Bibliography: pages 100-109. / The Kaap Valley Tonalite (KVT) was a homogenous hornblende+ biotite tonalite that had been subjected to overail propylitic and potassic alteration. Petrographic studies reveal that carbonate alteration and increased proportions of hydrous minerals occur along the KVT and Barberton greenstone belt contact zone, and along major shear zones within the KVT.

The quartz dioritic Quottoon Igneous Complex (QIC) is a major Paleogene (65-56 Ma) magmatic body in NW British Columbia and SE Alaska that was emplaced along the Coast shear zone (CSZ). The QIC contains two different igneous suites that provide information about source regions, magmatic processes and evolving tectonic regimes that changed from a dominantly convergent to a dominantly strike-slip regime between 65 to 55 Ma. Heterogeneous suite I rocks (e. g. along Steamer Passage) have a pervasive solid-state fabric, abundant mafic enclaves and dikes, metasedimentary screens, and variable color indices (25-50). The homogeneous suite II rocks (e. g. along Quottoon Inlet) have a weak (to absent) fabric developed in the magmatic state (aligned feldspars, melt filled shears), and more uniform color indices (24-34) than in suite I. Suite I rocks have Sr concentrations <750 ppm, avg. LaN/YbN = 10.4, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios that range from 0.70513 to 0.70717. The suite II rocks have Sr concentrations >750 ppm, avg. LaN/YbN = 23.1, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios that range from 0.70617 to 0.70686. This study proposes that the parental QIC magma (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.706) can be derived bypartial melting of an amphibolitic source reservoir at lower crustal conditions. Geochemical data (Rb, Sr, Ba and LaN/YbN) and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios preclude linkages between the two suites by fractional crystallization or assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes. The suite I rocks are interpreted to be the result of magma mixing between the QIC parental magma and a mantle derived magma. The samples do not lie along a single mixing line due to continued evolution through fractional crystallization/AFC processes subsequent to magma mixing. The suite II rocks may be generated by AFC. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio data suggests that similar processes to those that affected the QIC may also have operated during the generation of other portions of the Great Tonalite Sill of southeast Alaska. / Master of Science

Visando contribuir para o entendimento dos processos anatéticos em rochas metamórficas de composição semipelítica, este trabalho apresenta dados de campo e modelagem metamórfica, utilizados como ferramentas para a correlação entre biotita xisto e metatexito ricos em quartzo e plagioclásio, com granada, cianita, muscovita, rutilo e ilmenita, pertencentes à unidade Santo Antônio no Sistema de Nappes Andrelândia, sul de Minas Gerais. Com o levantamento de campo foi caracterizada a associação cianita + granada + biotita + plagioclásio + muscovita + rutilo + ilmenita + quartzo + leucossoma tonalítico em litotipos que variam de xisto homogêneo a metatexito protoestromático, com o estabelecimento do protobandamento favorecido pela geração e segregação limitada do leucossoma, que aumenta da base para o topo do pacote. A amostragem dos litotipos principais é feita a partir de três pedreiras, da base para o topo: IC01, em que predomina xisto com feições de fusão in situ subordinadas às porções granoblásticas e cristais idiomórficos de plagioclásio em veios de quartzo; IC03, dominada por xisto, na base, e metatexito no topo, com ampla distribuição de patches, bolsões e veios de leucossoma tonalítico in situ ou in source; e IC07, caracterizada pelo bandamento de porções de xisto e metatexito, em escalas de 1 cm a 1 m, com leucossoma in situ ou in source reforçando o bandamento composicional, ou também na forma de veios, patches e bolsões que podem truncar a foliação. Com a química de rocha total é evidente que não existem diferenças composicionais significativas entre xistos e metatexitos. A geração de pequenos volumes de leucossoma rico em Si e Na, compatível com as segregações tonalíticas observadas, e resíduo rico em Fe, Mg e K, associado às acumulações de biotita nas suas bordas, não mudou de forma significativa a composição das rochas. A similaridade entre os padrões de elementos terras-raras reconhecidos para os litotipos analisados indica que a anatexia não alcançou condições altas o suficiente para a dissolução e reprecipitação de fases ultraestáveis como monazita e zircão, hipótese sustentada