Marburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2000.

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Orientador: Renata Fracácio Francisco / Resumo: A indústria têxtil é responsável pela maior parte de corantes utilizados comercialmente. Segundo a literatura estes contaminantes representam potencial tóxico a fauna aquática. Neste contexto destaca-se o corante sintético, Índigo Blue, por seu uso intenso no tingimento do “blue jeans”. Antes o corante índigo era obtido da planta Indigofera tinctoria, mas a viabilidade econômica sobrepôs a produção natural e tornou a cor azul acessível a sociedade com a produção sintética do corante. Este estudo objetivou comparar os aspectos ecotoxicológicos do corante Índigo Blue (sintético) e do corante Índigo Natural (obtido da planta Indigofera tinctoria) expondo-se organismos de dois níveis tróficos diferentes à 100 mg/L de cada corante (concentração representativa de corantes em efluntes têxteis). Os organismos-teste utilizados foram: 1) a alga Raphidocelis subcapitata com duração dos testes equivalente a 72h e 96h, avaliando-se o parâmetro crescimento pela contagem do numero de células em relação ao grupo controle ( a concentração estudada não inibiu o crescimento algal) e 2) o peixe Danio rerio, machos e fêmeas mantiveram-se expostos por 21 dias, num total de seis réplicas para cada tratamento e para cada sexo. Sendo 3 organismos-teste em cada uma das quatro réplicas destinadas para a histologia de gônadas de ambos os sexos e duas réplicas com 4 machos destinados para a reprodução e duas réplicas cotendo 2 fêmeas para a reprodução (proporção de dois machos pra cada fêmea). Após o vig... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The textile industry is responsible for most commercially used dyes. According to the literature these contaminants represent toxic potential to aquatic fauna. In this context the synthetic dye, Indigo Blue, stands out due to its intense use in dyeing blue jeans. Before, indigo dye was obtained from the Indigofera tinctoria plant, but economic viability superimposed the natural production and made the blue color accessible to society with the synthetic dye production. This study aimed to compare the ecotoxicological aspects of Indigo Blue (synthetic) and Indigo Natural dye (obtained from the Indigofera tinctoria plant) by exposing organisms of two different trophic levels to 100 mg / L of each dye (representative concentrations of dyes in flakes textiles). The test organisms used were: 1) Raphidocelis subcapitata seaweed with duration of the tests equivalent to 72h and 96h, being evaluated the parameter growth by counting the number of cells in relation to the control group (the concentration studied did not inhibit algal growth) and 2) the Danio rerio fish, males and females remained exposed for 21 days, for a total of six replicates for each treatment and for each sex. Three replicates were used in each of the four replicates for the histology of gonads of both sexes and two replicates with 4 males destined for breeding and 2 replicates with 2 females for reproduction (ratio of two males to each female). After the twenty-first day, two replicates destined for histology were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The mutualism between the dioecious Ficus tinctoria and its pollinators was studied at Hsitzewan, Kaohsiung. I investigated the phenology of F. tinctoria from December 2004 to May 2006. Wasps trapped in sticky boards were recorded from April 2005 to May 2006. The average diameter of receptive figs (B phase) of female F. tinctoria was significantly different from that of functional male trees (P < 0.01), but both with similar coloration. The durations of pre-receptive figs (A phase) through wasp- releasing figs (D phase) or mature figs (E phase) in F. tinctoria were slight longer in winter and spring (8.3-8.8 weeks) than in summer and autumn (6.8-7.0 weeks). The receptive figs were asynchronous both within-tree and among-trees. The receptive figs occurred in every month of 2005 and without seasonality. There were considerable overlaps (82.6%) in the receptive figs between functional male and female trees. The frequency of tender leaf phase of F. tinctoria was positively correlated with local rainfall and temperature, but the frequency of leaf falling phase was negatively correlated with them. The frequency of receptive figs of female trees was only positively correlated with rainfall, and the frequency of their interforal figs (C phase) were both negatively correlated with rainfall and temperature. Fig production of functional male F. tinctoria was not correlated with rainfall and temperature. There are five species of fig wasps, including one species of pollinator (Liporrh opalumgibbosae), one species of Sycoscapter, two species of Philotrypesis, and one species of Neosycophila. No significant difference was found in the average number of 4 species of fig wasps from D phase figs (6.3 pollinators, 8.8 Philotrypesis sp.1, 5.7 P. sp.2, and 5.7 Sycoscapter sp.1 per fig). In addition, one species of Sycophila (Eurytomidae) was also found inside figs of F. tinctoria. The coordination between D phase figs of male F. tinctoria to its B phase was iii 26.2%, which was similar to the coordination of it to B phase of female trees (29.5%). However, more pollinators arrived on male trees than that on female trees. The coordination between pollinators and B phase figs of male trees (43.0%) was higher than that of female trees (14.6%). Fig-pollinator mutualism in F. tinctoria is probably maintained by its asynchronous phenology, and aseasonal changes of the receptive figs. Seed production at female trees can be maintained by a small size of pollinator populations.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Um meio de se evitar a oxidaÃÃo excessiva das cÃlulas e, assim, evitar doenÃas contra o cÃncer à a ingestÃo de substÃncias chamadas antioxidantes. A mangiferina, tem apresentado um grande potencial antioxidante, bem como o noratiriol, sua aglicona. Daà surge a justificativa para se buscar fontes naturais dessas substÃncias. Foram isolados cerca de 30 g de mangiferina da Mangifera indica atravÃs de extraÃÃo a frio com etanol. Com ela foram feitos testes de conversÃo em noratiriol atravÃs de biotransformaÃÃo porÃm, mostrando resultados negativos. Foram analisadas por HPLC os extratos metanÃlicos obtidos à quente de Maclura tinctoria estando o noratiriol presente apenas no caule que foi quantificado dando um valor de 1,56 % de noratiriol em massa. Um estudo paralelo foi realizado com a raiz da Mangifera indica que tambÃm apresentou noratiriol, pela primeira vez na espÃcie, porÃm em pequena quantidade que pela quantificaÃÃo apresentou um valor de 0,0035 % de noratiriol em massa. Foram identificadas mais 14 substÃncias neste extrato por padrÃes de HPLC como o Ãcido gÃlico, Ãcido gÃlico glicosilado, Ãcido 3,4-dihidroxibenzÃico, metil galato, iriflofenona-3-C-&#946;-glicosÃdeo, iriflofenona-3-C-(2-O-p-hidroxibenzoil)-&#946;-D-glicosÃdeo, iriflofenona-3-C-(2-O-galoil)-&#946;-D-glicosÃdeo, mangiferina, isomangiferina, 6-O-(p-hidroxibenzoil)mangiferina, metil mangiferina, naningerina, maclurina 3-C-(2-O-galoil)-&#946;-D-glicosÃdeo e taxifolina.

