Various potential nutrient deficiencies associated with the vegan diet have been thoroughly investigated, but limited research has been undertaken to assess the iodine intake of vegans. Moreover, such research may be considered unreliable. Therefore, the aims of the current work were to firstly ascertain the main sources of iodine in the vegan diet, both dietary and pharmacological, and their frequency of consumption. Secondly, it was intended, by way of a prospective cross-sectional study, to determine the iodine intake of vegans consuming their habitual diet, and their iodine status. The current sources of iodine in the vegan diet and the frequency of consumption were assessed in 378 replies to a questionnaire advertised in 'The Vegan' - the official magazine of the Vegan Society. The main sources of iodine were identified as seaweed and seaweed products, iodised salt and iodine supplements. Over 1 in 4 of the volunteers were not consuming any of these sources and 54% were consuming only one source. Conversely, 19% were consuming at least two of the three identified sources. The preliminary findings suggested that vegans may be at risk of both iodine deficiency and toxicity and that iodine consumption was largely dependent on the iodine content of the food, the portion size and the frequency of consumption. Thirty 'healthy' vegans were recruited to the prospective study. Duplicate portions and 24 hour urine specimens were collected concurrently over four consecutive days and the iodine intake and status determined by chemical analysis. Dietary intake was also recorded and iodine intakes were determined by Comp-Eat, a computerised nutritional analysis program, to assess the reliability of this dietary survey technique. The iodine intake of the majority of the subjects was below the RNI and even below the LRNI. Moreover, the iodine status of the majority of the group investigated was low. Conversely iodine intakes of those who consumed seaweed approached levels which may be considered toxic. These findings indicate that iodine intakes may be low, however it is uncertain as to whether or not the body is able to adapt to such intakes. Furthermore, the potential effect on thyroid function of possibly toxic, but infrequent, intakes of the trace element is unclear. Finally, the study exposed a need for the availability of reliable information on iodine for vegans.

No description available.

by Iris Frances Forster Benzie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 170-184.

M.Med. (Medical Genetics)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, 2012 / Down syndrome (DS) (OMIM #190685), the most common viable chromosome abnormality, is associated with an increased risk of medical complications. The most frequent endocrine abnormalities observed in children with DS involve the thyroid gland, and the risk of thyroid dysfunction increases with age. Global studies have documented a wide spectrum of thyroid dysfunction in children with DS. Due to the paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa regarding thyroid function in African children with DS, this study was conceived. The main aim of the study was to document the range of thyroid function in a cohort of 391 South African children with DS, seen at the Genetic Clinics from 2003 to 2008. Referral and treatment practices at two tertiary hospitals in Johannesburg were also documented. The majority (84%) of children had at least one thyroid function test (TFT) performed, and the most common form of thyroid dysfunction encountered was subclinical hypothyroidism (25.3%). Notably, up to one third of patients with abnormal TFT results were not referred to the Endocrine Clinics for evaluation, and were thus not receiving the necessary treatment. There were 13 neonates with congenital hypothyroidism; at least two of them were not referred, and thus not treated during the sensitive neonatal period. A significant difference was noted between the results from Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and those from the other two hospitals. The difficulties in interpretation of results obtained from different biochemical machines and different populations, as compared to those used to derive the reference ranges, were raised. Problems with regular follow-up of patients and annual thyroid surveillance were also highlighted. The clinical features of hypothyroidism may be difficult to distinguish from the phenotypic features of DS. Thus, regular biochemical screening, even in the absence of physical signs and symptoms, is warranted in this group of children to ensure that hypothyroidism is treated, and further, irreversible neurological and physical impairment prevented.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Medicine in Internal Medicine. 1993. / Normal thyroid physiology and pathophysiOlogy with reference to non-thyroidal illness is reviwed, including infections, specific disease states and drugs and their effects on thyroid function tests. A review of the literature reveals that following almost any infection the serum T4 and T3 decrease as a result of diminished secretion of TSH and thyroxine, accelerated T4 disappearance, inhibition of hormone binding to transport proteins and decreased peripheral T4 to T3 conversion. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / AC2017