também pela ausência de feldspato potássico no leucossoma. O cálculo de isopletas resulta em topologia semelhante para amostras de IC01 e IC03; o plagioclásio em amostras das três pedreiras apresenta intervalo composicional contínuo entre An15 e An48, com grãos progressivamente mais ricos em albita, partindo dos inclusos em granada, na matriz xistosa ou metatexítica, e no leucossoma. Esta progressão na quantidade de albita é também observada em cristais de IC01 para IC03 e IC07, respectivamente, sentido no qual, em contrapartida, diminuem as diferenças composicionais entre cristais de mesma amostra e diferentes sítios texturais. A variação composicional da muscovita mostra grupos com distintos teores de sódio, sugerindo trajetória metamórfica horária para o pacote metatexítico e a termobarometria otimizada aplicada a IC01 e IC03 resulta em temperaturas de 750 a 850 °C para o pico metamórfico da base para o topo da unidade, respectivamente, em condições de pressão elevada, maior que 8 kbar. Estas evidências caracterizam o metamorfismo invertido atuante na região e demonstram a importância o reconhecimento da anatexia para a interpretação petrogenética de rochas semipelíticas. / As a contribution to the understanding of partial melting processes in metamorphic rocks of semipelite composition, this work presents field data and metamorphic modeling. They were used as tools for the correlation between biotite schist and metatexites, which are rich in quartz and plagioclase, with garnet, kyanite, muscovite, rutile and ilmenite, both rocks are correlated to the St. Antônio unit, in the Andrelândia Nappe System, south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. From the rocks field descriptions, it was characterized as the main mineral assemblage kyanite + garnet + biotite + plagioclase + muscovite + rutile + ilmenite + quartz + leucosome with tonalite composition, in rock types ranging from the homogeneous schist to the proto-stromatic metatexite. The compositional banding was enhanced by the generation and limited segregation of leucosome, and its proportion is higher from structural bottom to top of unit. Samples of the main rock types were collected in three quarries, from bottom to top: IC01, schist with sparse in situ melting features that are limited to the granoblastic portions and idiomorphic plagioclase crystals in quartz veins; IC03, dominated by schist, at the base, and metatexite, on top, with wide distribution of patches, pockets and veins of leucosome with tonalite composition, in situ or in source; and IC07, characterized by the compositional banding, varying from schist to metatexite, in bands with thickness ranging from 1 cm up to 1 m, and either in situ or in source leucosome veins enhance the compositional banding, although some veins, patches and pockets truncate the main foliation. With the whole rock chemistry analyses it is evident there are no significant compositional differences between schist and metatexite. The generation of small volumes of silicate Na-rich liquid is compatible with tonalite leucosome, and residue rich in Fe, Mg and K, associated with accumulations of biotite at its edges, but has not changed significantly the bulk rock compositions. The similarity of the of rare earth elements patterns for both rock types indicates anatexis did not reach a high degree and dissolution and reprecipitation of ultra-stable phases, as monazite and zircon, did not happen, which is sustained by absence of potassium feldspar in leucosome. The pseudosection modeling and isopleths calculation result in similar topology for samples of IC01 and IC03. Plagioclase crystals of the three quarries present continuous compositional change, between An 15 and An 48, with progressively more albite-rich crystals starting from the ones that are enclosed in garnet, in schist, metatexite matrix, and leucosome. This increase in the amount of albite is also observed in crystals from IC01 to IC03 and IC07, respectively, direction which, in turn, decrease the compositional differences between crystals of the same sample and different textural sites. The compositional variation of muscovite allows separation in groups with different quantities of Na, suggesting a clockwork P-T path to the rock, and optimized thermobarometry applied to IC01 and IC03 results in temperatures of 750-850 ° C for the metamorphic peak from base to top of the unit, in high pressure conditions, higher than 8 kbar. This P-T variation, from bottom to top, characterizes an inverted metamorphism in the region and demonstrates the importance of the recognition of anatexis processes for petrogenetic interpretation of semipelite rocks.

