Analyse pétrophysique et anisotropie des roches détritiques dans des systèmes en compression et sous influence de failles actives : Exemple des prismes de Taiwan et du prisme de Nankai (Japon)L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude de la déformation enregistrée par des roches d'origine détritique dans des domaines sujets au raccourcissement tectonique sub-horizontal (Layer Parallel Shortening) et à des failles actives. Cette étude est basée sur la caractérisation de diverses propriétés physiques et de leur anisotropie à l'échelle de l'échantillon dans le but de décrire à plus grande échelle la structure d'un prisme d'accrétion. Deux prismes ont ainsi été échantillonnés, le premier est le prisme inactif de Taiwan dans le cadre du projet TCDP et le second considéré comme actif celui de Nankai dans le cadre du projet NanTroSeiZE. La microstructure d'une roche sédimentaire, y compris en l'absence de déformation tectonique, présente toujours une ou plusieurs caractéristique(s) anisotrope(s) liée(s) à la forme, à l'orientation préférentielle ou à l'arrangement de ses éléments constitutifs. De nombreux travaux ont porté sur les conséquences de ces anisotropies sur les propriétés physiques, d'abord dans un but prédictif, puis selon une démarche inverse visant à caractériser, à l'aide de modèles, microstructures et histoire tectonique associée. Dans cette thèse la confrontation des résultats obtenus pour différentes propriétés physiques (principalement vitesses des ondes acoustiques, susceptibilité magnétique et aimantation rémanente) met en évidence des réponses sélectives liées à un fort contrôle de la lithologie.Au niveau de prisme de Taiwan, deux résultats majeurs ont été obtenus. D'une part, la comparaison des anisotropies magnétiques et acoustiques a permis de montrer une évolution différentielle de la déformation entre les roches riches en matrice (siltite) par et celles plus riches en grain sableux (grès). D'autre part, les résultats combinés de l'anisotropie des ondes P, l'étude microstructurale et la minéralogie magnétique, montrent un comportement particulier des échantillons situé dans le mur de la faille FZB1136, considérée comme responsables du séisme de Chi-Chi en 1999. Un réseau de structures dilatantes fortement perméable à permis la circulation de fluides, de néo-cristallisation de calcite et de néoformation de minéraux magnétique. Sur le prisme de Nankai, une estimation de la quantification de la déformation enregistrée par les échantillons du prisme est modélisée en utilisant le modèle de March et les paramètres de susceptibilité magnétique. Les différents travaux réalisés dans cette thèse mettent en évidence un couplage direct de certaines propriétés physiques mesurées avec certains effets de déformation, chaque propriété caractérisant un point précis de la fabrique enregistré dans les roches.Mots-clefs : Anisotropie, susceptibilité magnétique, vitesses d'ondes ultrasoniques, déformation, fabrique, microstructures, faille inverse, TCDP, NanTroSeiZE. / Petrophysics of sedimentary rocks in compressive regime near active faults: examples of the Taiwan and Nankai accretionary prismsThe objective of this PhD is to study the deformation recorded by detrital rocks in areas subject to sub-horizontal tectonic shortening (Layer Parallel Shortening) and active faults. This study is based on the characterization of various physical properties and their anisotropy at sample scale in order to describe larger-scale structure of an accretionary prism. Two prisms have been sampled, the first is the inactive in Taiwan prism (TCDP project) and the second active the Nankai prism (NanTroSeiZE project).Sedimentary rocks microstructures, regardless of the degree to which they were loaded tectonically, always present some anisotropic characteristic emerging from a preferential shape, orientation or distribution of its constituents. Numerous studies have focused on the effect of such anisotropies on physical properties, first for prediction purposes, then to conversely get diffuse strain insight through the use of various effective medium models. In this thesis, the comparison between results obtained in discrete samples for various physical properties (essentially acoustic wave velocities, magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization) reveals selective responses due to a strong lithologic control.In TCDP, two significant results are reported. On the one hand, comparison of magnetic and acoustic anisotropy showed a differential evolution of deformation between the matrix-rich rocks (siltstones) and those with coarser granular fraction (sandstone). On the other hand, the combined results of the anisotropy of P waves velocity, microstructural analysis and magnetic mineralogy, show a peculiar behavior of the samples located in the wall of the fault FZB1136, considered to be responsible of the Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. A network of highly permeable dilatant structures allowed the circulation of fluids, neo-crystallization of calcite and neoformation of magnetic minerals. On the Nankai prism, an estimate of quantifying the deformation recorded by the samples of the prism is modeled using a simple March-type model and the parameters of magnetic susceptibility. The various work in this thesis show a direct coupling of physical properties measured with some aspect of deformation, each property characterizing a specific point of the fabric recorded in rocks.Keywords : Anisotropy, magnetic susceptibility, ultrasonic wave velocity, strain, fabric, microstructures, thrust fault, TCDP, NanTroSeiZE.

