Most developing countries are faced with drinking water problems, with conditions becoming more severe due to water pollution. Meeting the growing demands for clean water in most countries, there are difficult challenges as the availability and supply of drinkable water are diminishing. Due to economic and environmental concerns, development of additional physical means for the removal of organic compounds from wastewater using permanent magnets, electromagnetic coils, electrodes and ultrasonic pretreatment is desirable. Improving the adsorption and separation process, magnetic field exposure method has progressively drawn consideration. Magnetic field exposure method has demonstrated its capacity for increasing the adsorptive elimination of contaminants from water as static magnetization is suitable, simple and cost-effective. The polypyrrole magnetic nanocomposite use for adsorption experiments influenced by exter-nal magnetic field was prepared using the in-situ polymerization method, which was charac-terized using TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, FTIR, VSM, and ESR spectrophotometers. The magnetic nanocomposite (PPy/Fe3O4) was observed to have an average particle size of 10 nm with the elementary composition of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, chloride and iron. The magnetic nanocomposite had a crystalline structure of face-centred cubic lattice of Fe3O4, an adsorption-desorption isotherm shape indicating a typical type-IV mesoporous material with a surface area of 28.77 m2/g. Characteristic peaks of Fe3O4 and PPy were also observed using FTIR spectro-photometer. From the VSM and ESR characterization, the synthesized superparamagnetic ma-terial was shown to have a saturation magnetization of 23 emu/g and an effective g-value of 2.25 g which was attributed to Fe3+ spin interaction. An enhanced removal of Cr(VI), fluoride and congo red dye were observed under the influence of magnetic field, with parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, the initial concentration of ad-sorbate, magnetic field and magnetic exposure time been varied. The enhanced adsorption of contaminants using magnetic field is attributed to the increase in the magnetic field induced on the particles over a magnetic exposure time, resulting in the rotating particles forming aggre-gates due to the increased magnetic force and torque on the particles from the PSV results. This leads to increase in the chain collision and area of particle interaction with the aqueous solution of hexavalent chromium, fluoride and congo red dye. / Physics / Ph. D. (Physics)

Two and three-phase flow processes involving gas, liquid and solid, are common in nature and industry, and include some of the most complex and poorly-understood transport problems. In this research hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer processes in complex two and three-phase flows were investigated. The interfacial surface area concentration in a short vertical column subject to the through flow of fiber-liquid-gas slurry was experimentally measured using the gas absorption technique. The experimental data were statistically analyzed for parametric effects, and were empirically correlated. The absorption of a gaseous species by a slurry droplet with internal circulation and containing reactive micro-particles was simulated, and parametrically studied. The micro-particles were found to enhance the absorption rate. The absorption rate was sensitive to droplet recirculation, and shrinkage of particles with time resulted in declining absorption rates. The transport of soot particles, suspended in laminar hot gas flowing in a tube, was modeled and parametrically studied. Due to coupled thermal radiation and thermophoresis, a radially-nonuniform temperature profile develops, leading to sharp, non-uniform radial soot-concentration profiles. The assumption of monodisperse particles leads to over-prediction of thermophoresis. The transport and removal of particles suspended in bubbles rising in a stagnant liquid pool were modeled based on a Eulerian – Monte Carlo method. The bubble hydrodynamics were treated in Eulerian frame, using the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) technique, while particle equations of motion were numerically solved in Lagrangian frame. The bubbles undergo shape change, and have complex internal circulation, all of which influence the particle removal. Model predictions were also compared with experimental data. Using a resemblance between two-phase flow in microchannels, and in large channels at microgravity, a simple Weber number-based two-phase flow regime map was developed for microchannels. Based on the available air-water experimental data, a criterion for the prediction of conditions that lead to flow regime transition out of the stratified-wavy flow pattern in horizontal annular channels was proposed. The thermocapillary effects on liquid-vapor interface shape during heterogeneous bubble ebullition in microchannels were analytically studied.