Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram determinados os elementos As, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Se e Zn presentes em cogumelos comestíveis adquiridos em grandes centros de compra (supermercados), mercados municipais da cidade de São Paulo e diretamente de produtores da região de Mogi das Cruzes, Suzano, Juquitiba e Mirandópolis. A técnica analítica empregada para a determinação dos elementos nos cogumelos comestíveis foi a Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA). Foram adquiridas espécies dos gêneros Agaricus, Lentinus e Pleurotus no período de novembro de 2006 a março de 2007. Cerca de 150 a 200 mg das amostras de cogumelo liofilizado foram irradiadas em fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de 1012cm-2s-1 por 8 horas no reator nuclear de pesquisa IEA-R1 do IPEN/CNEN/SP. Para a validação da metodologia com relação à exatidão e à precisão foram analisados quatro materiais de referência: INCT-MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs e INCT-TL-1 Tea Leaves, NIST SRM 1577b Bovine Liver e Mushroom da IAEA. Foi verificada uma variação nas concentrações dos elementos determinados entre os diferentes gêneros. Em algumas amostras apresentaram o elemento arsênio, em baixas concentrações, possivelmente de uma contaminação no cultivo pelo uso de pesticidas nos substratos de onde os cogumelos retiram seus nutrientes. Os resultados mostram que as amostras das espécies de cogumelos analisadas podem ser consideradas como boa fonte nutricional, principalmente devido aos baixos teores de Na, sendo também uma boa fonte de K, Fe e Zn. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os estudos sobre as análises de cabelos humanos têm sido assunto de contínuo interesse por se tratar de uma importante ferramenta para a avaliação de níveis de elementos traço no corpo humano. O interesse por este tecido é para o uso na monitoração de exposição ambiental ou ocupacional, para identificação da intoxicação e/ou envenenamento por metais tóxicos, na avaliação do estado nutricional, na diagnose e prevenção de doenças e nas ciências forenses. Há inúmeras vantagens na análise de cabelos quando comparados com as de outros tecidos ou fluidos biológicos, tais como sangue, urina, saliva e órgãos. Entretanto há controvérsias sobre o uso das análises de cabelos em razão da dificuldade em estabelecer os valores confiáveis de referência para as suas concentrações de elementos traço. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores que afetam nas concentrações de elementos em cabelos humanos e determinar os elementos em cabelos de uma população de indivíduos considerados saudáveis e residentes na área metropolitana de São Paulo, utilizando o método de análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA). As amostras de cabelo coletadas da região occipital da cabeça foram cortadas em pequenos fragmentos, lavadas e secas para análise. As alíquotas de amostras de cabelo, juntamente com padrões sintéticos de elementos foram irradiados por 16 h sob fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de cerca de 5 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1 do reator nuclear IEA-R1 para a determinação de As, Br, Ca, Co. Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, La, Na, Sb, Sc, Se e Zn. As radiações gama das amostras e dos padrões irradiados foram medidas em um espectrômetro de raios gama acoplado a um detector de Ge hiperpuro. Para avaliar a qualidade dos resultados com relação à exatidão e precisão foram analisados os materiais de referência certificados IAEA- 85 Human Hair e INCT-TL-1 Tea Leaves cujos resultados obtidos apresentaram, para a maioria dos elementos, boa concordância com os valores dos certificados (porcentagens de erros relativos inferiores a 10%) e boa precisão (coeficientes de variação inferiores a 13,6% ). As análises de uma amostra de cabelo em réplicas indicaram uma boa reprodutibilidade dos resultados, indicando a homogeneidade da amostra preparada. Os resultados das análises de cabelo com e sem tintura indicaram que a tintura afeta nos teores de elementos no cabelo em virtude da adsorção ou dessorção do elemento. As análises de cabelos de diferentes regiões da cabeça indicaram diferenças significativas para os elementos Fe, Sc, Se e Cr. Análises de cabelos de indivíduos residentes na área metropolitana de São Paulo indicaram que as concentrações de elementos nos cabelos dependem da idade, sexo e cor natural dos cabelos. Os resultados das análises de cabelos desta população mostraram que as médias das concentrações de elementos obtidas estão dentro da faixa de valores da literatura. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Le feu est une des préoccupations majeures des avionneurs et des compagnies aériennesétant donnée la grande quantité de combustibles hautement inflammables à bord. De plus, lamenace au feu augmente par l’allègement grâce à la substitution de l’aluminium par dematériaux composites inflammables. La simulation numérique des grandes échelles estappliquée à un feu de nappe de kérosène de grande échelle soumis à un vent traversier avecprise en compte d’un aéronef de type d’aluminium et celui composite. La combustion esttraitée à l’aide d’une réaction globale et une hypothèse de chimie infiniment rapide, choixvalables tant que le feu est dans un régime de sur-ventilation où la combustion est contrôléepar le mélange des réactifs. L’interaction entre la combustion et la turbulence est traitée parune approche de type EDC (Eddy Dissipation Concept). L’équation des transferts radiatifs estrésolue à l’aide de la méthode des volumes finis. Les propriétés radiatives du milieu sontestimées à l’aide d’un modèle à larges bandes donnant une bonne approximation ducoefficient d’absorption par rapport aux calculs spectraux. Les suies sont modélisées par unmodèle semi-empirique de type Smoke-Point tenant compte du processus de formation dessuies par nucléation. Pour l'instant, le modèle de pyrolyse simple, contrôlée par latempérature, est utilisé à travers d’une approche du nombre de transfert de masse. Desanalyses spécifiques ont été menées par nos soins sur la forme de flamme, ainsi que sur lesflux thermiques, les champs de vitesse, de température et des espèces chimiques. Les résultatsobtenus sur les feux à une échelle intermédiaire sont en accord avec les résultatsexpérimentaux. Ils sont par contre difficilement comparables aux résultats expérimentaux surles feux à une échelle plus importante tridimensionnelle car l'instrumentation dans le domaineen aéronautique est très difficile. Quelques soient la taille de foyer et l’intensité de vent, leflux de chaleur maximal venant de nappe de kérosène semble inférieur à 340 kW/m2. / Large fully turbulent fires, which result as a consequence of an aircraft accident, pose asevere hazard to the occupants and cargo. This numerical study focuses on the firephenomenology associated with the presence of an aircraft immersed, at one particularlocation and orientation, within a large aviation-fuel fire in a moving fluid medium.Turbulence is modelled using a standard Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model in a Large EddySimulation An extension of the eddy dissipation concept is incorporated, allowing toinvestigate the roles of the wind speed and its direction on the fire growth, heat fluxdistribution and smoke products, such as carbon monoxide and soot. The outcome of thestudy is interesting, and the interaction model between turbulence and combustion is indeedadequate. A radiative transfer equation is solved by using a discrete expression adapted to afinite volume method. The soot model is based on a Smoke-Point concept, and the mixture ofsoot and gas behaves as a gray medium. The predicted flame shape and heat flux comparewell with the measurements. The prediction indicates that interaction between aircraft and fireenvironment combined with the influence of wind conditions affects dramatically location ofthe continuous flame zone and heat flux distribution. The highest heat flux occurs on thewindward side of the aircraft for the low and medium winds, but on the leeward side of theaircraft for the high wind. A good reproduction of the experimental trends has been achievedfor the temperature field. Preliminary comparisons of the heat flux distribution on the cylinderskin show promise. The peak heat fluxes to the aircraft for various wind conditions rangefrom 200-340 kW/m2, and the contribution of radiation to the aircraft skin is higher than 95%of the total heat flux.