Visando contribuir para o entendimento dos processos anatéticos em rochas metamórficas de composição semipelítica, este trabalho apresenta dados de campo e modelagem metamórfica, utilizados como ferramentas para a correlação entre biotita xisto e metatexito ricos em quartzo e plagioclásio, com granada, cianita, muscovita, rutilo e ilmenita, pertencentes à unidade Santo Antônio no Sistema de Nappes Andrelândia, sul de Minas Gerais. Com o levantamento de campo foi caracterizada a associação cianita + granada + biotita + plagioclásio + muscovita + rutilo + ilmenita + quartzo + leucossoma tonalítico em litotipos que variam de xisto homogêneo a metatexito protoestromático, com o estabelecimento do protobandamento favorecido pela geração e segregação limitada do leucossoma, que aumenta da base para o topo do pacote. A amostragem dos litotipos principais é feita a partir de três pedreiras, da base para o topo: IC01, em que predomina xisto com feições de fusão in situ subordinadas às porções granoblásticas e cristais idiomórficos de plagioclásio em veios de quartzo; IC03, dominada por xisto, na base, e metatexito no topo, com ampla distribuição de patches, bolsões e veios de leucossoma tonalítico in situ ou in source; e IC07, caracterizada pelo bandamento de porções de xisto e metatexito, em escalas de 1 cm a 1 m, com leucossoma in situ ou in source reforçando o bandamento composicional, ou também na forma de veios, patches e bolsões que podem truncar a foliação. Com a química de rocha total é evidente que não existem diferenças composicionais significativas entre xistos e metatexitos. A geração de pequenos volumes de leucossoma rico em Si e Na, compatível com as segregações tonalíticas observadas, e resíduo rico em Fe, Mg e K, associado às acumulações de biotita nas suas bordas, não mudou de forma significativa a composição das rochas. A similaridade entre os padrões de elementos terras-raras reconhecidos para os litotipos analisados indica que a anatexia não alcançou condições altas o suficiente para a dissolução e reprecipitação de fases ultraestáveis como monazita e zircão, hipótese sustentada também pela ausência de feldspato potássico no leucossoma. O cálculo de isopletas resulta em topologia semelhante para amostras de IC01 e IC03; o plagioclásio em amostras das três pedreiras apresenta intervalo composicional contínuo entre An15 e An48, com grãos progressivamente mais ricos em albita, partindo dos inclusos em granada, na matriz xistosa ou metatexítica, e no leucossoma. Esta progressão na quantidade de albita é também observada em cristais de IC01 para IC03 e IC07, respectivamente, sentido no qual, em contrapartida, diminuem as diferenças composicionais entre cristais de mesma amostra e diferentes sítios texturais. A variação composicional da muscovita mostra grupos com distintos teores de sódio, sugerindo trajetória metamórfica horária para o pacote metatexítico e a termobarometria otimizada aplicada a IC01 e IC03 resulta em temperaturas de 750 a 850 °C para o pico metamórfico da base para o topo da unidade, respectivamente, em condições de pressão elevada, maior que 8 kbar. Estas evidências caracterizam o metamorfismo invertido atuante na região e demonstram a importância o reconhecimento da anatexia para a interpretação petrogenética de rochas semipelíticas. / As a contribution to the understanding of partial melting processes in metamorphic rocks of semipelite composition, this work presents field data and metamorphic modeling. They were used as tools for the correlation between biotite schist and metatexites, which are rich in quartz and plagioclase, with garnet, kyanite, muscovite, rutile and ilmenite, both rocks are correlated to the St. Antônio unit, in the Andrelândia Nappe System, south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. From the rocks field descriptions, it was characterized as the main mineral assemblage kyanite + garnet + biotite + plagioclase + muscovite + rutile + ilmenite + quartz + leucosome with tonalite composition, in rock types ranging from the homogeneous schist to the proto-stromatic metatexite. The compositional banding was enhanced by the generation and limited segregation of leucosome, and its proportion is higher from structural bottom to top of unit. Samples of the main rock types were collected in three quarries, from bottom to top: IC01, schist with sparse in situ melting features that are limited to the granoblastic portions and idiomorphic plagioclase crystals in quartz veins; IC03, dominated by