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη ενός συστήματος διασύνδεσης μιας ανεμογεννήτριας ονομαστικής ισχύος 1kW με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Επιπλέον, πραγματεύεται τη σχεδίαση, κατασκευή και έλεγχο ενός τριφασικού αντιστροφέα που αποτελεί την τελευταία βαθμίδα πριν τη σύνδεση με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός είναι η διασύνδεση της ανεμογεννήτριας με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης μέσω δύο βαθμίδων: ενός μετατροπέα ανύψωσης τάσης και ενός τριφασικού αντιστροφέα. Ο μετατροπέας ανύψωσης τάσης αποτελεί αντικείμενο μελέτης της διπλωματικής εργασίας του συνάδελφου Ιωάννη Γκαρτζώνη, ενώ στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάται και σχεδιάζεται ο τριφασικός αντιστροφέας. Αμφότερες οι διατάξεις περιλαμβάνουν ελέγχους κλειστού βρόχου, μέσω των οποίων απομαστεύεται η μέγιστη ισχύς από την ανεμογεννήτρια (έλεγχος μετατροπέα ανύψωσης) και διατηρείται σταθερή η τάση μεταξύ των δύο βαθμίδων, παρέχοντας ενεργό ισχύ στο δίκτυο υπό μοναδιαίο συντελεστή ισχύος (έλεγχος τριφασικού αντιστροφέα). Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα της χρήσης ανεμογεννητριών για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και αναλύεται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο η αιολική ενέργεια μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική. Επιπλέον, γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στους τύπους των ανεμογεννητριών, καθώς και στους τρόπους λειτουργίας τους ως προς τη διασύνδεση με το δίκτυο. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται θεωρητική ανάλυση για κάθε βαθμίδα του συνολικού συστήματος. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στη λειτουργία του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα και στην τεχνική παλμοδότησής του που ονομάζεται Ημιτονοειδής Διαμόρφωση του Εύρους των Παλμών (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation - SPWM). Επίσης, εξάγονται σχέσεις βάσει των οποίων είναι δυνατό να παραμετροποιηθεί ο τριφασικός μετασχηματιστής με μεγάλη επαγωγή μαγνήτισης που έπεται του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα. Το επόμενο βήμα αποτελεί η προσομοίωση στο λογισμικό προσομοίωσης κυκλωμάτων Simulink του Matlab τόσο του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα σε ανοιχτό και σε κλειστό βρόχο, όσο και ολόκληρου του συστήματος διασύνδεσης. Ο κλειστός βρόχος αποτελεί ένα νέο και άμεσο έλεγχο της ισχύος που παρέχεται στο δίκτυο. Επιπρόσθετα, περιγράφεται ο σχεδιασμός και η κατασκευή όλων των κυκλωμάτων που απαιτούνται για τον τριφασικό αντιστροφέα, το φίλτρο και το μετασχηματιστή. Τέλος πραγματοποιούνται πειραματικές δοκιμές για να διαπιστωθεί η ορθή λειτουργία των βαθμίδων που κατασκευάστηκαν, να εντοπιστούν και δικαιολογηθούν τυχόν διαφορές μεταξύ της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης και των μετρήσεων στην πραγματική διάταξη, καθώς και για να εκτιμηθεί η απόδοση του συστήματος. / The present diploma thesis deals with the interconnection of 1kW wind generator to the low voltage grid. A three phase inverter is the last stage of the interconnection system. The design, construction and control of the three phase inverter is studied. This work was developed in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Conversion Energy at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Technology of Polytechnic School in the University of Patras, Greece. The purpose of this thesis is the connection of the wind generator with the low voltage grid through two stages: a boost converter and a three phase inverter. Both stages are closed loop controlled and in this way the maximum power of the wind generator is supplied (control of the boost converter) and the voltage between the two stages remains constant, providing active power to the grid with unity power factor (control of the three phase inverter). Initially, the advantages and disadvantages of the use of wind generator are presented and the way that the wind energy is converted to mechanical energy and finally to electrical energy is analyzed. Moreover, it is given a short reference in the types of the wind generators used for connection to the grid. In addition, every stage of the whole system is analyzed. Especially, the function of the three phase inverter and the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation-sPWM are studied. The three phase transformer, that follows the three phase inverter stage, is parameterized through equations that are described in this work. The next step in this thesis is the simulation with Simulink of Matlab. The three phase inverter is simulated in open and closed loop as well as the whole connection system of the wind generator to the low voltage grid. The closed loop control is a new and direct control of active and reactive power that are supplied to the grid. Furthermore, it is described the design and construction of all the circuits for the three phase inverter, the filter and the transformer. Finally, experiments are conducted in order to confirm the proper function of the stages that are constructed, to find differences between theory and reality and to estimate the efficiency factor of the system.