用投影機替代傳統的顯示器可在較小尺寸的設備上得到較大尺寸的顯示，從而彌補了傳統顯示器移動性差的不足。投影機照相機系統通過不可感知的結構光，在顯示視頻內容的同時具備了三維傳感能力，從而可為自然人機交互提供良好的平臺。投影機照相機系統在人機交互中的應用主要包括以下四個核心內容: (1)同時顯示和傳感，即如何在最低限度的影響原始投影的前提下，使得普通視頻投影機既是顯示設備又是三維傳感器;(2) 三維信息的理解:即如何通過利用額外的信息來彌補稀疏點云的不足，從而改善系統性能; (3) 分割:即如何在不斷變化投影內容的影響下得到準確的分割(4) 姿態識別:即如何從單張圖像中得到三維姿態。本文將針對上述四個方面進行深入的研究和探討，並提出改造方案。 / 首先，為了解決嵌入編碼不可見性與編碼恢復魯棒性之間的矛盾，本文提出一種在編解碼兩端同時具備抗噪能力的方法。我們使用特殊設計的幾何圖元和較大的海明距離來編碼，從而增強了抗噪聲干擾能力。同時在解碼端，我們使用事先通過訓練得到的幾何圖元檢測器來檢測和識別嵌入圖像的編碼，從而解決了因噪聲干擾使用傳統結構光中的分割方法很難提取嵌入編碼的困難。 / 其次在三維信息的理解方面，我們提出了一個通過不可感知結構光來實現六自由度頭部姿態估計的方法。首先，通過精心設計的投影策略和照相機-投影機的同步，在不可感知結構光的照射下，我們得到了模式圖和與之相對應的紋理圖。然後，在紋理圖中使用主動表觀模型定位二維面部特徵，在模式圖中通用結構光方法計算出點雲坐標，結合上述兩種信息來計算面部特征點的三維坐標。最后，通過不同幀中對應特征點三維坐標間的相關矩陣的奇異值分解來估計頭部的朝向和位移。 / 在分割方面，我們提出一種在投影機-照相機系統下由粗到精的手部分割方法。首先手部區域先通過對比度顯著性檢測的方法粗略分割出來，然後通過保護邊界的平滑方法保證分割區域的一致性，最后精確的分割結果自置信度分析得到。 / 最後，我們又探討如何僅使用投影機和照相機將在普通桌面上的投影區域轉化成觸摸屏的方案。我們將一種經過統計分析得到的隨機二元編碼嶽入到普通投影內容中，從而在用戶沒有感知的情況下，使得投影機-照相機系統具備三維感知的能力。最終手指是否觸及桌面是通過投影機-照相機-桌面系統的標定信息，精准的手部區域分割和手指尖定位，投影機投影平面勻照相機圖像平面的單應映射以及最入投影的編碼來確定。 / The use of a projector in place of traditional display device would dissociate display size from device size, making portability much less an issue. Associated with camera, the projector-camera system allows simultaneous video display and 3D acquisition through imperceptible structured light sensing, providing a vivid and immersed platform for natural human-computer interaction. Key issues involved in the approach include: (1) Simultaneous Display and Acquisition: how to make normal video projector not only a display device but also a 3D sensor even with the prerequisite of incurring minimum disturbance to the original projection; (2) 3D Information Interpretation: how to interpret the spare depth information with the assistance of some additional cues to enhance the system performance; (3) Segmentation: how to acquire accurate segmentation in the presence of the incessant variation of the projected video content; (4) Posture Recognition: how to infer 3D posture from single image. This thesis aims at providing improved solutions to each of these issues. / To address the conflict between imperceptibility of the embedded codes and the robustness of code retrieval, noise-tolerant schemes to both the coding and decoding stages are introduced. At the coding end, specifically designed primitive shapes and large Hamming distance are employed to enhance tolerance toward noise. At the decoding end, pre-trained primitive shape detectors are used to detect and identify the embedded codes a task difficult to achieve by segmentation that is used in general structured light methods, for the weakly embedded information is generally interfered by substantial noise. / On 3D information interpretation, a system that estimates 6-DOF head pose by imperceptible structured light sensing is proposed. First, through elaborate pattern projection strategy and camera-projector synchronization, pattern-illuminated images and the corresponding scene-texture image are captured with imperceptible patterned illumination. Then, 3D positions of the key facial feature points are derived by a combination of the 2D facial feature points in the scene-texture image localized by AAM and the point cloud generated by structured light sensing. Eventually, the head orientation and translation are estimated by SVD of a correlation matrix that is generated from the 3D corresponding feature point pairs over different frames. / On the segmentation issue, we describe a coarse-to-fine hand segmentation method for projector-camera system. After rough segmentation by contrast saliency detection and mean shift-based discontinuity-preserved smoothing, the refined result is confirmed through confidence evaluation. / Finally, we address how an HCI (Human-Computer Interface) with small device size, large display, and touch input facility can be made possible by a mere projector and camera. The realization is through the use of a properly embedded structured light sensing scheme that enables a regular light-colored table surface to serve the dual roles of both a projection screen and a touch-sensitive display surface. A random binary pattern is employed to code structured light in pixel accuracy, which is embedded into the regular projection display in a way that the user perceives only regular display but not the structured pattern hidden in the display. With the projection display on the table surface being imaged by a camera, the observed image data, plus the known projection content, can work together to probe the 3D world immediately above the table surface, like deciding if there is a finger present and if the finger touches the table surface, and if so at what position on the table surface the finger tip makes the contact. All the decisions hinge upon a careful calibration of the projector-camera-table surface system, intelligent segmentation of the hand in the image data, and exploitation of the homography mapping existing between the projector’s display panel and the camera’s image plane. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Dai, Jingwen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-182). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Challenges --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Simultaneous Display and Acquisition --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 3D Information Interpretation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Segmentation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Posture Recognition --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Projector-Camera System --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Projection Technologies --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Researches in ProCams --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- Natural Human-Computer Interaction --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Head Pose --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Hand Gesture --- p.33 / Chapter 3 --- Head Pose Estimation by ISL --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Previous Works --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Head Pose Estimation --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Imperceptible Structured Light --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Method --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Pattern Projection Strategy for Imperceptible Structured Light Sensing --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Facial Feature Localization --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 6 DOF Head Pose Estimation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experiments --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Overview of Experiment Setup --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Test Dataset Collection --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Results --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.63 / Chapter 4 --- Embedding Codes into Normal Projection --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2 --- Previous Works --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- Method --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Principle of Embedding Imperceptible Codes --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Design of Embedded Pattern --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Primitive Shape Identification and Decoding --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Codeword Retrieval --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4 --- Experiments --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Overview of Experiment Setup --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Embedded Code Imperceptibility Evaluation --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Primitive Shape Detection Accuracy Evaluation --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5 --- Sensitivity Evaluation --- p.84 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Working Distance --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Projection Surface Orientation --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Projection Surface Shape --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Projection Surface Texture --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Projector-Camera System --- p.91 / Chapter 4.6 --- Applications --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- 3D Reconstruction with Normal Video Projection --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Sensing Surrounding Environment on Mobile Robot Platform --- p.97 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Natural Human-Computer Interaction --- p.99 / Chapter 4.7 --- Summary --- p.99 / Chapter 5 --- Hand Segmentation in PROCAMS --- p.102 / Chapter 5.1 --- Previous Works --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Method --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Rough Segmentation by Contrast Saliency --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Mean-Shift Region Smoothing --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Precise Segmentation by Fusing --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experiments --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.115 / Chapter 6 --- Surface Touch-Sensitive Display --- p.116 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2 --- Previous Works --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3 --- Priors in Pro-Cam System --- p.122 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Homography Estimation --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Radiometric Prediction --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4 --- Embedding Codes into Video Projection --- p.125 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Imperceptible Structured Light --- p.125 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Embedded Pattern Design Strategy and Statistical Analysis --- p.126 / Chapter 6.5 --- Touch Detection using Homography and Embedded Code --- p.129 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Hand Segmentation --- p.130 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Fingertip Detection --- p.130 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Touch Detection Through Homography --- p.131 / Chapter 6.5.4 --- From Resistive Touching to Capacitive Touching --- p.133 / Chapter 6.6 --- Experiments --- p.135 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- System Initialization --- p.137 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Display Quality Evaluation --- p.139 / Chapter 6.6.3 --- Touch Accuracy Evaluation --- p.141 / Chapter 6.6.4 --- Trajectory Tracking Evaluation --- p.145 / Chapter 6.6.5 --- Multiple-Touch Evaluation --- p.145 / Chapter 6.6.6 --- Efficiency Evaluation --- p.147 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.149 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.150 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusion and Contributions --- p.150 / Chapter 7.2 --- Related Publications --- p.152 / Chapter 7.3 --- Future Work --- p.153 / Bibliography --- p.155