La lubrification eX-Poro-HydroDynamique (XPHD) est un mécanisme de lubrification d’inspiration biomimétique. Il s’agit principalement d’un écoulement dans un milieu poreux, dont la phase solide représentée par des fibres, induit des forces élastiques de compression considérées comme négligeables par rapport aux forces hydrodynamiques générées à l’intérieur du milieu poreux. L’idée essentielle de la lubrification XPHD consiste en remplacement du matériau antifriction et du film de fluide mince, traditionnellement utilisé dans les solutions classiques, par une couche poreuse imbibée d’un fluide qui fournit plus grande capacité de charge. Ce type de lubrification représente une solution technologique totalement nouvelle (en rupture avec la solution classique) qui peut permettre de remplacer les lubrifiants pétroliers, de créer des systèmes tribologiques autolubrifiants et donc plus écologiques et moins coûteux. Ce travail de recherche est donc focalisé sur l’évolution des performances de la lubrification XPHD dans le cadre d’un mouvement tangentiel, adapté à l’étude de butées pour faible et moyenne vitesses de rotation. Dans ce contexte scientifique, une étude approfondie d’un matériau poreux présélectionné (mousse en polyuréthane) fut réalisée avec le but de déterminer les caractéristiques physiques et les paramètres cruciaux pour la lubrification XPHD: la porosité et la perméabilité du matériau poreux. Les modèles théorique et numérique de lubrification XPHD proposés se basent sur l’équation de Darcy-Brinkman et les hypothèses de la lubrification classique, ainsi que l’écoulement à l’intérieur du milieu poreux sont prédit avec une nouvelle forme de l’équation de Reynolds. Le banc d’essais spécialement développé permet d’étudier expérimentalement le mécanisme de lubrification XPHD pour des différents types de dislocateur en combinaison avec des liquides newtoniens et nonnewtoniens. Une description détaillée du banc d’essais et de tous les dispositifs expérimentaux utilisés ainsi que la comparaison des résultats de modélisation et des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés. / The eX-Poro-HydroDynamic (XPHD) lubrication is a new biomimetic inspired lubrication mechanism. It consists of self-sustained fluid films generated within highly compressible porous layers imbibed with liquids, whose solid phase represented by fibers, induces compressive elastic forces considered negligible compared to the hydrodynamic forces generated inside the porous medium. The essential idea of XPHD lubrication is to replace the antifriction material and the thin fluid film, traditionally used for classical sliding motion, with a porous layer imbibed with a fluid that provides a greater load capacity. This type of lubrication represents a completely new technological solution (in rupture with the classical one) that can replace petroleum lubricants, create self-lubricating and therefore more ecological and less expensive tribological systems. This research work is focused on the evolution of XPHD lubrication performances in the context of a tangential movement, adapted to the study of thrust bearing for low and medium rotation speeds. In this scientific context, a thorough study of a preselected porous material (polyurethane foam) was carried out with the aim of determining the physical characteristics and the crucial parameters for XPHD lubrication: the porosity and the permeability of the porous material. The theoretical and numerical models of the XPHD lubrication proposed are based on the Darcy-Brinkman equation and the classical lubrication hypothesis, as well as the flow within the porous media is predicted with a new form of the Reynolds equation. The specially developed test rig is used to investigate experimentally the mechanism of the XPHD lubrication for different types of thrust bearing in combination with Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. A detailed description of the test rig and all used experimental devices, as well the comparison between the experimental and numerical results are presented.