As a potential bioremediation system for contaminated soils, I evaluated the use of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices on roots and shoots uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl PAHs, and toxic metals in Echinacea purpurea, in using a controlled 20-week greenhouse study and a complimentary 2-year field study. E. purpurea seeds were either inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus (AM) or not inoculated (non-AM) and grown in soil provided by the National Capital Commission (NCC) that have known contamination. In the greenhouse study, AM inoculation increased the uptake of alkyl PAHs in the roots of E. purpurea. The AM inoculation showed no effect on root uptake of PAHs and toxic metals over the 20-week study period. However, when I calculated the uptake rates (k1) for PAHs between both treatments, the AM treated roots ha 10-fold higher k1 values than non-AM treated roots. The soil concentrations of PAHs were found to increase over time with AM inoculation, suggesting, that AM fungi are causing a solvent depletion through root uptake of minerals and carbon, which concentrates the more hydrophobic PAHs in soils. Alkyl PAHs and metals showed no change over time amongst any of the treatments. Assessing the performance of AM fungi on the uptake of contaminants under field conditions, only PAHs showed increased bioaccumulation in the shoots of E. purpurea with AM inoculation. Alkyl PAHs and metals in plant material were unaffected by the AM inoculation, but increased significantly from year 1 to year 2. The uptake rates among treatments were similar, with non-AM roots having slightly greater uptake. Soil concentrations of PAHs and alkyl PAHs were unaffected over the course of the experiment. Our control soil, however, showed significant increases in concentration from year 1 to year 2 with alkyl PAHs. These results quantified the influence of AM hyphae-mediated uptake of organic and inorganic contaminant transfer from soil to plants and the bioaccumulation kinetics for contaminants by E. purpurea that will be useful for environmental models and phytoremediation strategies.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Mine water poses a serious environmental challenge and contains elements such as Fe, Al, and Mn in potentially toxic concentrations. The major anion in mine water is sulphate. The complexity and diversity of mine water composition makes its treatment very expensive, and there is no “one-fits-all” treatment option available for mine water. Active treatment of mine water produces water with good quality but the processes are not sustainable because of the costs. Previous studies have shown that acid mine drainage can be treated with coal FA to produce better quality water. The use of coal FA, a waste material from coal fired power station and mine water would go a long way in achievement of sustainable treatment of mine water as per previous studies. In this study mine water and coal FA were characterized to determine their physiochemical properties. This study linked the modelling results obtained by using the Geochemist’s workbench (GWB) software to the results obtained during the actual treatment of Matla mine water and Rand Uranium mine water using coal FA and lime. The chemistry involved when Matla mine water and Rand Uranium mine water were treated with flocculants was also investigated. Lastly the chemistry and kinetics involved was investigated when mine water was treated with various ameliorants such as Matla coal FA, lime and/or Al(OH)3 using jet loop mixing or overhead stirring. Mine water from Matla coal mine had a pH of 8 and therefore was classified as neutral mine drainage (NMD). Rand Uranium mine water had a pH of less than 3 and therefore was classified as acid mine drainage (AMD). The concentration of sulphate, Na, Ca, Mg, B, Hg, Se and Cd ions in Matla mine water was 1475, 956, 70, 40, 15, 2.43, 1.12 and 0.005 mg/L respectively. The concentration of sulphate, Fe, Ca, Mn, Mg, Al, B, Cr, Pb, U, Cd, Se and As ions in Rand Uranium mine water was 4126, 896, 376, 282, 155, 27, 5.43, 3.15, 0.51, 0.29, 0.007, 0.06 and 0.006 mg/L respectively . These concentrations were above the target water quality range (TWQR) for potable water set by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) and World Health Organization (WHO). The gross alpha radioactivity was 6.01 Bq/L and gross beta radioactivity was 6.05 Bq/L in Rand Uranium mine water.

The deterioration of the surfaces of the constructions made with mortar C/A 1: 5 of Portland cement, are produced by being exposed to the emission of toxic gases emanating from the growing automobile fleet, this problem causes alternatives to be sought in order to counteract its effect on buildings and the environment. A new method to deal this problem is the incorporation of the titanium dioxide photocatalyst (TiO2) into the Portland cement mortar, which can develop self-cleaning and air purification properties to be in contact with sunlight. This work seeks to introduce this organic component to the Portland cement mortar, used for the facade charging and structural elements, for this purpose, different percentages (5%, 7.5% and 10%) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are added and the properties of the modified mortars making use of [1] compression tests, [2] fluidity tests, [3] absorption tests and [4] photocatalytic activity tests with which the self-cleaning capacity was verified. This study concludes that the best percentage of titanium dioxide addition is 5%, with which the Portland cement mortar is granted self-cleaning property without substantially damaging its mechanical properties.