Lee Keung Tat. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-86). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contribution --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Previous Work --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Organization --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- Overview --- p.10 / Chapter 3 --- Data Acquisition --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Acquiring the Surface Model --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- Camera Calibration --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3 --- Capturing Image with Camera Pose --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Fastrack --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Tracking the Camera Pose --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Calibrating the Tracking System --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.32 / Chapter 4 --- Data Fusion --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- Converting Surface Model to Point-Based Model --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- Registering the Radiance Values onto the Point-Based Model --- p.36 / Chapter 4.3 --- Scattered Data Fitting --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Spherical Delaunay Triangulation --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Hierarchical Spherical Triangulation --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Interpolation --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4 --- Data Compression --- p.50 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.52 / Chapter 5 --- Multiresolution Point-Based Representation and Rendering --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1 --- Multiresolution Point-Based Representation --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Construction --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2 --- Rendering --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Culling --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Drawing the Node --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.68 / Chapter 6 --- Experimental Results --- p.69 / Chapter 6.1 --- Tested Objects --- p.69 / Chapter 6.2 --- Evaluation --- p.70 / Chapter 6.3 --- Summary --- p.78 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.79 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary --- p.79 / Chapter 7.2 --- Future Direction --- p.80 / Bibliography --- p.81

Du, Hao. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 61). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 3D Reconstruction from 2D Line Drawings and its Applications --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Algorithmic Development of 3D Reconstruction from 2D Line Drawings --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Line Labeling and Realization Problem --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 3D Reconstruction from Multiple Line Drawings --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- 3D Reconstruction from a Single Line Drawing --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Problems and Our Contributions --- p.12 / Chapter 2 --- Adaptive Parameter Setting --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Regularities in Optimization-Based 3D Reconstruction --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Face Planarity --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Line Parallelism --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Line Verticality --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Isometry --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Corner Orthogonality --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Skewed Facial Orthogonality --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Skewed Facial Symmetry --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Line Orthogonality --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Minimum Standard Deviation of Angles --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.10 --- Face Perpendicularity --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.11 --- Line Collinearity --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.12 --- Whole Symmetry --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Adaptive Parameter Setting in the Objective Function --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Hill-Climbing Optimization Technique --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Adaptive Weight Setting and its Explanations --- p.29 / Chapter 3 --- Parameter Learning --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Construction of A Large 3D Object Database --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Training Dataset Generation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Parameter Learning Framework --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Evolutionary Algorithms --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reconstruction Error Calculation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Parameter Learning Algorithm --- p.41 / Chapter 4 --- Experimental Results --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Adaptive Parameter Setting --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Use Manually-Set Weights --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Learn the Best Weights with Different Strategies --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Evolutionary-Algorithm-Based Parameter Learning --- p.49 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.53 / Bibliography --- p.55