Non renseigné / Most mega-earthquakes (i.e. earthquakes with Mw ≥ 8.5) occur along subduction mega-thrusts, the interfaces between the subducting - and the overriding plates in convergent margins. These events may have catastrophic impact on human societies due to their destructive potential. For this reason being able to predict the timing and size of these earthquakes became one goal of the international scientific community. The subduction seismic cycle is influenced by many different parameters. The interplay between these parameters governing the frequency and size of megathrust earthquakes still remains unclear, mainly due to the short (i.e. limited to the last century) seismic record.The seismogenic part of the subduction thrust fault spans between depths of 11±4 and ± 51 km (Heuret et al. 2011). In this zone a combination of temperature, pressure and rocks characteristics creates conditions favourable for seismic behaviour. Whether a specific area in the subduction thrust fault has the ability to trigger mega-earthquakes can be expressed using the degree of seismic coupling, i.e. the amount of slip that occurs with respect to the total amount of plate convergence (e.g. Scholz 1998; Scholz & Campos 2012). When a fault is fully coupled, all of the fault slip occurs during earthquakes instead of also during aseismic behaviour (e.g. slow slip events). The internal structure of the interplate fault zone mainly determines whether an area within a subduction zone behaves seismic or aseismic (Wang & Bilek 2011). This is influenced by the topography of the plate interface (e.g. subducting seamounts; Wang & Bilek 2014), but also subducted sediments and fluids in the subduction channel may play an important role.The main goal of this project is to understand which parameters affect the behaviour of mega-earthquake ruptures. This will be done by comparing natural data (e.g. seafloor roughness, sediment thickness and fluid content in the subduction channel) to rupture characteristics of major recent earthquakes. With this analysis also more knowledge can be gained on the triggering of slow earthquakes instead of mega-earthquakes. These are slow slip events with lower frequencies and longer durations than ‘regular’ earthquakes (Saffer & Wallace 2015).The database of natural data, implemented by the long-term scientific joint venture between the Univ. Montpellier and the LET (Roma Tre) will be used for the analysis. Ongoing work is done on determining a method for estimating the seafloor roughness, i.e. the distribution of high, low and smooth areas (by Michel Peyret in collaboration with Serge Lallemand, Univ. Montpellier). Also data is available on the trench sediment thickness around the world (Heuret et al. 2011). In the frame of this project, information on the roughness of the seafloor will be added to the database. In addition the rupture characteristics of major recent earthquakes will be collected. By performing a multiparametric statistical analysis of the database, a conceptual model will be realized, exploring the possible link between all the different parameters. The aim is to validate this model in the lab using scaled 3D analogue models. This will be done both at the LET and at Univ. Montpellier by using a broad range of geometries and contact materials with different rheologies (e.g. gelatin, foam rubber and a new analogue material; Caniven et al. 2015; Corbi et al. 2013). This jointed experimental approach with both the Univ. Montpellier and the LET involved creates a rich environment where differences and similarities of the two different approaches can be used to validate the results.

No presente trabalho buscou-se compor um quadro geológico-estrutural da Faixa Paraguai meridional e compreender as relações estratigráficas entre os litotipos da Formação Puga e grupos Cuiabá e Corumbá. Foram realizados trabalhos de reconhecimento geológico e perfis geológico-estruturais de detalhe, com análise estrutural e petrográfica, em conjunto com a integração de dados e mapas existentes, análise de imagens de satélite, fotos aéreas e modelos digitais de terreno. A Faixa Paraguai meridional evoluiu como um típico fold-andthrust belt. A evolução geológica do cinturão principia por processos de rifteamento, provavelmente no final do Criogeniano, evoluindo para mar restrito e margem passiva até o final do Ediacarano. A fase rifte é caracterizada pelas formações Puga e Cerradinho. A fase margem passiva está representada pelas formações Bocaina, Tamengo e Guaicurus. Propõe-se que o Grupo Cuiabá na área estudada seja constituído por depósitos marinhos profundos, turbidíticos distais depositados comitantemente aos sedimentos do Grupo Corumbá. O processo colisional responsável pela inversão da bacia com a deformação e metamorfismo associados ocorreu durante o Cambriano, com magmatismo pós-colisional no Cambriano Superior. O estilo estrutural torna-se progressivamente mais complexo de oeste para leste. São observadas até três fases de dobramento coaxiais sobrepostas com eixos subhorizontais de direção N-S. Associam-se a sistemas de falhas de empurrão com deslocamento da capa para oeste. As lineações de estiramento e indicadores cinemáticos observados sugerem que a convergência colisional em direção ao bloco Rio Apa que deu origem à faixa móvel não foi completamente frontal, existindo algum grau de obliquidade, com vetores de convergência em torno de WNWENE. Os micaxistos do Grupo Cuiabá mostram o estilo