Syftet med denna studie är att studera fenomenet snowbird, undersöka Filippinernas förutsättningar för turism för att till sist beskriva Filippinernas förutsättningar för svensk snowbirdturism. Uppsatsen utgår från ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom både kvalitativa intervjuer och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studien bygger på tio semistrukturerade intervjuer som tillsammans med en innehållsanalys av internetbaserade källor leder fram till studiens resultat. Studien har visat att Filippinerna har förutsättningar för en utveckling av svensk snowbirdturism. Genom studien har det även kunnat konstaterats att en problematik råder vad det gäller avståndet mellan Sverige och Filippinerna.

Local Authorities have a duty to promote the economic, social and environmental wellbeing of their communities. The study deals with the promotion of community involvement and other stakeholders by municipality in ensuring the tourism sustainability. The objectives of this research are to explain the theoretical analysis of the concepts: tourism and poverty alleviation; mechanisms and procedures to be used to encourage community participation in making tourism economically viable around Sedibeng District Municipality; results in economic benefits to business and host community and management of available resources and procedures. A random sample of thirty participants took part in the study. A questionnaire was used as research instrument for data gathering from the participants. Literature study was utilized to support the empirical research and to check implementation of legislation and regulations, regarding tourism management. It was discovered that municipalities may not be so capable of effectively addressing the role that tourism can play in poverty alleviation. As such, it is recommended that local government's existing mechanisms, resources and systems to manage tourism be reviewed to help promote a sustainable training programme. / MA, Public Management and Administration, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

When tourism is growing fast it is important to develop it in a sustainable way which benefits the communities involved as much as possible. Homestay tourism can benefit local communities such as mass tourism has been widely criticized for failing to do. Homestay has shown to be successful as a tool for building sustainable tourism and contributing to locals involved in other countries. The concept has given hosts an opportunity to gain from their local resources. This gives the resources importance thereby locals preserve them. Although, there is a lack of studies on how the homestay concept can contribute to sustainable tourism development and how the concept is implemented in the Philippines. The aim with the research is to explore impacts of the homestay concept in sustainable tourism development through following perspectives: assess the social and economic impacts of having a homestay, identify motivational factors behind local peoples' decisions to put up a homestay, explore further ways of developing homestays in a developing country with focus on the central part of The Philippines. In the research, several challanges for implementing the homestay concept in a sustainable way have been identified and given suggestions on. The biggest challenge identified is that hosts do not have the skills and knowledge for the purpose of the homestay concept. The study argue that this challenge could be overcome by host-training to a large extent. This host-training should preferably be facilitated by the government, which in the Philippines has internal challenges such as reversed hierarchy and low commitment to overcome before being able to facilitate the homestays for a more sustainable tourism development.

Parallèlement à la géométrisation de l'espace urbain dégageant un centre géométrique, s'est développée une vision hiérarchique de l'occupation de l'espace. Le sommet de cette hiérarchie a longtemps coïncidé avec cette centralité géométrique, qui devient alors l'espace d'identification de la ville, autrement nommé le centre-ville. Or la situation des centres-villes a beaucoup évolué aujourd'hui. Bejaia, à l'instar d'autres villes du monde, n'échappe pas au phénomène de l'éclatement du centre traditionnel suivi de l'apparition de nouvelles centralités. Notre étude vise à rechercher, dans le cadre d'une pluridisciplinarité d'approche, les niveaux de ruptures et le degré de correspondance ou d'écart entre la politique planificatrice adoptée et le potentiel socio-économique et urbanistique de la ville de Bejaia concernant ses espaces centraux. Elle cherche en particulier à dégager les polarités touristiques liées au site, au patrimoine et à la société et les prédispositions touristiques qui en résultent, et à développer leur cohérence dans la perspective d'une ouverture vers l'environnement méditerranéen. / Along with the geometrization of urban space producing a geometric center, a hierarchical vision of space occupation has been developed. The top of this hierarchy has coincided for a long time with this geometrical centrality which becomes the essential element of city's identification, known by the term of downtown or city center. It is essential to note that downtowns have significantly evolved. Like other cities all over the world, the city of Bejaia doesn't escape this phenomenal disruption of these traditional centers, followed by emergence of new centralities. In the framework of a multidisciplinary approach, our study aims to discover different levels of breaks and degree of both conformance and difference between planning policy and socio-economic potentials of Bejaia, concerning its central spaces. Essentially, it searches to identify its touristic predispositions and develop their consistence and coherence in the light of opening up to the Mediterranean area.

