose. The main aim of the practical part of the thesis is to determine WUE of 16 measured trees where sap flow measuring systems were installed. These trees are divided into 3 cohorts according to diameters at breast height (DBH) at the beginning of the growing season 2013. The additional measurements were carried out: phenological imaging, soil moisture measurements, LAI measurements and sapwood area determination. The statistical analysis of WUE did not show any statistically significant differences between values of WUE for individual cohorts. Only in May, the statistically significant difference between cohort 1 (trees with the thickest stems) and cohort 3 (trees with the lowest values of DBH) appeared.

Fluorinated nucleosides, especially the analogues with fluorine atom(s) in the ribose ring, have been known to exert potent biological activities. The first part of this dissertation was aimed at developing oxidative desulfurization-fluorination and reductive desulfonylation-fluorination methodologies toward the synthesis of 2'-mono and/or 2',2'-difluoro pyrimidine nucleosides from the corresponding 2'-arylthiopyrimidine precursors. Novel oxidative desulfurization-difluorination methodology was developed for the synthesis of α,α-difluorinted esters from the corresponding α-arylthio esters, wherein the arylthio group is present on a secondary internal carbon. For the reductive desulfonylation studies, cyclic voltammetry was utilized to measure the reduction potentials at which the sulfone moiety of substrates can be cleaved. The 5-bromo pyrimidine nucleosides and 8-bromo purine nucleosides act as crucial intermediates in various synthetic transformations. The second part of the present dissertation was designed to develop a novel bromination methodology using 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH). Various protected and deprotected pyrimidine and purine nucleosides were converted to their respective C5 and C8 brominated counterparts using DBH. The effect of Lewis acids, solvents, and temperature on the efficiency of bromination was studied. Also, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or DBH offered a convenient access to 8-bromotoyocamycin and 8-bromosangivamycin. Third part of this research work focuses on the design and synthesis of 6-N-benzylated derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleoside antibiotics, such as tubercidin, sangivamycin and toyocamycin. Target molecules were synthesized by two methods. First method involves treatment of 7-deazapurine substrates with benzylbromide followed by dimethylamine-promoted Dimroth rearrangement. The second method employs fluoro-diazotization followed by SNAr displacement of the 6-fluoro group by a benzylamine. The 6-N-benzylated 7-deazapurine nucleosides showed type-specific inhibition of cancer cell proliferation at micromolar concentrations and weak inhibition of human equilibrative nucleoside transport protein (hENT1). In the fourth part of this dissertation, syntheses of C7 or C8 modified 7-deazapurine nucleosides, which might exhibit fluorescent properties, were undertaken. 8-Azidotoyocamycin was synthesized by treatment of 8-bromotoyocamycin with sodium azide. Strain promoted click chemistry of 8-azidotoyocamycin with cyclooctynes gave the corresponding 8-triazolyl derivatives. Alternatively, 7-benzotriazolyl tubercidin was synthesized by iodine catalyzed CH arylation of tubercidin with benzotriazole.