estrutural mais complexo, com três fases de dobramentos coaxiais e foliações tectônicas mais intensas. Haveria correlação temporal entre S3 gerada nos micaxistos, comumente referidos como Grupo Cuiabá, a leste com a foliação S2 gerada na porção central e a clivagem S1 gerada no limite da área cratônica a oeste, padrão que pode ser explicado pela migração do front deformacional de leste para oeste. É sugestivo que as principais falhas de empurrão coincidam com limites bacinais importantes, onde ocorrem variações de espessura e representatividades das formações basais. No processo de inversão da bacia provavelmente os empurrões reativaram as antigas falhas lístricas principais do estágio rifte. / This work aims to characterize the geological and structural context of the Southern Paraguay Folded Belt, and to understand the stratigraphic relationships between the Puga Formation, Corumbá and Cuiabá groups. Regional geological reconnaissance work and detailed geological-structural field sections were carried out, with petrographic and structural analysis, together with integration of existing data and maps and analysis of satellite images, aerial photos and digital terrain models. The southern Paraguay Belt is a typical fold-andthrust belt. Its geological evolution began with rifting (Puga and Cerradinho formations), probably at the end of Criogenian, and evolved to restricted sea and passive margin (Bocaina, Tamengo and Guaicurus formations) in the late Ediacaran. It is proposed that the Cuiabá Group in the study area consists of distal marine deposits coeval with the Corumbá Group. The collisional process responsible for basin inversion and associated deformation and metamorphism occurred in the Cambrian, with post-collisional magmatism in the Upper Cambrian. The structural style becomes increasingly complex from west to east. Up to three overprinted coaxial folding phases are observed with north / south upright axial planes dipping to east and axes plunging gently to North or South. A system of thrust faults is associated with displacement of the hangwall to the west. Down-dip to oblique and strike-slip stretching lineations are also observed, with kinematic indicators showing movement varying from inverse to sinistral. This suggests that the collisional convergence toward the Rio Apa block which generated the mobile belt was not strictly frontal, but had some degree of obliquity, with convergence vectors around SSW - ENE. The Cuiabá Group mica-schists show the most complex structural style with three superimposed coaxial fold phases and more intense tectonic foliations. It is proposed that there would be time correlation between the S3 foliation in the mica-schists in the easternmost area, with the S2 foliation in the central area and the S1 cleavage at the limit of the cratonic area to the west. This pattern can be explained by the westward migration of the deformational front. It is suggestive that the main thrusts coincide with major basin boundaries, where greater variations in thickness and expression of the basal formations occur. During the basin inversion the thrusts probably reactivated the former main listric faults of the rift stage.

The Chelungpu thrust fault, Taiwan, and the Mozumi right-lateral fault, Japan, provide an opportunity to characterize active faults in clastic sedimentary rocks and provide constraints to seismologic models. The northern Chelungpu fault has a 10-30 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures and chemical alteration. The southern Chelungpu fault has a 25-70 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures, alteration, intensely sheared rock, and secondary faults. The complexity of the damage zone, geochemistry, and clay mineralogy of the southern fault zone reflects its greater maturity (~1 Ma) relative to the northern fault zone (~46-100 Ka). A transition exists from smectite in exhumed fault core to illite-rich fault core at depth (200 - 1000 m) due to co-seismic fluid flow and radiated seismic energy. Clay composition plays a role in fault weakening. Microstructures in deformed Mozumi siltstone indicate syn-tectonic fluid pressurization and flow, and shear concentrated in sericite-rich matrix. Kaolinite and illite clays dominate the host rock and fault breccia; illite, smectite, and kaolinite dominate clay-rich fault breccia. Whole-rock geochemistry shows a depletion of most oxides in fault rocks relative to unaltered host rock (up to ~90%). Resistivity values are depressed by 0-50 ohm-m, and νp and νs are decreased by ~0.30 km/s and ~0.40 km/s across the main fault relative to wall rock, and an average of ~0.70 km/s and ~1.0 km/s relative to host rock, respectively. Calculated values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of fault rocks range from 16.2 to 44.9 GPa and 0.263 to 0.393, respectively. The protolith has a calculated Young’s modulus of 55.4 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.242. Lowest values of Young’s modulus and highest values of Poisson’s ratio correspond to fault breccia with high fluid content, and are offset from the most altered and damaged fault rocks. Fluid-rich pockets, and thus alteration, apparently migrate through the fault zone and may facilitate creep on the Mozumi fault because these fluid rich rocks are unable to sustain the shear stresses needed for brittle failure. The Chelungpu and Mozumi faults illustrate the temporally dynamic and heterogeneous nature of active fault zones.