The thesis deals with travel and tourism in the state of Arizona, USA. The first, theoretical part, defines basic tourism related terms used in this thesis; i.e. definition of tourism, tourism typology, types of tourism participants, tourism destination and prerequisites for a tourism development. The second, analytical part, introduces the state of Arizona from the point of its geography, climate, demography, economy and political situation. Next chapters are devoted to the prerequisites of tourism development in the state of Arizona, tourism organizations operating in the USA, analysis of visitation of the state of Arizona, and to the impact of travel and tourism on the Arizonian economy. The thesis is completed with the SWOT analysis evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the destination Arizona, as well as its opportunities and threats for the future.

Com o desenvolvimento do mercado nacional de cruzeiros marítimos, a partir dos anos 2000, o número de cruzeiristas passou a crescer ano a ano até o final da primeira década. Entretanto, esse mercado tem declinado nos últimos anos, tendo a infraestrutura de cruzeiros como um dos fatores que justificam essa queda. Em contrapartida, neste mesmo período, o Brasil se destacou pelos investimentos na área de infraestrutura, dentre elas a estrutura dos portos brasileiros. A falta de estudos sobre o tema dos cruzeiros marítimos e a baixa expectativa sobre o desenvolvimento do setor, criaram um cenário de incertezas e controvérsias sobre o desenvolvimento de sua infraestrutura para os próximos anos. Neste contexto, o estudo visou analisar quais as perspectivas de desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de cruzeiros marítimos no Brasil, baseando-se na investigação suas características, na participação dos stakeholders-chave indicadores de poder, influência e interesse e na discussão de estratégias para o seu desenvolvimento. Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativo de natureza descritiva e exploratória, baseando-se na revisão de literatura e na investigação documental. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a amostragem snowball como técnica de coleta de dados. A análise e tratamento dos dados tiveram como princípios a triangulação de dados e a análise de stakeholders. Identificaram-se como stakeholders-chave no processo de desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de cruzeiros brasileira: as armadoras (companhias) de cruzeiros, os investidores privados, a Secretaria de Portos, o Ministério do Turismo e as associações CLIA-Abremar e Brasilcruise. A burocracia e a legislação brasileira apresentam-se como elementos que impedem o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura de cruzeiros, devido à grande variedade de stakeholders envolvidos, em diferentes esferas e competências de atuação, tornando o setor uma estrutura organizacional complexa, lenta e burocrática, revertida em elevados custos operacionais e em grandes barreiras na retomada do crescimento do setor. O segmento de cruzeiros, por sua vez, exige que todas as ações sejam feitas em conjunto e de maneira articulada com os interesses dos stakeholders envolvidos. Apesar disso, apresentam-se expectativas positivas diante da chegada de novos navios ao mercado brasileiro, a partir de 2020, enquanto o seu atual declínio encontra-se principalmente baseado na baixa competitividade do país em relação aos novos destinos emergentes, como Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Cuba e China. Por fim, concluiu-se que a atividade tem nas parceiras parcerias público-privadas um caminho promissor, necessitando de ações integradas entre armadoras, investidores privados, associações e o poder público para o seu pleno desenvolvimento / With the development of the market of sea cruises, mainly from the 2000s, the number of cruise passengers began to grow until the end of the first decade. However, this market has declined in the recent years and the cruise infrastructure is a factor that justify this fall. In contrast, during the same period, Brazil was highlighted by investments in infrastructure, such as the structure of Brazilian ports. The lack of studies on cruises and the low expectations about the industry development created a scenario of uncertainty and controversy about the development of cruise infrastructure in the coming years. In this context, the study aims to analyze what are the perspectives of cruise infrastructure development in Brazil, based on the research of its characteristics, key-stakeholders participation power, influence and interest indicators and discussion of strategies for its development. This qualitative research is also descriptive and exploratory, based on the literature review and documentary research, using semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling as data collection technique. The analysis and processing of the data had the principles of triangulation data and stakeholders analysis. In the process of cruise infrastructure development have been identified as key-stakeholders: cruise lines, private investors, Ports Secretariat, Tourism Ministry and associations CLIA-Abremar and Brasilcruise. The bureaucracy and the Brazilian legislation are presented as elements that prevent the development of cruise infrastructure due to the wide range of stakeholders involved, in different areas and kills, making the industry a complex, slow and bureaucratic organizational structure, converted in high operating costs and high barriers in reactivating the sector\'s growth. Cruise industry, in turn, requires that all actions are made together and meshing with the interests of the stakeholders involved. On the other hand, there are positive expectations about the arrival of new ships to the Brazilian market from 2020, while its current decline is based on the low competitiveness of the country in relation to new emerging destinations such as Australia, New Zealand, Cuba and China. In addition, cruise infrastructure has public-private partnerships as a promising path, requiring actions between cruise lines, private investors and local government