Pang, Wenjun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-88). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / 摘要 --- p.v / CONTENTS --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Recent research work --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Organization --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- FRACTAL MODELING --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Fractal and Fractal Art --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Fractal Geometry --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Construction of Fractals --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Fractal Measurement and Aesthetics --- p.27 / Chapter 3. --- OVERVIEW OF EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Initialization --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Selection --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Reproduction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Termination --- p.36 / Chapter 4. --- EVOLUTIONARY 3D FRACTAL MODELING --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Fractal Construction --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Self-similar Condition of Fractal --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Fractal Transformation (FT) IFS Formulation --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- IFS Genotype and Phenotype Expression --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Evolutionary Algorithm --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Single-point Crossover --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Arithmetic Gaussian mutation --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Inferior Elimination --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- Interactive Fine-tuning using FT IFS --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4 --- Gaussian Fitness Function --- p.48 / Chapter 5. --- GAUSSIAN AESTHETIC FITNESS FUNCTION --- p.49 / Chapter 5.1 --- Fitness Considerations --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2 --- Fitness Function Formulation --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion on Fitness Function --- p.55 / Chapter 6. --- EXPERIMENT RESULTS and DISCUSSION --- p.59 / Chapter 6.1 --- Experiment of Evolutionary Generation --- p.59 / Chapter 6.2 --- Comparison on Different Methods --- p.60 / Chapter 7. --- 3D FRACTALS RENDERING and APPLICATION --- p.62 / Chapter 7.1 --- Transforming Property and User Modification --- p.62 / Chapter 7.2 --- Visualization and Rendering of 3D Fractals --- p.66 / Chapter 7.3 --- Applications in Design --- p.74 / Chapter 8. --- CONCLUSIONS and FUTURE WORK --- p.81 / Chapter 8.1 --- Conclusions --- p.81 / Chapter 8.2 --- Future Work --- p.81 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.83 / Appendix --- p.89 / Marching Cubes Method --- p.89

Chow, Yuk Pui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-87). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.13-16 / Chapter 1.1. --- Motivation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.14-15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Organization --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- Related Works --- p.17-24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Axial and the Free Form Deformation --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Free-Form Deformation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Lattice-based Representation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The Axial Deformation --- p.19-20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Curve Pair-based Representation --- p.21-22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Self Intersection Detection --- p.23-24 / Chapter 3. --- Axial Deformation with Controllable LCFs --- p.25-46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Related Methods --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Axial Space --- p.26-27 / Chapter 3.3 --- Definition of Local Coordinate Frame --- p.28-29 / Chapter 3.4 --- Constructing Axial Curve with LCFs --- p.30 / Chapter 3.5 --- Point Projection Method --- p.31-32 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Optimum Reference Axial Curve Point --- p.33 / Chapter 3.6 --- Advantages using LCFs in Axial Deformation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Deformation with Smooth Interpolated LCFs --- p.34-37 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Used in Closed-curve Deformation --- p.38-39 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Hierarchy of