<p>This thesis uses geodetic satellite data to measure present-day crustal deformation in the Zagros fold-thrust belt (SW Iran). Geodetic-type measurements are also used in down-scaled models that simulate the surface deformations seen in convergent settings like the Zagros fold-thrust belt.</p><p>Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of three surveys between 1998 and 2001 indicate 9 ± 3 mm/yr and 5 ± 3 mm/yr shortening across the SE and NW Zagros respectively. GPS results show that in addition to the different rates and directions of shortening on either side of the NS trending Kazerun fault, local along-belt extension occurs to the east. </p><p>Differential SAR interferograms of ERS1 & 2 images between 1992 and 1999 detect 8 ± 4 mm/yr uplift rate across a newly recognized fault in SW Qeshm Island. This can be attributed to a steep imbricate thrust that may still represent the local Zagros deformation front.</p><p>The salt diapirs in the Zagros rise from a source layer that acts as a low-frictional decollement that decouples the deformation of the cover sediments from their basement in the eastern Zagros whereas the cover to the west deforms above a high-friction decollement. Physical models were prepared to simulate cover deformation in the Zagros by shortening a sand pack above adjacent high- and low-frictional decollements (represented by a ductile layer). The strain distributions differed above the two types of decollements; it was more heterogeneous above the salt where local extension in the shortening direction was dominant. A separate work also investigated systematically the role of basal friction on cover deformation in convergent settings. Accurate height measurements of the model surface by laser-scanner indicated a deformation front more distal than usual, particularly in the low-basal frictional models. The volume reduction in our shortened sand models correlated directly with their basal friction.</p>

This thesis uses geodetic satellite data to measure present-day crustal deformation in the Zagros fold-thrust belt (SW Iran). Geodetic-type measurements are also used in down-scaled models that simulate the surface deformations seen in convergent settings like the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of three surveys between 1998 and 2001 indicate 9 ± 3 mm/yr and 5 ± 3 mm/yr shortening across the SE and NW Zagros respectively. GPS results show that in addition to the different rates and directions of shortening on either side of the NS trending Kazerun fault, local along-belt extension occurs to the east. Differential SAR interferograms of ERS1 &amp; 2 images between 1992 and 1999 detect 8 ± 4 mm/yr uplift rate across a newly recognized fault in SW Qeshm Island. This can be attributed to a steep imbricate thrust that may still represent the local Zagros deformation front. The salt diapirs in the Zagros rise from a source layer that acts as a low-frictional decollement that decouples the deformation of the cover sediments from their basement in the eastern Zagros whereas the cover to the west deforms above a high-friction decollement. Physical models were prepared to simulate cover deformation in the Zagros by shortening a sand pack above adjacent high- and low-frictional decollements (represented by a ductile layer). The strain distributions differed above the two types of decollements; it was more heterogeneous above the salt where local extension in the shortening direction was dominant. A separate work also investigated systematically the role of basal friction on cover deformation in convergent settings. Accurate height measurements of the model surface by laser-scanner indicated a deformation front more distal than usual, particularly in the low-basal frictional models. The volume reduction in our shortened sand models correlated directly with their basal friction.

A numerical study was performed in order to investigate the effects of base excitation characteristics (peak acceleration amplitude and frequency of the excitation), soil strength and wall flexibility on the dynamic response of cantilever earth-retaining walls. In this study, Plaxis v8.2 dynamic finite element code was used. Previous 1-g shake table tests performed by &Ccedil / ali&amp / #56256 / &amp / #56570 / an (1999) and Yunat&ccedil / i (2003) were used to compare the experimental results with those obtained by finite element analysis. Comparison of experimental and numerical results indicated that the code was capable of predicting the dynamic lateral thrust values and bending moment profiles on the wall stems. In the light of these validation studies, a parametric study was carried on for a configuration that consists of an 8 meters high retaining wall supporting the same height of dry cohesionless backfill. Total and incremental dynamic thrust values, points of application and dimensionless bending moment values were presented together with the results obtained from commonly used pseudo static Mononobe-Okabe method and Steedman-Zeng approaches. According to the finite element analyses results, total dynamic active thrust act at approximately 0.30H above wall base. Base motion frequency becomes an important factor on magnitudes of dynamic active thrust when it approaches to the natural frequency of the system. Significantly high overturning moments were predicted at wall base in this case. It was observed that increasing wall rigidity causes an increase in forces acting on the wall stem during dynamic motion.