The thesis deals with utilisation of EU funds regarding tourism development in Vysočina region. Theoretical part is concerned with tourism and its relation to regional development. Tourism issues and tourism development is seen from both Czech Republic and European Union point of view. Authorities which deals with tourism management at above mentioned levels are introduced here. Economic and social politics by which tourism support from EU funds is implemented are mentioned also. Practical part of the thesis deals with possibilities of utilisation of the funds for tourism development in Vysočina region. In addition to the basic characterization of the region and his tourism supply, with the help of analyses of particular calls and through all realized projects the thesis summarizes the possibilities of utilisation of the funds for tourism development in Vysočina region.

The development of tourism may catalyse a vast array of impacts, social, cultural, socioeconomic, environmental or political. In ethnic minority communities and regions, impacts are potentially greater due to the pre-existing social, cultural and even sociopolitical constructs. Tourism, as a global phenomenon, is confined to operating within the local context. This is certainly the case in ethnic minority communities of China's southern peripheries. Tourism development is a differential process of formal and informal sector development. Formal sector development is generally capital intensive and relatively highly organised. In contrast, the informal sector involves many small vendors and family or community run businesses. The sectoral dichotomy may also be applied, in a general sense, to the types of tourists utilizing accommodation and services provided by these two distinct sectors. As the balance between the two sectors changes over time and across space, there is a commensurate shift in the type and scale of impacts generated by tourism in host communities. It is this that makes the sectoral paradigm so relevant to the role (or indeed lack of role) of ethnic minorities in tourism development in their local areas and communities. Apart from economic impacts, there are sociocultural and even socioenvironmental impacts on host communities. As with socioeconomic impacts, sociocultural impacts are also influenced by the differential development of the formal and informal sectors over time. Furthermore, particularly in ethnic minority areas, socioeconomic and sociocultural impacts are tightly integrated and one impact realm cannot adequately be considered in isolation.

Rural Tourism is increasingly being used as a development strategy to improve the social and economic well being of rural areas. Rural Tourism encompasses a huge range of activities, natural or manmade attractions, amenities and facilities, transportation, marketing and information systems (Sharpley & Sharpley, 1997). Rural tourism is very diverse and fragmented in terms of operational structures, activities, markets and operating environments (Roberts & Hall, 2001, citing Pearce, 1989). Benefits of rural tourism have been expressed as employment growth and broadening a region’s economic base, repopulation, social improvement, and revitalization of local craft (Sharpley, 2000). Governments can play active roles in tourism. In short the literature suggests rural tourism development policy approaches require: regeneration/revitalization, horizontal and vertical integration, interdependence, stewardship/sustainability, mediation, cataclysm, service and welfare provisions, spatiality – awareness, intra and inter regional complementariness, opportunism, realism and quality (Roberts & Hall, 2001). Murphy (1985) proposed a community approach to tourism development which included formation of businesses networks, and the sharing of resources and information. For rural tourism to be successful, collaboration needs to exist amongst entrepreneurs (Wilson et al., 2001). Useful integrated approaches to rural studies include acknowledging the importance of locally controlled agendas to reach centralization, awareness of the benefits for shared ideas and funding developments, and creating appropriate tourism plans for rural areas (MacDonald & Jolliffe, 2003). There are numerous challenges when attempting rural tourism development: the total product package must be sufficient; significant investment may be required; there is the adaption to a service role; the quality of products and services and the availability of skills and resources for effective marketing (Sharpley, 2000). Tourism development requires attractions, promotion, infrastructure and services and hospitality (Wilson et al., 2001, citing Gunn, 1988). The remote Eastern Hokianga area is situated in the Far North (Northland) region of New Zealand. The area has a low population and is sparsely populated presenting an ideal place to relax with an unhurried atmosphere, flourishing fauna and flora, rich in New Zealand history and culture. This is an economically depressed area that is situated in the centre of Northland’s three key tourism icons - The Bay of Islands, the Waipoua Forest, and the top of the North Island. The location of the Eastern Hokianga presents an opportunity to create a tourism destination that will attract travellers frequenting the key tourism icons. To date there has been no research on rural tourism development conducted in the Eastern Hokianga. Although comprehensive research was conducted previously in the Hokianga by the James Henare Maori Research Centre (1999) it was concentrated specifically to the “Maori culture”. This research aims to examine and identify the key challenges of rural tourism development for the Eastern Hokianga through an analysis of rural tourism development approaches, and identifying the social and economic impacts of tourism. Key findings show that the Eastern Hokianga is an undeveloped area and does not fit with the majority of the rural tourism definitions as described in the literature. The area is displaying positive impacts of rural tourism development. The negative impacts are minimal as the Eastern Hokianga is still in the initial development stage of rural tourism. There are many integrated approaches to rural tourism development currently. A strategic approach is occurring with a tourism policy and community involvement in decision making. There is an integration approach with one RTO actively involved in the communities’ tourism association with the local businesses. Two key clustering approaches are being utilized – the Twin Coast Discovery Route and total product packaging. Regeneration is not occurring but was not an issue raised by the community, whereas a financing approach was an identified challenge by Eastern Hokianga businesses. The need to improve accessibility through infrastructure was the second key challenge to rural tourism development. The area was not restricted by the other challenges of government’s role, education / experience and marketing.