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-07T21:32:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRÍCIO LUIZ DE ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2013..pdf: 2307465 bytes, checksum: 10af38d3028d3a8ed79ee24d26513d97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:32:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRÍCIO LUIZ DE ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2013..pdf: 2307465 bytes, checksum: 10af38d3028d3a8ed79ee24d26513d97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05 / Neste trabalho construímos uma solução do problema de Riemann para um sistema de leis de conservação proveniente da modelagem matemática de um escoamento trifásico num meio poroso representando a propagação de misturas do tipo água-gásóleo num projeto de recuperação de um reservatório petrolífero. Usando métodos analíticos e computacionais encontramos a geometria das curvas de onda sob a condição de entropia de viscosidade, com matriz de viscosidade sendo a identidade. Mostramos que para dados à direita representando misturas próximas de óleo puro, a solução do problema de Riemann consiste genericamente de uma sequência de dois grupos de ondas relacionados às duas famílias caraterísticas, para quaisquer dados à esquerda representando uma mistura água-gás. No entanto, para dados à direita representando misturas ainda com óleo dominante, mas com uma composição maior de água e gás, surge a necessidade de acrescentar um grupo de ondas transicional na sequência que descreve a solução, para um pequeno conjunto de dados à esquerda. / In this work we construct a solution of the Riemann problem for a system of conservation laws arising from the mathematial modeling of a three-phase ow in a porous medium representing the propagation of water-gas-oil mixtures in a recovery project of a petroleum reservoir. Using analytical and computational methods we ndthe geometry of the wave curves under the viscous pro le entropy condition, with theidentity as the viscosity matrix. We show that for the right data representing almost pure oil compositions the solution of the Riemann problem generically consists of a sequence of two wave groups, related to the two characteristics families, for any left data considered representing a water-gas mixture. However, for right data representing mixtures with oil still dominant, but with a larger proportion of gas and water, a transitional wave group is required in the sequen e for a small subset of left data.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis contributes to the analysis, project and implementation of discrete-time controllers based on the Internal Model Principle, aiming to improve the performance of three-leg three-phase PWM inverters with insulating output transformer usually found in the output stage of medium power double-conversion UPS. Initially, an investigation about issues concerning to the discrete-time models of three-phase inverters with space vector modulation and the LC filter have been carried out. This investigation shows the impact of different switching sequences, sampling instants and filter cut-off frequency on the harmonic spectrum of sampled variables used for feedback. This is a concern when the switching frequency is low to limit the switching losses as in medium and high power UPS. In this way, this thesis proposes sampling methods that make possible to reduce the low order harmonics on the interest variables, which is relevant when state feedback is used. These methods allow to obtain discrete-time average linear models useful for the controller design. In addition, the saturation of the insulating transformer is addressed in details. The dc component arising from the digital implementation and from the circuit measures non idealities, and then amplified by an inadequate choice of the controller, may lead the transformer to saturate. In order to solve this problem, and in accordance with the Internal Model Principle, internal models adequate to the plant under consideration as well as discrete-time voltage controllers in stationary and synchronous frames which are not prone to amplify the dc component, are proposed. Another goal of this thesis is the improvement of the UPS output voltage transient response due to linear and non linear load steps. This is obtained considering the sampling methods before mentioned, combined with internal models with reduced number of poles and low sampling rate. It is demonstrated that it is possible to improve significantly the output voltage transient responses, as well as to satisfy the rigorous classification of the standard IEC62040-3 for UPS without degrading the steady state performance. In addition, these control structures have enough stability margins, as proved in each case, and they results in simple and attractive solutions to be implemented in 8 or 16 bits fixed-point arithmetic microcontrollers and DSP with reduced memory space. The feasibility of the proposed solutions is verified with experimental results demonstrating both transient and steady-state performances. Finally, a comparative analysis of the proposed control structures, over the light of the standard IEC62040-3, is presented. / A presente tese de doutorado contribui para a análise, projeto e implementação de controladores discretos baseados no Princípio do Modelo Interno, com o intuito de aprimorar o desempenho de inversores trifásicos PWM a três braços com transformador isolador usualmente utilizados no estágio de saída de UPS de dupla conversão de média potência. Inicialmente se