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / The experience of persistent fatigue after breast cancer treatment is estimated to affect approximately one in four women, but fatigue development and factors associated with cancer-related fatigue are poorly understood. Gaining a better understanding of these issues is important because persistent fatigue after radiation therapy can be a debilitating experience for cancer survivors. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine fatigue prevalence in women with breast cancer at standardised timepoints after radiation therapy; (2) to investigate the relationships between fatigue, salivary cortisol rhythm and thyroid function; (3) to investigate the amount of radiation dose received by the thyroid gland in different radiation therapy treatment techniques; and (4) to investigate the relationship between irradiation of the thyroid, thyroid function and fatigue. Participants in this research were women diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer and all were referred for adjuvant radiation therapy treatment. One cohort of participants (n = 48) was assessed prior to the start of radiation therapy and then six months after treatment, and a second cohort (n = 15) was assessed at six months and then at 12 months after treatment. Behavioural assessments included questionnaires that measured the level of multidimensional fatigue (MFSI–SF), the degree of fatigue and depression symptoms (SPHERE–12), impact that fatigue had on participants’ functioning (FIS) and aspects of quality of life (EORTC QLQ–C30). Biological assessments included a three day measurement of salivary cortisol rhythm and an assessment of thyroid function (TSH, free T4 and free T3). Radiation doses to the thyroid gland were determined from participants’ treatment plans. Six months after completing adjuvant radiation therapy, women receiving treatment for breast cancer experienced significant improvements in emotional fatigue, role functioning and social functioning. High fatigue levels were prevalent in 29% of women at six months and 33% of women at 12 months after treatment, but newly developed fatigue that was not present before treatment was only found in 5% of participants. There were no significant changes in cortisol rhythm over time or between fatigued and non-fatigued participants; however, significant positive correlations were found between fatigue and morning cortisol. Regarding thyroid function, significant decreases in free T4 hormone levels were seen from six months to 12 months after radiation therapy with larger decreases in free T4 levels being related to higher fatigue. Radiation doses to the thyroid gland were significantly higher in participants who received treatment to the regional lymphatics with a supraclavicular fossa radiation field compared to participants who received localised treatment to the breast or chest wall only. In the former, changes in thyroid function were observed, as were relationships between mean radiation dose to the thyroid and thyroid function.

