Uniqueness and complexity of military news usually enrich and enhance the significance of the news. Sometimes simple issues are even further elaborated to become negative turmoil and multiple matters. The navy, being in a rapidly changing and multiple-form society, has been expressed in different forms by media of different natures. Sometimes, the navy is even perceived with different ideologies according to descriptions of different media. Ways that the officers and men of the navy as well as the general public view the negative news of the military and the impacts are worth further attention. Hence, this research, based on applications and perspectives of the relevant mass communication theory, is performed by quantifying the questionnaires, and investigates the impact of negative news on officers and men of the navy as well as the third-person effect. In addition, the relationship between the third-person effect and supports of media control. This research has managed to derive four conclusions: The first finding is the verification of existence of ¡§the third-person effect¡¨, i.e. people generally think that the impact of negative naval news on others is greater than that of oneself. The second finding is that the greater the perception of the third-person effect by the interviewed officers and men of the navy, the greater is the willingness to be inclined to controlling the mass media so as to mitigate the negative effects of the negative news about the navy on the general public. The third important finding is that the variable, population, presents a certain degree of relevancy to the third-person effect. This result is the same as the results of other researches. With regard to the perception of the third-person effect by oneself, other officers and men and the general public, the rank, seniority, and education of the population variable present respective obvious relevancy. In particular, age level appears in the third-person effect on ¡§other officers and men¡¨ and ¡§the general public¡¨, showing that the age level has greater impact on the perception of the third-person effect by the navy officers and men. The last important finding is about the information source. Television is the main source of information for most of the navy officers and men. Internet has surpassed newspaper as the second source of information, which is slightly different when compared to the past researches. This finding is thus worth further investigation in future work.

<p>This paper studies the employment rates, earnings and social assistance of grandchildren to the immigrants that came to Sweden before 1960. The results indicate that there are differences regarding employment, earnings and social assistance between some of the third-generation immigrant groups and the third-generation native groups, especially when it comes to employment rates. No differences were however found for the grandchildren of immigrants from outside of Europe, but around 90 percent of them came from North America and many were return migrants. One conclusion from this paper is that differences in labor market outcomes between immigrant groups and natives may exist over several generations and that immigration policy may have very long lasting effects.</p>

Background Various analgesics are available for post-operative pain after third molar surgery. Combinations of different classes of analgesics may improve the overall efficacy of pain control as they covers different pain pathways. A great variation of combinations and dosages of analgesics have been suggested in the literature, yet it was still unclear what combination(s) and dosages were the most effective for acute post-operative dental pain. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials would help clinicians to make clinical judgment of which analgesic combination(s) would be the best for their patients for acute post-operative dental pain in terms of efficacy and safety. Aim To conduct a systematic review of randomized clinical trials to answer the clinical question “which analgesic combination and dosage is potentially the most effective and safe for acute post-operative dental pain control?” Methods A structured systematic literature search, with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, of the relevant computer databases and journals was performed. The search and the evaluations of articles were done by 2 independent reviewers in 3 rounds. Studies that fulfilled the pre-set criteria were included to enter the final review. The analgesic efficacy of the analgesic combinations reported in the included studies were presented by the objective pain measurements, sum of pain intensity at 6 hours (SPID6) and total pain relief at 6 hours (TOTPAR6). The SPID6 and TOTPAR6 of various combinations were adjusted after deducting from the effect of placebos of the respective studies. The adverse effects of the different analgesic combinations were also presented. Results There were 13 studies with 2843 subjects included in the final review. Eight groups of drug combinations with 13 different dosages were reported. The efficacies of the reported analgesic combinations have SPID6 scores ranged from 1.46 to 6.44 and TOTPAR6 scores ranged from 3.24 – 10.3. Among the analgesic combinations, ibuprofen 400mg + oxycodone HCL 5mg had the highest adjusted SPID6 (6.44), and a very higher adjusted TOTPAR6 (9.31), representing its efficacy could be superior to the other different analgesic combinations reported in this study. Nausea was the most common adverse effect of the analgesic combinations, with prevalence ranged from 0-55%. Most of the common adverse effects were related to the use of opioids in the combination. Three combinations of different dosages containing ibuprofen and caffeine were reported with the lowest prevalence of adverse effect. Conclusions This systematic review of randomized clinical trials has presented the efficacy and adverse effects of the various analgesic combinations for acute post-operative dental pain control. We have identified ibuprofen 400mg with oxycodone 5mg was more effective when compared to the other 12 combinations. Nausea was the most common adverse effects in an analgesic combination containing an opioid. Ibuprofen 200mg with caffeine 100mg or 200mg has a reasonable analgesic effect with fewer side effects when compared to the other analgesic combinations. / published_or_final_version / Dental Surgery / Master / Master of Dental Surgery