realiza uma investigação sobre os aspectos relacionados à obtenção do modelo discreto de inversores trifásicos com modulação space vector e do filtro de saída. Essa investigação mostra o impacto de diferentes seqüências de comutação, instantes de amostragem e freqüência de corte do filtro no conteúdo harmônico das variáveis amostradas usadas para realimentação. Isso é uma preocupação quando a freqüência de comutação é baixa para limitar as perdas em UPS de média e alta potência. Nesse sentido essa tese propõe métodos de amostragem que possibilitam reduzir as harmônicas de baixa ordem nas variáveis de interesse o que adquire importância quando se realiza a realimentação dos estados da planta. Esses métodos permitem a obtenção de modelos médios lineares úteis para o projeto do controlador. Além disso, a saturação do transformador de isolação é analisada em detalhe. A componente contínua oriunda da implementação digital e das não idealidades dos circuitos de medição, e amplificada por uma escolha inadequada do controlador, pode levar o transformador à saturação. Com o intuito de solucionar esse problema, e de acordo com a teoria do Princípio do Modelo Interno, são propostos modelos internos adequados à planta em questão bem como controladores discretos de tensão em eixos estacionários e síncronos, que não tem tendência a amplificar a componente contínua. Outro dos objetivos dessa tese é o aprimoramento da resposta transitória das tensões de saída da UPS na presença de degraus de carga linear e não linear. Isso é obtido considerando-se os métodos de amostragem mencionados acima, combinado com modelos internos com número de pólos e taxa de amostragem reduzidos. Demonstra-se que é possível aprimorar significativamente a resposta transitória das tensões de saída bem como satisfazer a exigente classificação da norma IEC62040-3 para UPS, sem degradar o desempenho de regime permanente. Além disso, essas estruturas de controle possuem suficiente margem de estabilidade, como provado em cada caso, e estas resultam em soluções simples e atrativas para serem implementadas em microcontroladores e DSP de aritmética de ponto fixo, com palavras de 8 e 16 bits e capacidade reduzida de memória. A viabilidade prática das propostas realizadas é verificada com resultados experimentais em regime permanente e transitório. Finalmente, apresenta-se uma análise comparativa das estruturas de controle propostas, sob o enfoque da norma IEC62040-3.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma nova proposta para sistema de refrigeração com controle dinâmico de temperatura, operando com estrutura de compressor aberto, acionado por motor de indução trifásico com velocidade variável, e estágio de entrada retificador com correção ativa do fator de potência. O estágio de entrada é composto por um retificador Boost monofásico com elevado fator de potência, com duas células entrelaçadas, operando no modo de condução crítica, empregando técnica de comutação não dissipativa e controlado por dispositivo FPGA, associado a um estágio de saída inversor de dois níveis convencional trifásico à IGBT, o qual é controlado por um Processador Digital de Sinais (DSP - Digital Signal Processor). A técnica de comutação não dissipativa para o estágio de entrada é baseada em células ZCS (Zero-current-switching). As principais características do retificador incluem a redução da ondulação da corrente de entrada, redução da ondulação da tensão de saída retificada, utilização de componentes com reduzidos esforços, reduzido volume do filtro de entrada para Interferências Eletromagnéticas (EMI - Electromagnetic Interference), elevado Fator de Potência (FP) e reduzida Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT) da corrente de entrada, atendendo os limites da norma IEC61000-3-2. O controle digital para o estágio de saída inversor foi desenvolvido usando duas diferentes técnicas, incluindo a técnica convencional controle escalar Volts/Hertz (V/Hz) e o controle Vetorial com Orientação pelo Fluxo do estator, com o propósito de verificar a aplicabilidade e a performance dos controles digitais propostos, para o controle contínuo da temperatura, aplicados a um protótipo de sistema de refrigeração. / Abstract: This work presents a new proposal for refrigeration systems with dynamic control of temperature, working with structure of open compressor, driving a three-phase induction motor with variable speed, and input rectifier with active power factor correction. The proposed system is composed of a single-phase high-power-factor boost rectifier, with two cells in interleaved connection, operating in critical conduction mode, and employing a softswitching technique, controlled by a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), associated with a conventional three-phase IGBT bridge inverter (VSI - Voltage Source Inverter), controlled by a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The soft-switching technique for the input stage is based on zero-current-switching (ZCS) cells. The rectifier’s features include reduction in input current ripple, reduction in output voltage ripple, use of low stress devices, low volume for the EMI input filter, high input power factor (PF), and low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the input current, in compliance with the IEC61000-3-2 standards. The digital controller for the output stage inverter has been developed using two different techniques, the conventional Voltage-Frequency control (scalar V/Hz control), and a simplified stator oriented vector control, in order to verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed digital controls, for continuous temperature control, applied at a refrigerator prototype. / Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Coorientador: Flávio Alessandro Serrão Gonçalves / Banca: Fabio Toshiaki Wakabayashi / Banca: João Onofre Pereira Pinto / Mestre