Future ambitious solar system exploration missions are likely to require ever larger propulsion capabilities and involve innovative interplanetary trajectories in order to accommodate the increasingly complex mission scenarios. Two recent advances in trajectory design can be exploited to meet those new requirements: the use of low-thrust propulsion which enables larger cumulative momentum exchange relative to chemical propulsion; and the consideration of low-energy transfers relying on full multi-body dynamics. Yet the resulting optimal control problems are hypersensitive, time-consuming and extremely difficult to tackle with current optimization tools. Therefore, the goal of the thesis is to develop a methodology that facilitates and simplifies the solution finding process of low-thrust optimization problems in multi-body environments. Emphasis is placed on robust techniques to produce good solutions for a wide range of cases despite the strong nonlinearities of the problems. The complete trajectory is broken down into different component phases, which facilitates the modeling of the effects of multiple bodies and makes the process less sensitive to the initial guess. A unified optimization framework is created to solve the resulting multi-phase optimal control problems. Interfaces to state-of-the-art solvers SNOPT and IPOPT are included. In addition, a new, robust Hybrid Differential Dynamic Programming (HDDP) algorithm is developed. HDDP is based on differential dynamic programming, a proven robust second-order technique that relies on Bellman's Principle of Optimality and successive minimization of quadratic approximations. HDDP also incorporates nonlinear mathematical programming techniques to increase efficiency, and decouples the optimization from the dynamics using first- and second-order state transition matrices. Crucial to this optimization procedure is the generation of the sensitivities with respect to the variables of the system. In the context of trajectory optimization, these derivatives are often tedious and cumbersome to estimate analytically, especially when complex multi-body dynamics are considered. To produce a solution with minimal effort, an new approach is derived that computes automatically first- and high-order derivatives via multicomplex numbers. Another important aspect of the methodology is the representation of low-thrust trajectories by different dynamical models with varying degrees of fidelity. Emphasis is given on analytical expressions to speed up the optimization process. In particular, one novelty of the framework is the derivation and implementation of analytic expressions for motion subjected to Newtonian gravitation plus an additional constant inertial force. Example applications include low-thrust asteroid tour design, multiple flyby trajectories, and planetary inter-moon transfers. In the latter case, we generate good initial guesses using dynamical systems theory to exploit the chaotic nature of these multi-body systems. The developed optimization framework is then used to generate low-energy, inter-moon trajectories with multiple resonant gravity assists.

Structural analysis of surface and subsurface data from the Middle Magdalena Valley basin and Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt to construct a kinematic model for its Cenozoic structural and stratigraphic evolution. The La Salina west-vergent thrust system marks the boundary between the Paleogene foreland basin of the Middle Magdalena basin and the Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt. New low-temperature thermochonological and sandstone petrographic analyses provide constraints on ages of thrust deformation and sediment dispersal. Apatite fission track (AFT) and U-Th/He thermochronological results show the timing of three structural events along the La Salina fault system: (1) late Eocene-early Oligocene (~43–35 Ma) initial hanging wall exhumation; (2) continued middle Miocene (~15 Ma) exhumation; and (3) continued but more rapid late Miocene (~12–3 Ma) hanging wall exhumation. Vitrinite reflectance results provide estimates of maximum burial depths for the hanging wall of the La Salina fault ranging from 4 to 6 km., this depth of burial estimates constrain the basin geometry during its late Eocene to late Miocene evolution. The eastern hanging wall of the La Salina fault displays a broad anticline-syncline pair affecting Cretaceous to Eocene strata with no significant faulting, whereas the western footwall contains a complex series of tight, thrust-related folds in Eocene-Quaternary strata. For foreland basin province, a proposed triangle zone accommodates a small amount of east-west shortening (< 1000 m) along the frontal thrust system by east-vergent backthrusting within a broader passive-roof duplex. East-west shortening in the Cenozoic stratigraphic section was also accommodated by detachment folding, which produced localized areas of steep dips. In the proposed kinematic restoration, the most recent phase of deformation represents out-of-sequence reactivation of the La Salina fault that is consistent with irregular crosscutting relationships of some footwall structures. Earliest exhumation by ~45–30 Ma in the Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt province matches (1) an increased proportion of sedimentary lithic fragments; and (2) a high degree of compositional maturity (Q88F4Lf8). Exhumation since ~15 Ma in the foreland province coincides with (1) the highest accumulation rates observed for the upper Miocene Real Group; and (2) a decrease in compositional maturity (Q55F8Lf36). / text