Orientador: Wanderley José de Melo / Resumo: O mercúrio (Hg) é um metal potencialmente tóxico e não essencial para os organismos. Alternativas menos onerosas e ambientalmente corretas como a remediação com uso de plantas e bactérias podem recuperar áreas contaminadas. Por isso, avaliou-se, em ambiente controlado, o potencial de remediação de plantas e bactérias em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) contaminado com HgCl2 em diferentes doses de Hg2+. Na primeira etapa, 5 kg de LVef foram contaminados com solução de HgCl2, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos: controle positivo (sem Hg2+) e tratamentos com 5 mg kg-1 de Hg, 24 e 36 mg kg-1 de Hg2+, base seca, em 5 repetições e mantidos por 75 dias com plantas Hibiscus cannabinus para avaliar seu efeito remediador. A quantificação do Hg total foi por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. O tratamento com 24 mg kg-1 de Hg apresentou fitomassa seca da raiz maior que dos demais. De modo geral, LVef foi responsável por reter maior concentração do Hg do que as plantas. O Hg acumulou em maior proporção nas raízes do que na parte aérea, sendo maior o acúmulo com aumento da dose. A planta que recebeu a dose de 36 mg kg-1 Hg acumulou 2,57 mg kg-1 de Hg por planta, diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o LVef adsorveu maior concentração de Hg do que as plantas. O H. cannabinus apresentou resistência a diferentes concentrações de Hg no solo e pode ser considerado como planta potencial estabilizadora de Hg2+, pois acumulou maior concentração de Hg... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a potentially toxic metal and not essential for organisms. Less costly and environmentally sound alternatives such as plant and bacterial remediation have been used to recover contaminated areas. Therefore, in a controlled environment, the potential for remediation of plants and bacteria in an Oxisol contaminated with HgCl2 at different doses of Hg2+ was evaluated. In a first experiment, 5 kg of Oxisol were contaminated with HgCl2 solution, in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments: positive control (without Hg2+) and treatments with 5 mg kg-1 Hg, 24 and 36 mg kg-1 Hg2+, dry basis, and 5 repetitions and maintained for 75 days with Hibiscus cannabinus plants to assess its remediation potential. Total Hg quantification was by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The 24 mg kg-1 Hg treatment presented higher root dry weight than the others. In general, LVef was responsible for retaining higher Hg concentration than plants. Hg accumulated to a greater extent in the roots than in the shoots, with greater accumulation with increasing dose. Plant that received the dose 36 mg kg-1 Hg accumulated 2,57 mg kg-1 Hg per plant, differing from the other treatments. It was concluded that Oxisol adsorbed higher Hg concentration than plants. H. cannabinus showed resistance to different soil Hg concentrations and can be considered as a potential Hg2+ stabilizing plant because it accumulated higher Hg concentration in the roots than in the shoots. In the second experimen... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

It is well documented that adverse or traumatic events in childhood can lead to increased incidences of serious mental and physical health diseases and disorders. It is also well documented that medical treatment, especially during childhood can be stressful and potentially traumatic, leading to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or Symptoms after treatment. This is especially true for lengthy and invasive medical treatment such as Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT). A single music therapy intervention has been shown to effectively improve resilience in pediatric HSCT patients. But additional research is needed to understand the contribution music therapy interventions make to traumatic and stressful experiences and building resilience across time. This longitudinal two-phase multi-case study examined the patterns of potential trauma, toxic stress, and resilience during the HSCT process as well as the potential roles, functions, and contributions of music therapy interventions to the mitigation and prevention of toxic stress and trauma. The first phase, a retrospective multi-case study, resulted in the construction of a preliminary model of music therapy which identified patterns of stress and trauma and how the music therapy process interacts with these patterns. In the second phase, a purposeful sample of cases was used to confirm, clarify, and challenge the model utilizing Template Analysis. The outcome is the Music Therapy for Pediatric Medical Trauma, a proposed model of music therapy to focus treatment with the intention of mitigating toxic stress and trauma and build resilience in pediatric HSCT patients. / Music Therapy