schist, at the base, and metatexite, on top, with wide distribution of patches, pockets and veins of leucosome with tonalite composition, in situ or in source; and IC07, characterized by the compositional banding, varying from schist to metatexite, in bands with thickness ranging from 1 cm up to 1 m, and either in situ or in source leucosome veins enhance the compositional banding, although some veins, patches and pockets truncate the main foliation. With the whole rock chemistry analyses it is evident there are no significant compositional differences between schist and metatexite. The generation of small volumes of silicate Na-rich liquid is compatible with tonalite leucosome, and residue rich in Fe, Mg and K, associated with accumulations of biotite at its edges, but has not changed significantly the bulk rock compositions. The similarity of the of rare earth elements patterns for both rock types indicates anatexis did not reach a high degree and dissolution and reprecipitation of ultra-stable phases, as monazite and zircon, did not happen, which is sustained by absence of potassium feldspar in leucosome. The pseudosection modeling and isopleths calculation result in similar topology for samples of IC01 and IC03. Plagioclase crystals of the three quarries present continuous compositional change, between An 15 and An 48, with progressively more albite-rich crystals starting from the ones that are enclosed in garnet, in schist, metatexite matrix, and leucosome. This increase in the amount of albite is also observed in crystals from IC01 to IC03 and IC07, respectively, direction which, in turn, decrease the compositional differences between crystals of the same sample and different textural sites. The compositional variation of muscovite allows separation in groups with different quantities of Na, suggesting a clockwork P-T path to the rock, and optimized thermobarometry applied to IC01 and IC03 results in temperatures of 750-850 ° C for the metamorphic peak from base to top of the unit, in high pressure conditions, higher than 8 kbar. This P-T variation, from bottom to top, characterizes an inverted metamorphism in the region and demonstrates the importance of the recognition of anatexis processes for petrogenetic interpretation of semipelite rocks.

No description available.

Two suites of intermediate-felsic plutonic rocks were recovered by dredges RD63 and RD64 (R/V KK81-06-26) from the northern wall of the Mariana trench near Guam, which is located in the southern part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) island arc system. The locations of the dredges are significant as the area contains volcanic rocks (forearc basalts and boninites) that have been pivotal in explaining processes that occur when one lithospheric plate initially begins to subduct beneath another. The plutonic rocks have been classified based on petrologic and geochemical analyses, which provides insight to their origin and evolution in context of the surrounding Mariana trench. Based on whole rock geochemistry, these rocks (SiO2: 49-78 wt%) have island arc trace element signatures (Ba, Sr, Rb enrichment, Nb-Ta negative anomalies, U/Th enrichment), consistent with the adjacent IBM volcanics. Depletion of rare earth elements (REEs) relative to primitive mantle and excess Zr and Hf compared to the middle REEs indicate that the source of the plutonic rocks is similar to boninites and transitional boninites. Early IBM volcanic rocks define isotopic fields (Sr, Pb, Nd and Hf-isotopes) that represent different aspects of the subduction process (e.g., sediment influence, mantle provenance). The southern Mariana plutonic rocks overlap these fields, but show a clear distinction between RD63 and RD64. Modeling of the REEs, Zr and Hf shows that the plutonic suites formed via melting of boninite crust or by crystallization from a boninite-like magma rather than other sources that are found in the IBM system. The data presented support the hypothesis that the plutonic rocks from RD63 and RD64 are products of subduction initiation and are likely pieces of middle crust in the forearc exposed at the surface by faulting and serpentine mudvolcanoes. Their existence shows that intermediate-felsic crust may form very early in the history of an intra-oceanic island arc system. Plutonic rocks with similar formation histories may exist in obducted suprasubduction zone ophiolites and would be evidence that felsic-intermediate forearc plutonics are eventually accreted to the continents.