<p>Natur och kultur skapar grunden för turism och turistisk utveckling. Runt om i landet finns idag ett stort antal olika natur- och kulturområden som bidrar till utveckling samtidigt som natur- och kulturvärden skyddas. Ekoparker är Sveaskogs benämning på ett sammanhängande skogslandskap med höga naturvärden och är ett förhållandevis nytt tillskott till natur- och kulturskyddet i Sverige. Några av ekoparkerna är intressanta för turism och turistisk utveckling, däribland Ekopark Böda. Ekopark Böda som invigdes 2006 ligger på norra Öland. Ekoparken ligger i en turismintensiv region med ett stort antal aktörer inom turism och turismrelaterade tjänster.</p><p>I studien undersöks Ekopark Bödas turistiska resurser, hur samverkan ser ut mellan olika aktörer samt den turistiska utvecklingen. Studien är upplagd som en fallstudie med en deduktiv ansats. Som grund för studien används en teoretisk bakgrund varifrån intervjuunderlag byggs. Intervjuer görs med Sveaskog,Länsstyrelsen Kalmar samt några omgivande aktörer med koppling till ekoparken.</p><p>Undersökningen har kunnat visa att Ekopark Böda har ett rikt utbud av natur och kultur och tillsammans med ekoparkens omgivande aktörer erbjuds turisten även ett stort urval av sådant som service och boende. Samverkan kan på olika sätt förbättras och det har genom intervjuundersökningen framkommit att ett flertal aktörer har förslag på samverkan för en turistisk utveckling av ekoparken. Den turistiska utvecklingen befinner sig i en startfas men genom det rika natur- och kulturutbudet samt en förbättrad samverkan finns goda förutsättningar för en fortsatt utveckling.</p><p>Nyckelord: Natur, kultur, turism, turismutveckling, ekopark, samverkan</p> / <p>Nature and culture create the base in tourism and tourism development. Around the country there are a large number of nature and culture areas contributing to development and at the same time natural and cultural values are protected. Ecopark is the name of a coherent forest landscape with high natural values founded by Sveaskog. The ecopark is a relatively new addition to the nature and culture protection in Sweden. Some of the ecoparks are suitable for tourism and tourism development and among them Böda Ecopark. Böda Ecopark which opened in 2006 is located on the northern of Öland. The ecopark is situated in a tourism intense region with a large number of actors in tourism and tourism related services.</p><p>The study examines the tourist resources, the cooperation between different actors and the tourism development in Böda Ecopark. The study is disposed as a case study with a deductive approach. As a basis for the study a theoretical background is used from which the interview questions are built.Interviews are made with Sveaskog, the county administrative board in Kalmar and some of the ecopark´s encompassing actors.</p><p>The research has shown that Böda Ecopark has rich natural and cultural resources and through the ecopark´s encompassing actors the tourist is also offered a wide range of different services as accommodation. Cooperation can be improved in various ways and the interviews have shown that several of the encompassing actors have suggestions for cooperation around tourism development. The tourism development is in an initial phase but by the rich natural and cultural values and an improved cooperation there are good conditions for further development.</p><p>Key words: Nature, culture, tourism, tourism development, ecopark, cooperation</p>