Submitted by Luciana Abrão de Oliveira Restini Oliveira (luciana.abraonutri@gmail.com) on 2016-04-29T15:05:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Luciana Abrão.pdf: 758211 bytes, checksum: 66d580b56d5bc28949f49defc70b57eb (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-10-27T11:27:33Z: restini_lao_dr_arafcf.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-10-27T11:28:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000866332.pdf: 560429 bytes, checksum: 981780d89948d032bb6ebac21b1396ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-02T18:12:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 restini_lao_dr_arafcf.pdf: 758211 bytes, checksum: 66d580b56d5bc28949f49defc70b57eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T18:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 restini_lao_dr_arafcf.pdf: 758211 bytes, checksum: 66d580b56d5bc28949f49defc70b57eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / A ingestão adequada de iodo durante a gestação é essencial para a síntese dos hormônios tireoidianos, que são importantes para as funções fisiológicas da mãe e para uma adequada maturação do sistema nervoso central do feto. Os efeitos da deficiência e/ou excesso de iodo são evidentes em todas as idades e se manifestam desde a fase fetal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a excreção urinária de iodo, a função tireoidiana, e concentração séricas de antioxidantes e marcadores do estresse oxidativo em gestantes. Participaram do estudo 191 gestantes e 62 mulheres não gestantes que foram avaliadas segundo o estado nutricional e foram realizadas análises de iodo na urina, marcadores de estresse oxidativo e função tireoidiana. A partir das análises realizadas, foi observada insuficiência de iodo em 81 gestantes. Não houve alteração nas concentrações de TSH para 89% das gestantes. Os valores de anti-TPO foram superiores para o grupo controle em comparação com o grupo gestante (64,5% e 12,6%, respectivamente). Para o anti-TG, o grupo controle também apresentou valores maiores (11,6%). Não houve alteração significativa nos anticorpos quanto à sua classificação em relação aos valores de TSH e iodúria. A avaliação do estresse oxidativo revelou níveis de AOPP superiores para as gestantes e maiores níveis dos antioxidantes CAT e SOD. A classificação de iodúria com relação aos marcadores de estresse oxidativo revelou menores níveis de α-tocoferol para as gestantes com insuficiência de iodo. Sendo assim, os resultados sugerem que a insuficiência de iodo não foi capaz de induzir alterações nos níveis de TSH e anticorpos e que mulheres grávidas com excreção urinária de iodo adequada apresentaram melhor perfil do antioxidante α-tocoferol, indicando que o iodo pode desempenhar um papel significativo na capacidade antioxidante durante a gestação. / Adequate intake of iodine during pregnancy is essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are important for the physiological functions of the mother and proper maturation of the central nervous system of the fetus. The effects of disability and/or over are evident in all ages and manifest in the fetal stage. This study aimed to evaluate the urinary excretion levels of iodine, thyroid function and markers of oxidative stress in pregnant women. The study enrolled 191 pregnant women and 62 non-pregnant women who were evaluated according to the nutritional status and were held iodine analysis in urine, thyroid function and oxidative stress markers. From the analyzes, iodine deficiency was observed in 81 pregnant women. There was no change in TSH concentrations to 89% of pregnant women. The anti-TPO levels were higher in the control group compared to the pregnant group (64,5% and 12,6%, respectively). For anti-TG, the control group also showed higher values (11,6%). There was no significant change in antibodies and their classification about TSH levels and urinary iodine. Evaluation of oxidative stress revealed AOPP levels greater for pregnant women and higher levels of antioxidants SOD and CAT. Urinary iodine classification with respect to oxidative stress markers showed lower levels of α-tocopherol for pregnant women with iodine insufficiency. Thus, the results suggest that iodine deficiency was not able to induce altered levels of TSH and antibodies and pregnant women with urinary excretion of appropriate iodine showed a better profile of the α-tocopherol antioxidant, indicating that the iodine may play a role significant antioxidant capacity during pregnancy.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21640号 / 医博第4446号 / 新制||医||1034(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 大森 孝一, 教授 岩田 想 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

It was the purpose of this thesis to establish the functional level of the thyroid gland in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis.

Thyroid hormone is a master regulator of growth and development in all vertebrates. Thus, disruption of its synthesis and activity can lead to profound consequences. Past decade studies on thyroid function tests have established an efficient guideline for monitoring thyroid diseases, yet a significant proportion of healthcare providers do not defer to it in their practice. The aim of this study is to assess provider practices in the diagnosis and treatment of primary hypothyroidism due to autoimmunity at Boston Children's Hospital (CHB) for a primarily pediatric patient population. Commonly known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), this is the most common thyroid disease in the world as well as the most common manifestation of human autoimmune endocrine disease. Through CHB's bioinformatics institute, a rich data set was collected to assess the manner in which healthcare providers utilized relevant thyroid function tests (TFTs). This work assessed and confirmed the superior sensitivity of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPO) relative to thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) for diagnosing HT in children. We also verified proper utilization of thyroid stimulating hormone tests to monitor HT but concluded that there is a low utilization efficiency with regards to measurements of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine). Based upon the observation of unnecessary monetary loss caused by improper TFTs utilization, it can be concluded that reflex testing at CHB may improve provider practices' efficiency for HT monitoring.