The Late Archean Magmatic Event (LAME), ca. 2.7 Ga, was the greatest crustal addition event in Earth history. My focus is the Superior Province of Canada, where LAME occurred ca. 2.75 – 2.65 Ga. Mantle plumes impinged on the Abitibi subprovince, where ~ 16 km regional thickness of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) melt was produced. Granites (sensu stricto) were the last magmatic phase of LAME, with a Superior-wide regional thickness of ~ 1 – 3 km. Assuming a crustal source for both TTG and granites, I use 1-D thermal models to investigate the origin of TTG in the Abitibi subprovince and that of late granites in the Superior Province. Melting curves appropriate to the source of TTG and granites are used to determine the thickness of melt produced in the models. I show that the incorporation of upward melt transfer into a standard model of lower crustal melting may increase the amount of predicted melt by ~ 1/(1-f), where f denotes the fraction of melt that is on average being extracted from the source rocks. Partitioning of heat producing elements between melt and restite reduces the amount of melt produced, but the effect is secondary compared to the increase in melt production through upward melt transfer. For the Abitibi subprovince, I show that the emplacement of a single plume coupled with the emplacement of a 12-km-thick greenstone cover can generate a maximum of ~ 9-km-thickness of TTG melt. However, the emplacement of a series of plumes, each coupled with the emplacement of a 3-km-thick greenstone cover and a 10-km-thick sill results in ~ 20-km-thickness of TTG melt. My model incorporates delamination of restitic eclogite. Finally, I show that late granites in the Superior Province may have resulted from thickening of a crust that had been “pre-heated” during earlier arc activity and that prolonged granitic magmatism observed in some areas of the Superior Province may be explained by late underthrusting of fertile source rocks into deeper and hotter regions of the crust.

The Late Archean Magmatic Event (LAME), ca. 2.7 Ga, was the greatest crustal addition event in Earth history. My focus is the Superior Province of Canada, where LAME occurred ca. 2.75 – 2.65 Ga. Mantle plumes impinged on the Abitibi subprovince, where ~ 16 km regional thickness of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) melt was produced. Granites (sensu stricto) were the last magmatic phase of LAME, with a Superior-wide regional thickness of ~ 1 – 3 km. Assuming a crustal source for both TTG and granites, I use 1-D thermal models to investigate the origin of TTG in the Abitibi subprovince and that of late granites in the Superior Province. Melting curves appropriate to the source of TTG and granites are used to determine the thickness of melt produced in the models. I show that the incorporation of upward melt transfer into a standard model of lower crustal melting may increase the amount of predicted melt by ~ 1/(1-f), where f denotes the fraction of melt that is on average being extracted from the source rocks. Partitioning of heat producing elements between melt and restite reduces the amount of melt produced, but the effect is secondary compared to the increase in melt production through upward melt transfer. For the Abitibi subprovince, I show that the emplacement of a single plume coupled with the emplacement of a 12-km-thick greenstone cover can generate a maximum of ~ 9-km-thickness of TTG melt. However, the emplacement of a series of plumes, each coupled with the emplacement of a 3-km-thick greenstone cover and a 10-km-thick sill results in ~ 20-km-thickness of TTG melt. My model incorporates delamination of restitic eclogite. Finally, I show that late granites in the Superior Province may have resulted from thickening of a crust that had been “pre-heated” during earlier arc activity and that prolonged granitic magmatism observed in some areas of the Superior Province may be explained by late underthrusting of fertile source rocks into deeper and hotter regions of the crust.