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T12:11:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrodacruzloureiro.pdf: 1767688 bytes, checksum: 1fa1e4fbfaa6feaf5a5c88ea70df09d6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T13:31:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrodacruzloureiro.pdf: 1767688 bytes, checksum: 1fa1e4fbfaa6feaf5a5c88ea70df09d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T13:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrodacruzloureiro.pdf: 1767688 bytes, checksum: 1fa1e4fbfaa6feaf5a5c88ea70df09d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-16 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho é proposta a aplicação de redes neurais artificiais para ajuste de parâmetros de um compensador estático de reativos, para controle de tensão e harmônicos. Devido à intensa produção de correntes harmônicas e possíveis afundamentos de tensão em instalações industriais como o forno a arco, é necessário um sistema de controle eficiente e robusto. Além disso, os sistemas elétricos de potência se encontram em um cenário com a presença cada vez maior de geração distribuída, cargas não-lineares e forte tendência à operação no contexto das smartgrids e microgrids. Sendo assim, o suporte de reativos deve ser adequado a esses sistemas, podendo atuar de forma rápida, precisa e confiável. Uma possível solução é a utilização de um compensador estático de reativos (CER) com função adicional de filtragem no ponto onde se deseja controlar a tensão e a distorção harmônica. Entretanto, para o correto funcionamento, é necessário um sistema preciso para o ajuste dos parâmetros do CER, ou seja, determinar os ângulos de disparo dos tiristores e o número de bancos de capacitores a serem ligados. Neste trabalho é proposta uma estratégia de controle via redes neurais artificiais, treinadas para o reconhecimento de padrões de operação em regime permanente e definição da configuração do CER, conferindo inteligência ao equipamento. Os desenvolvimentos propostos foram implementados no ambiente MatLab®. A validação do método é feita através de simulações em sistemas-teste, presentes na literatura técnica, utilizando o fluxo de potência pelo método de injeção de correntes trifásico harmônico. Os resultados obtidos mostram as vantagens da utilização da estratégia proposta. / In this work, an artificial neural network-based static var compensator tuning is proposed for voltage and harmonic distortion control. Due to intense harmonic current injection and possible voltage sags produced by industrial facilities such as arc furnaces, an efficient robust control system is needed. Besides, electrical power systems face a new scenario with high penetration of distributed generation and non-linear loads and increased smart grid and microgrid trends. Therefore, the available reactive power sources must be able to provide system control in order to operate the system in a fast, accurate and reliable way. The application of a static var compensator (SVC) with additional filtering function at the controlled node is a possible solution. However, a precise SVC parameters tuning is needed, in order to make the system to work properly. In this work, a control strategy based on artificial neural networks is proposed. The neural networks are trained to recognize steadystate operating patterns and give the SVC adjustment. The proposed technique was implemented in the MatLab® environment. The methodology is validated by simulations in test-systems available in technical literature, using the three-phase harmonic current injection method power flow. Results show the advantages of the proposed methodology.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-09T11:36:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brauliocesardeoliveira.pdf: 2150243 bytes, checksum: 62faa254539b7873aa1393d8cd8f1bf2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:23:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brauliocesardeoliveira.pdf: 2150243 bytes, checksum: 62faa254539b7873aa1393d8cd8f1bf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brauliocesardeoliveira.pdf: 2150243 bytes, checksum: 62faa254539b7873aa1393d8cd8f1bf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia para estimação de estados em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. São utilizadas como variáveis de estado as correntes nos ramos. As medições são obtidas por meio de medições fasoriais sincronizadas(PhasorMeasurementUnits-PMUs),sendoqueostiposdemedidasadvindos desses equipamentos são as tensões nodais e as correntes nos ramos. A abordagem é trifásica, portanto representa as características