Axial Curve --- p.40 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Applications in Soft Object Deformation --- p.41 / Chapter 3.7 --- Experiments and Results --- p.42-46 / Chapter 4. --- Self Intersection Detection of Axial Curve with LCFs --- p.47-76 / Chapter 4.1 --- Related Works --- p.48-49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Algorithms for Solving Self-intersection Problem with a set of LCFs --- p.50-51 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Intersection of Two Plane --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Constructing the Normal Plane --- p.53-54 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- A Line Formed by Two Planes Intersection --- p.55-57 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Problems --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Sphere as Constraint --- p.59-60 / Chapter 4.2.1.5 --- Intersecting Line between Two Circular Discs --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Distance between a Mesh Vertex and a Curve Point --- p.62-63 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Possible Cases of a Line and a Circle --- p.64-66 / Chapter 4.3 --- Definition Proof --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Define the Meaning of Self-intersection --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Cross Product of Two Vectors --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4 --- Factors Affecting the Accuracy of the Algorithm --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- High Curvature of the Axial Curve --- p.69-70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Mesh Density of an Object. --- p.71-73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Architecture of the Self Intersection Algorithm --- p.74 / Chapter 4.6 --- Experimental Results --- p.75- 79 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions and Future Development --- p.80-82 / Chapter 5.1 --- Contribution and Conclusions --- p.80-81 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations and Future Developments --- p.82 / References --- p.83-87

Tao, Chenjun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-97). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Window-oriented Retargeting --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Abstraction Rendering --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Outline --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Video Migration --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Video Synopsis --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Periodic Motion --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Video Tracking --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Video Stabilization --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6 --- Video Completion --- p.20 / Chapter 3 --- Active Window Oriented Video Retargeting --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- System Model --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Foreground Extraction --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Optimizing Active Windows --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Initialization --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experiments --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter 4 --- Multi-Style Abstract Image Rendering --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1 --- Abstract Images --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2 --- Multi-Style Abstract Image Rendering --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Multi-style Processing --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Layer-based Rendering --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Abstraction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.56 / Chapter 5 --- Interactive Abstract Videos --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1 --- Abstract Videos --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2 --- Multi-Style Abstract Video --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Abstract Images --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Video Morphing --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Interactive System --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3 --- Interactive Videos --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.77 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.81 / Chapter A --- List of Publications --- p.83 / Chapter B --- Optical flow --- p.84 / Chapter C --- Belief Propagation --- p.86 / Bibliography --- p.89