While Taiwanese Aboriginal culture has become essential for Taiwanese to construct a new national identity, this report examines the uses, makings, and transmissions of Taiwanese Aboriginal music in contemporary society, illuminating power dynamics of how Aboriginal music has been presented and perceived among different groups. The shifting Taiwanese identity within the contemporary political context opens up the discourses of indigeneity that have interpreted the Aboriginal culture as a site either for forming the new Taiwanese identity or claiming indigenous rights and subjectivity. Through the analysis of these discourses, I deconstruct how Taiwanese Aboriginal music has been exoticized and folklorized as Other by the Han-centric perspective. Further, by examining Aboriginal song-and-dance at intra-village rituals, at a Pan-Aboriginal festival, and at international cultural performances, I seek to argue that Aborigines are neither simply implementing the “otherness” imposed by the Han majority nor are they completely in conflict with it. By using Homi Bhabha’s concept of the Third space that resists the binary of the dominant ideology and counter-hegemonic discourses of a minority, I particularly consider the Aboriginal vocable singing as a site within which Aborigines strategically adopt different identities depending upon the performative context. Through this theoretical perspective, I argue that the multiplicity of identity and the interconnectedness of Aboriginal musical practices across different groups and regions challenge the rhetoric of multiculturalism and diversity of cultures in the sense of neo-liberal ideology. / text

This thesis examines the role of the state in the provision of domestic water supply and sanitation in rural Botswana. The delivery of these services reflects wider international commitment to this sector. Support has been directed through the United Nations' International Drinking Water , , Supply and Sanitation Decade, which has provided member governments with policy recommendations and financial and technical assistance. These recommendations have prescribed the use of bottom-up delivery systems based upon community participation and local government intervention to ensure the achievement of policy objectives. The thesis considers how far the recommendations of the Decade have been implemented in Botswana in providing rural water and sanitation and assesses the extent to which policy objectives have been met. By means of a political economy approach to investigate the role of the state in rural development and fieldwork carried out to investigate the implementation of two specific projects, attention has focussed on the constraints to policy formulation and, implementation in achieving these objectives. It is suggested that the managerial informed prescriptions provided by the Decade are often, inappropriate to the policy arena of specific countries. This is because policy formulation and implementation are determined by factors which are politically motivated and which are not necessarily compatible with managerial or technocratic considerations. It is this inconsistency which has in large part been responsible for the non-attainment of policy objectives. Through detailed field investigations carried out in Botswana, the roles ascribed by the state to different institutions at the local government and community levels in rural policy formulation and implementation are examined in the context of the concept of decentralisation. The suitability of this policy arena for the delivery of the water and sanitation projects is then considered. From the analysis the conclusion, is reached that the context in which rural policy formulation and implementation takes place is not conducive to supporting a bottom-up strategy as prescribed by the Decade. Reasons for this lie in colonial history and in the political and economic circumstances of contemporary Botswana. In consequence, the provision of domestic water supply and sanitation has been affected in two important ways. First, the state has been unwilling to adopt the comprehensive prescriptions offered by the Decade. Second, where it has, constraints rooted in the state's unwillingness to decentralise rural development has prevented the achievement of policy objectives.

<p>To compare the use of a piezoelectric with a standard surgical handpiece in third molar surgery. Thirty patients requiring removal of third molars were included in the study. Panoramic radiographs were used to assess the third molars. The patients were randomly subdivided and the split-mouth technique applied. In split-mouth design, divisions of the mouth, such as right (upper and lower) and left (upper and lower) quadrants constitute the experimental units, which are randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Each patient serves as his or her own control, which increases statistical efficiency (Siddiqi et al. 2010). Each side was operated with either a piezoelectric or a conventional handpiece. All aspects of preoperative care, general anaesthesia, surgery and postoperative care were standardized for the groups.</p>