próprias de um sistema de distribuição. A metodologia consiste em resolver um problema de otimização não linear cuja função objetivo associa o erro quadrático das medidas em relação aos estados estimados sujeito às restrições de carga das barras da rede que não possuem PMUs instaladas baseadas em estimativas de cargas obtidas para o instante “t-1”, partindo-se da premissa que em curtos intervalos de tempo a carga não sofre grandes variações, sendo esta em conjunto com a abordagem trifásica as principais contribuições deste trabalho. Outra contribuição do trabalho é a descentralização, com esta técnica pode-se dividir uma determinada rede em vários subsistemas que podem ser resolvidos de forma separada e independente. Isso torna o processo mais rápido do ponto de vista computacional além de permitir o uso do processamento paralelo, visto que já existe um paralelismo natural entre as tarefas que devem ser resolvidas. Outra vantagem da divisão em subsistemas reside no fato do monitoramento de áreas de interesse. Para utilizar a descentralização foi proposta uma alternativa de alocação de PMUs que consiste em posicionar duas unidades em cada ramificação do sistema, uma no começo e outra no final do trecho, procurando utilizar o menor número possível e que não comprometa a qualidade dos estados estimados. A resolução do problema de otimização é realizada através da implementação computacional do Método de Pontos Interiores com Barreira de Segurança (Safety Barrier Interior Point Method - SFTB - IPM) proposto na literatura especializada. As medidas das PMUs foram obtidas através de um Fluxo de Potência Trifásico via Injeção de Correntes (FPTIC). Foram realizadas diversas simulações variando-se o percentual da carga e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outra metodologia existente na literatura e com os valores verdadeiros que foram obtidos através do FPTIC para as barras não monitoradas. Foram tambémcomparadosotempocomputacionalentreaexecuçãoserialeaexecuçãoutilizando o processamento paralelo. Os testes mostraram bons resultados o que torna a metodologia proposta aplicável na supervisão de sistemas de distribuição. / This work aims to present a methodology for static state estimation in electric power distribution systems. Branch currents are used as state variables. Measurements are obtained by means of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), in which voltage and current branches measurements are used. The approach is three-phase, thus represents the distribution system characteristics. The methodology consists of solving a nonlinear optimization problem minimizing a quadratic objective function associated with the estimated measurements and states subject to load constraints for the non monitored loads based on estimated load obtained from the ‘t-1’ instant, starting from the assumption that in short time intervals the load does not have large variations, which together with the the three-phase approach are the main contributions of this work. Another contribution of this work is the descentralided approach, with this assumption the network can be divided into several subnetworks that can be solved separately and independently. This speeds up the process of being solved from a computational point of view and allows the use of parallel processing, since there is already a natural parallelism among tasks to be solved. Another advantage of the division into subsystems is the fact that the monitoring areas of interest. With the aim of allowing the decentralization was proposed PMUs allocation strategy that consists of allocating two units for each lateral feeder, one at the beginning and one at the end, trying to use as little PMUs as possible in such a way that the quality of the estimated states are not compromised. The resolution of the optimization problem is done through a computer implementation of Interior Point Method with Security Barrier (SFTB - IPM) proposed in the literature. The PMUs measurements were emulated using a Three-PhasePowerFlowusingtheCurrentInjectionmethod(FPTIC).Severalsimulations were performed varying the load percentage and the results obtained were compared with other existing methodology in literature and also the true values that were obtained from the FPTIC to non monitored loads. The computational time using serial and parallel processing were also compared. Results show good results which makes the proposed methodology applicable in monitoring distribution systems.