An impact of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the concentration changes of carotenoid pigments in the Indigofera tinctoria plant by using Raman spectroscopic techniques is studied. Three different concentration levels of the fertilizers with a normal supply as control were added to the plants at two stages. The Raman spectra were taken to determine the carotenoid concentration level changes in the plant leaves in vivo. The ring-stretching mode are the Raman spectroscopic signatures for the carotenoid pigment and its magnitude increased significantly (over 170%) for the case of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The effect from the nitrogen fertilizer was detected to be about 130% in comparison with the corresponding control plants. This study has a potential application for the increased extraction of the indigotin dye from plants for the medical and textile industries.

My thesis deals with dye plants and possibilities of their use. The first part contains classification of dye plants and history of their use. In the next part, there is a summary of dye plants and colors we can get from them. Methodology of coloring is also introduced. At the end, there are botanic parameters, environment needs and cultivation methods of eight selected dye plants. The thesis include database of dye plants in electronic form.

1 Abstract Elicitation method is one way to increase the production of secondary metabolites in in vitro of plant cultures and this work deals with this problem. Its aim was to find the positive effect of 2-hydroxy-4-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-2-carboxamide)benzoic acid from the group of pyrazine derivates on the production of isoflavonoids in in vitro cultures of Genista tinctoria L. Isoflavonoids play an important role in therapy of climacteric problems or they are promising substances of therapy various cancer types due to their affinity to estrogens β-receptors. This plant or rather its in vitro cultures are a potencial sources of isoflavonoids. Suspension and callus cultures of Genista tinctoria L. were used for elicitation. They were cultivated on Schenk & Hildebrant medium with the addition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as growth regulator at a concentration of 1 ml/l. The elicitor solution was added to the cultures at three concentrations: 3.3642 × 10-3 mol/l; 3.3642 × 10-4 mol/l; 3.3642 × 10-5 mol/l. The samples were taken at intervals of 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours and then they were analyzed by HPLC method. At the same time intervals the samples of medium, where isoflavonoids were released, were analyzed. The biggest production of isoflavonoid was reached in suspension culture. The...

Northern Utah rangelands have become infested with dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) and control is needed. Mechanical and chemical control on rangelands produce undesirable effects. A possible alternative is biological control, but information is not available on plant response to this control method. This autecological study and simulation of control methods examined dyers woad phenology, seed endurance and response to simulated grazing, hand rogueing and plowing. The phenology study documented dyers woad growth patterns from May 1982 to November 1983. During the first year, 65 percent of the seedlings died while the remaining 35 percent grew rosette leaves. During the following growing season, 50 percent of the remaining population flowered and died. The other 50 percent continued to grow rosette leaves. The seed endurance study showed seed viability remaining high and relatively stable, but germination decreased during the ten month study period. Methods used indicate future germination and viability studies should more closely simulate field conditions. The simulation of control methods involved clipping dyers woad once at three different heights to simulate grazing, hand rogueing and plowing on three different dates that correspond with the phenological stages of initial rosette growth, pre-bolting, and post-bolting. Simulated grazing stimulated plant survival and growth. Simulated plowing and hand rogueing reduced plant survival. Treatment at all three levels after initial rosette growth depressed flowering for one year. Treatment to simulate plowing and hand rogueing during initial rosette growth depressed flowering compared to the untreated controls. Treatment early in the growing season did not significantly affect plants receiving simulated grazing. Seed production was depressed by simulated plowing but was promoted by simulated hand rogueing when compared to untreated controls. The ability of plants to survive and/or flower after treatment could not be predicted from this study because a one time clipping of dyers woad did not produce significant population decreases. A more severe treatment in the form of more clippings per season is suggested for future study.