隨著互聯網上3D模型的大量增加，產生了開發3D模型搜索引擎的需求。本論文提出了一個基於草圖和3D模型的3D模型搜索引擎。 / 對於使用3D模型作檢索條件的搜索系統，我們提出了兩種新的3D模型描述子，分別叫做Sphere Image 描述子和Bag-of-View-Words (BoVW)描述子。Sphere Image描述子是由一系列投影圖的特徵組成。我們將每一個視角看到的圖形都當作是一個"像素"，把視角的位置看作像素點的位置，把所看到的圖形的特徵值看作是像素值。我們同時也提出了一種基於概率圖的3D模型匹配算法，並開發了一個3D模型檢索系統來檢測我們的算法。BoVW描述子通過3D模型投影圖出現的次數來描述3D模型。我們用一種自適應的聚類算法，對3D模型的所有投影圖進行分類，然後用一個多層次的柱狀圖來描述一個3D模型。我們同時提出一種新的金字塔匹配算法來比較3D模型。我們使用SHREC和普林斯頓的3D模型庫來檢驗我們的系統，實驗結果證明我們的系統在檢索效率和精度上都優與現今的3D模型檢索系統。 / 對於使用草圖作檢索條件的3D模型搜索系統，我們提出Bigger ExposureOpportunity Views (BEOV) 描述子來表示3D模型，同時提出Shape-Ring描述子來表示草圖。BEOV描述子是由一些特徵圖組成，這些圖的特點是更容易被人們看到。Shape-Ring描述子保留了圖形的輪廓和內部特徵。我們使用SHREC2012草圖數據庫來檢驗我們的系統，實驗結果證明我們的系統在精度和計算複雜度上都優與現今的3D模型檢索系統。 / The large number of 3D models on the Internet encourages us to develop 3D model search engines. In this dissertation, we present a 3D model retrieval system using both the 3D model query and the sketch query. / For 3D model query based retrieval system, we propose two new 3D model descriptors, named the Sphere Image and the Bag-of-View-Words (BoVW) descriptor. The Sphere Image is defined as a collection of view features. A viewpoint of a 3D model is regarded as a "pixel": (1) The position of the viewpoint is denoted as the coordinate of the "pixel". (2) The feature descriptor of the projected view is denoted as the value of the "pixel". We also propose a probabilistic graphical model for 3D model matching, and develop a 3D model retrieval system to test our approach. The BoVW descriptor describes a 3D model by measuring the occurrences of its projected views. An adaptive clustering method is applied to reduce the redundancy of the projected views of each 3D model. A 3D model is represented by a multi-resolution histogram, which is combined by several BoVW descriptors at different levels. The codebook is obtained by unsupervised learning. We also propose a new pyramid matching method for 3D model comparison. We have conducted experiments based on the SHape REtrieval Contest (SHREC) 2012 Generic 3D model benchmark and the Princeton Shape Benchmark (PSB). Experimental results indicate that our system outperforms some state-of-the-art 3D model retrieval systems with respect to the retrieval precision and the computational cost. / For sketch query based retrieval system, we propose a Bigger Exposure Opportunity Views (BEOV) descriptor and a Shape-Ring descriptor, for representing the 3D model candidates and the sketch query, respectively. The BEOV descriptor represents a 3D model by several characteristic views, which have more chances to be exposed to people. The Shape-Ring descriptor preserves the features of the contour and the inside detail of the sketch query and the BEOV. Experiments have been conducted based on the SHape REtrieval Contest (SHREC) 2012 and SHREC 2013 sketch track data sets. Our approach outperforms the existing 3D model retrieval methods in terms of the retrieval precision and the computational cost. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ding, Ke. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-120). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Introdução: A avaliação endometrial à ultrassonografia, em geral, tem sua aplicação clínica em larga escala dentro do ciclo reprodutivo feminino, porém, (até onde se sabe), sem uma forma padronizada para a realização dessas medidas. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a padronização do exame ultrassonográfico tridimensional (US-3D) do útero ao modo multiplanar -\"standardization of the multiplanar view\" - (SMV) melhora a confiabilidade intra e interobservador e a concordância em relação às medidas endometriais. Casuística e Métodos: Foram realizados exames utrassonográficos, ao modo bidimensional (US-2D) e tridimensional (US-3D) em 30 mulheres submetidas a tratamento em reprodução assistida. Dois observadores mediram a espessura endometrial utilizando US-2D e US-3D. O volume endometrial foi avaliado por meio do sistema computadorizado VOCAL(TM) em planos longitudinal (A) e coronal (C) utilizando o exame multiplanar de forma não padronizada - \"unmodified multiplanar view\" (UMV) e aquele sob a forma padronizada - \"standardized multiplanar view\" (SMV). O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foi empregado para avaliar a confiabilidade entre as medidas. A concordância foi avaliada colculando-se a média das diferenças e dos \"limites de concordância de Bland-Altman (LoA)\". O grau de facilidade em delimitar e contornar a interface endométrio-miométrio ao plano A ou C foi determinado de forma subjetiva. Resultados: A medida do volume endometrial utilizando o SMV ao plano A mostrou-se mais confiável (IC intra e interobservador 0,979 e 0,975) do que a medida da espessura endometrial utlizando US-2D (CCI = 0,742 e 0,702) ou US-3D (CCI = 0,890 e 0,784). Os limites de concordância interobservadores e confiabilidade intraobservador para medidas do volume endometrial foram maiores ao método padronizado (SMV) utilizando o plano A, do que aquele não padronizado (VUM), tanto ao plano A quanto ao plano C. Chama a atenção os intervalos de confiança serem ainda mais estreitos ao plano A. Não houve diferença significativa com relação à confiabilidade ou concordância entre as medidas realizadas, tanto ao plano A quanto ao plano C, utilizando-se o método padronizado (SMV). No entanto, os observadores concordaram que o delineamento da interface endométrio-miométrio a partir do plano A foi mais fácil (50,0% para o primeiro observador e 46,7% para o segundo observador), ou comparáveis aos planos A e C (50% para o primeiro observador e 53,3% para o segundo observador), mas nunca ao plano A mais difícil do que ao plano C. Conclusões: As medidas do volume endometrial são mais confiáveis do que as da espessura endometrial, sendo melhor realizadas quando utilizado o método padronizado (SMV) ao plano A. / Introduction: Endometrial assessment with ultrasonography usually has its clinical application on a large scale in female reprodutive cycle but (as far as we know) without a standard way to perform these measures. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate if standardization of the multiplanar view (SMV) when assessing the uterus using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) improves the intra- and interobserver reliability and agreement with regard to endometrial measurements. Casuistic and Methods: Ultrasound imaging exams were performed, using the bidimensional ultrasonography (2D US) and 3D-US, in 30 women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment. Endometrial thickness was measured by two observers using 2D-US and 3DUS. Endometrial volume was measured with VOCAL(TM) in the longitudinal (A) and Coronal (C) planes using an unmodified multiplanar view (UMV) and a standardized multiplanar view (SMV). Measurement reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement was evaluated by calculating mean difference and limits of agreement (LoA). The ease to contour the endometrial-myometrial interface was compared between the A and C plane using subjective assessment. Results: Endometrial volume measurements using the SMV and A plane were more reliable (Intra- and interobserver IC 0.979 and 0.975) than measurements of endometrial thickness using 2D-US (ICC=0.742 and 0.702) or 3D-US (ICC=0.890 and 0.784). The interobserver agreement and intraobserver reliability for endometrial volume measurements was better using SMV and A plane than UMV using A or C plane LoA being narrower for the former. No significant difference in reliability or agreement was demonstrated between the A and C plane when using SMV. However the observers agreed that delineating the endometrial-myometrial interface using the A plane was easier (50.0% and 46.7%, first and second observer) o \'comparable\' (50% and 53.3%), but never more difficult than using the C plane. Conclusion: Endometrial volume measurements are more reliable than endometrial thickness measurements and are best performed using SMV and A plane.

This thesis works through the design of a radar-based system for imaging snowpacks remotely and over large areas to assist in avalanche prediction. The key to such a system is the ability to image volumes of snow at shallow, spatially-varying angles of incidence. To achieve this prerequisite, the design calls for a ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capable of generating three-dimensional, ultra-high-resolution images of a snowpack. To arrive at design parameters for this SAR, the thesis works through relevant principles in avalanche mechanics, alpine-snowpack geophysics, and electromagnetic scattering theory. The thesis also works through principles of radar, SAR, antenna, and image processing theory to this end. A preliminary system is implemented to test the feasibility of the overall design. The preliminary system demonstrates ultra-high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging capabilities and the ability to image the volume of multiple alpine snowpacks. Images of these snowpacks display the structural patterns indicative of different layers in the snowpacks. Possible attributions of the patterns to physical properties in the snowpack are explored, but conclusions are not arrived at. Finally, lessons from the implementation of this preliminary system are discussed in terms of opportunities to be capitalized upon and problems to be overcome in future systems that more faithfully realize the complete design set forth in the thesis.

The primary objective of this research is to use the benefits offered by computerized three dimensional graphics and apply those to the field of human computer interaction. Focussing primarily on the interactive content of the 3D world, this research describes a range of innovative new interface elements demonstrating specific new 3Dinterfaces/components designed to provide a new interactive 3D method for handling a range of particular common real-world tasks (ranging from simple value setting tasks up to larger scale systems for browsing structured sets of hierarchical data). These systems incorporate new design concepts such as active 3D interfaces that present their data to the user rather than statically waiting for the user to interact with them (these systems prove particularly useful in the presentation of large sets of data). Overall this set of components introduces a range of new interface styles that prove very effective in many mainstream real world tasks.In addition to the development of these systems, this project demonstrates a new high level 3D interface development tool designed to simplify the challenge of constructing interactive 3D user interfaces and in doing so make 3D interface development available to a wider developer base. By constructing the components mentioned above in a structured generic form, this combination of a new development tool and a range of re-usable components provide a strong development platform, from which more complex interactive 3D interfaces can be constructed.In essence the core idea that underlies this research is making the construction of interactive and functional 3D interfaces simpler to undertake (by developing effective re-usable components to handle mainstream tasks) while at the same time generating resulting 3D interfaces that are more effective and more capable of providing users with an enjoyable and functional 3D working environment.