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-13T15:20:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 salatieldecastrolobato.pdf: 51678452 bytes, checksum: 022776c88833a1e47901180ebd1f826b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-13T19:33:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 salatieldecastrolobato.pdf: 51678452 bytes, checksum: 022776c88833a1e47901180ebd1f826b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T19:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 salatieldecastrolobato.pdf: 51678452 bytes, checksum: 022776c88833a1e47901180ebd1f826b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-07 / O objetivo geral desta dissertação é o aperfeiçoamento do projeto de uma nova fonte de corrente em desenvolvimento para o acelerador de partículas Sirius. A corrente da fonte é aplicada em magnetos de elevada indutância e são programadas para apresentar forma de onda com significativa componente senoidal em corrente contínua e em baixa frequência, de acordo com as características operacionais necessárias do Sirius. Para efeitos de estudo, a metodologia empregada consiste essencialmente em desacoplar a análise e o projeto do controle em um estágio regulador de tensão seguido de um estágio de síntese da corrente. Foram realizados ensaios em uma fonte em construção no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncroton e em um protótipo desenvolvido na UFJF. As principais contribuições descritas nesta dissertação são: i) atenuação da propagação de distúrbios de baixa frequência para a rede elétrica; ii) emprego de retificador de tensão controlado para regulação da tensão do barramento CC, melhoria do fator de potência e redução de componentes harmônicas. Os resultados experimentais evidenciam que as alterações de projeto propostas nesta dissertação apresentam grande potencial para melhorar o desempenho da fonte de corrente em termos da qualidade de energia elétrica e da sintetização de corrente senoidal no magneto do acelerador de partículas. / This work consists in the evaluation and improvement of a current source for a particle accelerator. The output current presents a DC sinusoidal waveform in low frequecy which flows through the windings of high inductance electromagnets. The methodology consists in separating the analysis and project of the control into two parts: a voltage regulator stage,followedbyacurrentsynthesisstage. Testswereperformedonacurrentsourceunder construction at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) and on a prototype developed at UFJF. The work main contributions are: i) Attenuation of the low frequency disturbances on the electrical grid; ii) Use of a controlled rectifier to regulate the voltage of the DC bus, improvement in power factor and reduction of harmonic components. The experimental results show that the proposed changes have potential in improving the performace of the current source in terms of its electric power quality and synthesis of sinusoidal current in the particule accelerator.

The necessity to incorporate renewable energy systems into existing electric power grid and need of efficient utilization of electrical energy are growing every day. A shunt connected Voltage Source Inverter(VSI) capable of bidirectional power flow and fast control has become one of the building block to address such requirements. However with growing number of grid connected VSI, new requirements related to harmonic injection, higher overall efficiency and better performances during short term grid disturbances have emerged as challenges. For this purpose a grid connected three phase four wire VSI with LCL filter can be considered as a general module to study different control approaches and system behavior under ideal and non-ideal grid conditions. This work focuses on achieving enhanced performance by analyzing effect of non-ideal conditions on system level and relating it to individual control blocks. In this work a phase locked loop structure has been proposed which is capable of extracting positive sequence fundamental phase information under non-ideal grid conditions. It can also be used in a single phase system without any structural modification. The current control for the three phase four wire VSI system has been implemented using Proportional Resonant (PR) controller in a per phase basis in stationary reference frame. A simplified controller design procedure based on asymptotic representation of the system transfer function is proposed. Using this method expressions for controller gains can be derived. A common mode model of the inverter system has been derived for low frequencies. Using this model a controller is designed to mitigate DC bus imbalance caused by sensor and ADC channel offsets. A multi-rate approach for digital implementation of PR controller with low resource consumption, that is suitable for an FPGA like digital controller ,is proposed. This multi-rate method can maintain resonance frequency accuracy even at low sampling frequency and can easily be frequency adaptive. Anti-wind up methods for PI controller have been studied to find suitable anti-wind up methods for PR controller. The tracking anti-wind up method is shown to be suitable for use with a PR controller. The effectiveness of this method under sudden disconnection and reconnection of VSI from grid is experimentally verified. A resonant integrator based second order filter is shown to be useful for active damping of LCL filter resonance with a wide range of grid inductance variation. The proposed method utilizes the LCL filter capacitor voltage to estimate resonance frequency current. Suitability of fundamental current PR controller for active damping alone, and with the proposed method show the superiority of the proposed method especially for low switching frequencies. Design oriented analysis of the above topics are included in the thesis. The theoretical understandings developed have been verified through experiments in the laboratory and can be readily implemented in industrial power electronic systems.