Third molar (M3) impaction is commonly observed in dental practice. While the causes of impaction are still not clearly understood, they appear to be multifactorial. Currently, an insufficient amount of space in the jaw distal to the second molar - the retromolar (RM) region - is considered to be the most significant of these putative risk factors. However, M3 eruption is not always guaranteed by space availability in the RM region, and other factors such as delayed M3 mineralization, tooth crown size, and dental arch size are suspected to increase impaction risk. Because studies have traditionally focused on mandibular M3s and been limited to two-dimensional (2D) radiographs, this study is the first to investigate the causes of M3 impaction in both jaws, using 3D imaging, with precision and accuracy not previously possible using standard 2D dental imaging modalities. This study tests the hypothesis that not only a reduced amount of space in the RM region is observed when M3 impaction is present but also delayed M3 mineralization, larger molar and premolar crowns, and shorter dental arches. Research ethics permission (BIO#11-202) was obtained to use existing retrospective cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of over 500 patients aged 8 to 24 years taken and curated at the College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan. Anatomical landmarks were defined and a proprietary software package, Xoran-CAT (Imaging Sciences International, Philadelphia, USA) was used to measure RM regions, molar and premolar crowns, and dental arch dimensions, as well as to score M3 mineralization status. Results were assessed using independent sample t-tests. When M3 impaction was present, both short RM regions and delayed M3 mineralization occurred in both jaws, indicating that both of these are risk factors for impaction. In the presence of M3 impaction, narrower dental arches were observed only in the maxilla, while larger premolar and molar crowns were seen only in the mandible. The observation of these last risk factors in distinct jaws when M3 impaction was present, suggests that these are secondary factors in the determination of the M3 impaction condition, and that standards of M3 impaction differ between upper and lower jaws.

The advent of the New World Order has challenged Syria's role in the Middle East. Traditionally viewed as a pariah state, and a Soviet satellite, Syria's future looked uncertain. Syria, however, has been able to accommodate the transformation in the world order. The New World Order amounted to a redistribution of global power. The transmutation of Soviet power towards the US culminated in a unipolar world order. The withdrawal of Soviet support through the advent of the New World Order threatened Syria's quest for regional hegemony. Existing in a state of anarchy, the co-ordinates of Syria's foreign policy have been founded upon the principles of self-help, national security, and national interest. These principles have found their expression through Syria's intractable struggle with Israel. Syrian foreign policy has been determined by two factors: primarily, by the international political system, and secondarily, by the influence of domestic politics. Omni balancing provides an explanatory model for foreign policy behaviour that bridges the divide between the determinants of the international political system and the influences of the domestic arena. Following a rational policy, the Syrian state was compelled to realign with the US- led world order, in order to pursue regional hegemony. It was able to display its accommodation of the New World Order by joining the US-led coalition forces in the liberation of Kuwait in 1990/1991. Syria's adjustment to the New World Order was rewarded with a place in the post-war regional order, and a central role in the Madrid Peace Conference.

The object of this research is to determine whether U.S. commercial banks could have predicted in advance the debt crises of the developing countries, i.e., whether a particular LDC would reschedule or default on its loans. A secondary purpose was to determine whether the debt crisis was the fault of the banks or the developing countries who reneged on their loan contracts. What do the banks have to do to prevent this from happening? What do they have to do to manage country risk effectively? The study begins with a historical account of the United States banking system to the period of debt rescheduling by the LDCs. It continues by describing the different types of risks in international banking. Next it discusses the theoretical issues of LDC debt, including sustainability of debt policy, optimal level of country borrowing, optimal bank foreign lending, and credit rationing by the banks. This is followed by a description of the regulatory aspects of country risk management. The important issue of country risk management by U.S. banks is next, including a discussion of the various assessment methods used and a review of the major empirical studies that used econometric methods for predicting the incidence of external debt defaults. The empirical research investigates debt rescheduling by less developed countries. Linear discriminant function and logistic discrimination approaches were used to determine the predictive ability of any particular subset of economic variables. The sample comprises data on 37 countries over a period of 10 years, 1974-1983. This period was chosen because it was a time of important economic transition. The results of the discriminant and logistic analyses show modest discriminatory power for predicting the rescheduling of debt of a country with the set of economic predictors used.

No description available.

The poor in urban areas of developing countries suffer from inadequate tertiary (neighbourhood level) urban infrastructure; water and sanitation, solid waste, drainage, access pavements, street lighting and community buildings. Procurement of tertiary level infrastructure is the responsibility of the public sector. Rapid urbanisation is outstripping the already lacking resources of public sector. The involvement of private commercial sector in the procurement is through the micro-contracts. The term, 'micro-contracts', is proposed for the small and medium size contracts. In some cases a third sector like NGOs, CBOs and community groups have also played roles in the procurement of infrastructure. The processes, roles, relationships and performance of micro-contracts procured under routine and community participated strategies were explored with a view to promote the role of the community in the procurement process. The constraints to contract, relationship between public sector and community groups and ways to overcome those constraints were explored. The contract contexts were taken from India, Pakistan and Sri-Lanka. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used. A multiple case study approach was adopted for the research. During the research three hundred and ninety contracts, more than a hundred interviews and filed notes and more than two hundred documents related to the micro-contracts were reviewed and analysed. The concept of benchmarking was adopted in performance analysis. 'Community partnering' is proposed as a procurement strategy to facilitate the community to play different roles parallel to the roles of Client, Engineer and Contractor. The cost and benefits of community partnering were discussed. It was concluded that, for the similar conditions studied, the community partnering between the urban public sector and suitable urban communities is an appropriate procurement strategy. The recommendations include a number of actions which could be taken to promote the community role in urban infrastructure procurement. Areas of future research are proposed.

No description available.

This thesis focuses on third-party liability in the field of copyright law in common law countries, that is, liability for the copyright infringement committed by others. By revisiting basic philosophies for copyright protection and case studies of three basic doctrines, authorization, vicarious liability, and contributory infringement, employed by courts to deal with third-party liability in the common law system, the author tries to extract applicable legal doctrines to treat third-party cases under a variety of circumstances. These doctrines could serve as a vigorous base with which to face future challenges, especially those resulting from ever-changing technological landscape, involving third-party liability in the field of copyright.

This art project concerns itself with the notion of travelling space as a continuous state of experience perceived by a traveller, in contrast to something that has previously taken place. Travelling space takes into account the physical movement of a traveller and also that of the space travelled by a viewer - it reveals a dichotomy: that of travelling within a certain space; and the space created through the act of travelling.Travelling space is to negotiate thresholds of seeing, experience, imagination and movement. The travel, made evident through video-trace, installed in spatial arrangements within a gallery context project the possibility of a third dimension to travelling space - that of a homeless state where viewers may abandon the space created by video sequences, to travel a virtual space of their own making.

Research paper (M.A.) -- Cardinal Stritch College -- Milwaukee, 1971. / A research paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education (Reading Specialist). Includes bibliographical references (p.44-48).

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 55 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-47).