Sub-Saharan Africa entered the 1980s faced with a crisis of unprecedented proportions. The economies of the region which were already in decline by the late 1970s, were in danger of collapse. The severity of the crisis was also reflected in rising indebtedness, social decay and political instability. To tackle it, African leaders met at an extraordinary economic summit in Lagos in 1980 and adopted a common strategy which became known as the Lagos Plan of Action. The crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa is part of a general world-wide economic recession stemming from a period of economic decline in the leading industrial economies. As a result, the leading industrialised countries and international institutions designed strategies to tackle the crisis both at the global level and in the developing countries such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa. For Africa, the strategy adopted by the World Bank and the IMF was that of structural adjustment. The orthodox approach of the World Bank generated controversy as to its suitability to the African situation. This disagreement was a reflection of conflicting political interests as well as power relations both internationally, and within African states. This thesis analyses the impact of the politics of structural adjustment programmes in Africa, with special reference to Ghana and Nigeria between 1983-1990. The arguement is that orthodox structural adjustment has failed to reverse the decline in Africa largely because of continuing disagreement between African governments and international institutions over the content and direction of adjustment. The study is presented over eight chapters. The introductory chapter sets the agenda. Chapter one covers the international dimension of the African crisis, while chapter two looks at the internal dimension. Chapter three contains a detailed analysis of the international politics of structural adjustment. Chapters four and five discuss the adjustment programme in Ghana and its impact on the country's political economy. The Nigerian experience is similarly examined in chapters six and seven. The conclusion, chapter eight, addresses the issues behind the failure of orthodox adjustment in Africa and makes recommendations.

Transport systems employing small sized vehicles and operated under an informal institutional structure are the essence of unconventional wisdom of urban transport planning in the Third World. The minibus is one of the many types of unconventional passenger carriers which primarily originate from indigenous technology. In the Far East, minibuses play a crucial role in moving commuters in large urban areas. Using minibuses in urban passenger transport services is interesting phenomena in urban transport planning in both developed and developing countries. Being small the minibus can ply along narrow streets often seen in crowded residential quarters and thus provide users with a high level of accessibility to trip ends. Furthermore, providers of minibus transport services are profitable, associated with small scale business and informal organizational structure and, more interestingly, often under private ownership. The minibus system in Beijing is one of the most recent public transport systems established in the Far East. It is distinctive in that the providers can be financially viable under state ownership and in large fleets. This study examines the system's service style, ownership pattern and organizational structure which are thought to have influenced the undertakings' financial performance. The findings suggest that neither ownership nor institutional structure contributes directly to profitability. The main factors for financial viability rest upon the self-reliance and entrepreneurship within the industry, which stimulates labour efficiency of the crews. Besides, the 'near-monopolistic' market and the limited total supply serving a huge population, also create opportunities for providers to charge high fares. On the basis of the findings, the study recommends that, in order to encourage the passenger transport business, a competitive market mechanism should be developed within the industry, with the participation of all sectors. The major outcome of this study is the building of a model of transport planning for developing cities. The essence of the model is that in low-income countries, cheap labour is an important resource which should be utilized fully in substitution for expensive imported technology, and that the use of modern technology should follow the affordability of the citizens and the condition of economic development. In conclusion, the study confirms that the unconventional transport wisdom is an appropriate approach that should be given proper weight, especially in the developing world.

No description available.

Information regarding the structure and function of living tissues and cells is instrumental to the advancement of cell biology and biophysics. Nonlinear optical microscopy can provide such information, but only certain biological structures generate nonlinear optical signals. Therefore, structural specificity can be achieved by introducing labels for nonlinear optical microscopy. Few studies exist in the literature about labels that facilitate harmonic generation, coined "harmonophores". This thesis consists of the first major investigation of harmonophores for third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy. Carotenoids and chlorophylls were investigated as potential harmonophores. Their nonlinear optical properties were studied by the THG ratio technique. In addition, a tunable refractometer was built in order to determine their second hyperpolarizability (γ). At 830 nm excitation wavelength, carotenoids and chlorophylls were found to have large negative γ values however, at 1028 nm, the sign of γ reversed for carotenoids and remained negative for chlorophylls. Consequently, at 1028 nm wavelength, THG signal is canceled with mixtures of carotenoids and chlorophylls. Furthermore, when such molecules are covalently bonded as dyads or interact within photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes, it is found that additive effects with the γ values still play a role, however, the overall γ value is also influenced by the intra-pigment and inter-pigment interaction. The nonlinear optical properties of aggregates containing chlorophylls and carotenoids were the target of subsequent investigations. Carotenoid aggregates were imaged with polarization-dependent second harmonic generation and THG microscopy. Both techniques revealed crystallographic information pertaining to H and J aggregates and β-carotene crystalline aggregates found in orange carrot. In order to demonstrate THG enhancement due to labeling, cultured cells were labeled with carotenoid incorporated liposomes. In addition, Drosophila melanogaster larvae muscle as well as keratin structures in the hair cortex were labeled with β-carotene. Polarization-dependent THG studies may be particularly useful in understanding the structural organization that occurs within biological structures containing carotenoids and chlorophylls such as photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and carotenoid aggregates in plants and alga. Further, artificial labeling with carotenoids and chlorophylls may be useful in clinical applications since they are nontoxic, nutritionally valuable, and they can aid in visualizing structural changes in cellular components.