The existing quantitative literature on toxic leadership in the military has primarily explored negative outcomes, gendered military experience, and toxic leadership separately; however, relatively few studies have included all 3. The unidentified connection was critical in determining how toxic leadership varied and left a gap for further research to be conducted from a qualitative, phenomenological perspective. Therefore, this study addressed the manner in which encounters with toxic leadership differed across gender and military rank according to those experiencing it. Using a convenience sampling method, data were gathered through semi structured interviews with 12 Army veterans. Thematic analysis of the data revealed 63 meaningful statements and 3 emergent themes. Results affirmed that for both men and women, the higher the rank the more exposure to toxic leadership they encountered. Results also introduced race as a key factor for both genders because it was reported as the leading cause of participants' toxic encounters across rank and gender. The findings of this study also suggested that females were more susceptible to negative mental health outcomes after toxic leadership exposure versus their male counterparts. The results of this study contribute to positive social change by providing a thorough understanding of the qualities characteristic of experiences with toxic leadership to clarify the specific ways in which toxic leadership leads to negative outcomes. Results from this study will be useful for practitioners, military officials, and researchers seeking to better understand the leadership needs of contemporary military personnel.

Welding is today seen as one of the most dangerous professions on earth, mostly because of the toxic fumes. These fumes can lead to a variety of diseases and in worst case death. Now imagine this problem when you are working at different places every day and you can not always bring the equipment needed to protect your health since they are either too big or does not have enough capacity. This is a problem which welders that work at temporary workplaces have to face every day. With this project I have looked into this problem and come up with a product that makes the temporary workplaces safer and at the same time keeps an efficient workflow.

As atividades industriais e de mineração, juntamente com o uso inadequado de fertilizantes e pesticidas, tem contribuído para o aumento da contaminação do solo, cursos d\'água e lençol freático por elementos tóxicos. A procura pelo desenvolvimento de soluções tecnológicas tem aumentado para atender à legislação ambiental. Segundo a ABETRE, no Brasil, apenas 22% dos 2,9 milhões de toneladas de resíduos industriais perigosos produzidos nas últimas décadas recebem tratamento adequado, sendo os 78% restantes colocados indevidamente em lixões sem tratamento prévio. Vários métodos de remediação de solos contaminados são conhecidos, entre eles estão o isolamento, imobilização, redução da toxicidade, separação física e extração. Neste contexto, destaca-se a vermicompostagem que utiliza as minhocas para degradar a matéria orgânica recente, tonando-a um material quimicamente mais estabilizado, além de remover os elementos tóxicos do solo acumulando-os em seu organismo. Dentre outros benefícios dessa técnica, destacam-se a manutenção da fertilidade do solo e a grande aceitação pública por ser uma tecnologia verde. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a relação entre as concentrações de elementos tóxicos (Cr, Cu e Pb) com o vermicomposto. É avaliada a adição do material adsorvente aos solos com o intuito de conhecer a capacidade de retenção deste material para posterior descontaminação de solos contaminados. Propriedades químicas, como: pH, teor de matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca catiônica, carbono orgânico total, e físicas: umidade e granulometria são estudadas. Conclui-se com este trabalho que o vermicomposto mostrou-se um excelente material adsorvente para as espécies metálicas estudadas, sendo a ordem de adsorção Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Cr3+. / Industrial and mining activities, as well as the inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides, have been contributing to the increase of the contamination of soils, watercourses and water tables by toxic elements. The search for the development of technological solutions has grown to comply with the environment legislation. According to ABETRE, only 22% of 2.9 million of tones of dangerous industrial residues, produced in Brazil, received an appropriate treatment in recent decades. The remaining 78% are thrown in dumps without previous treatment. Many methods of contaminated soil remediation are known, among them isolation, immobilization, toxicity reduction, physical separation and extraction. In this context, it stands out vermicomposting that uses worms to degrade the recent organic matter, which becomes a more chemically stabilized material, and this practice also removes accumulated toxic elements from soil. Among others benefits of this practice there are soil fertility maintenance and the acceptance of people as it is a green technology. This work aims at determining the relation between the concentration of toxic elements (Cr, Cu e Pb) and the vermicompost. The addition of the adsorptive material to soil is assessed by determining the retention capacity of this material for a later decontamination of soils. Both chemical (pH, organic matter content, cationic change capacity and total organic carbon) and physical properties (humidity and granulometry) have been studied. In this study, it was concluded that vermicompost proved to be an excellent adsorbent material to the studied metallic species, and the adsorption order was Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Cr3+.

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is one of the most common forms of muscular dystrophy, characterized by its hallmark symptom myotonia. DM is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a toxic gain of function RNA. The toxic RNA is produced from expanded non-coding CTG/CCTG repeats, and these CUG/CCUG repeats sequester a family of RNA binding proteins. The Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family of RNA binding proteins are sequestered to the expanded CUG/CCUG repeats. The MBNL proteins are regulators of alternative splicing, and their sequestration to the toxic RNA leads to mis-splicing events, which are believed to cause the symptoms observed in DM patients. A previously reported screen for small molecules used to identify compounds that could disrupt MBNL from binding the toxic CUG repeats found that pentamidine was able to rescue splicing defects associated with DM. Herein, we present a new class of molecules (phenolsulphonphthaleins) that inhibited MBNL1/CUG repeat complex formation in a competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Additionally, one of these molecules, bromophenol blue (BPB), acted in a synergistic manner with the previously described inhibitor pentamidine. We also demonstrated that the halogenation of the phenolsulphonphthalein dyes is an important factor for activity. Moreover, we presentant analysis of a series of methylene linker variants of pentamidine that revealed heptamidine (an analog of pentamidine) could reverse splicing defects in a DM1 tissue culture model and rescue myotonia in a DM1 mouse model. Finally, we report on a new crystal structure of CUG repeats, crystallized in the context of a GAAA tetraloop/receptor which facilitated ordered packing within the crystal. This structure was consistent with previous structures showing that the repeats are essentially A-form RNA, despite having a U-U mismatch every third base pair. We also identified six types of U-U mismatch in the context of the 5'CUG/3'GUC motif, suggesting that the interactions between the uridines are dynamic. This structure also contains the highest resolution GAAA tetraloop/receptor structure (1.95 Å) reported to date. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.

The work described in this thesis is in three parts:. Part I deals with the metabolism of 5-p-aminobenzene-sulphonamide- 3-methylisothiazole (sulphasomizole), 5-amino-3--methylisothiazole, sulphanilamide, and some of the acetyl derivatives. A marked species difference has been found in the metabolism of sulphasomizole.

As atividades industriais e de mineração, juntamente com o uso inadequado de fertilizantes e pesticidas, tem contribuído para o aumento da contaminação do solo, cursos d\'água e lençol freático por elementos tóxicos. A procura pelo desenvolvimento de soluções tecnológicas tem aumentado para atender à legislação ambiental. Segundo a ABETRE, no Brasil, apenas 22% dos 2,9 milhões de toneladas de resíduos industriais perigosos produzidos nas últimas décadas recebem tratamento adequado, sendo os 78% restantes colocados indevidamente em lixões sem tratamento prévio. Vários métodos de remediação de solos contaminados são conhecidos, entre eles estão o isolamento, imobilização, redução da toxicidade, separação física e extração. Neste contexto, destaca-se a vermicompostagem que utiliza as minhocas para degradar a matéria orgânica recente, tonando-a um material quimicamente mais estabilizado, além de remover os elementos tóxicos do solo acumulando-os em seu organismo. Dentre outros benefícios dessa técnica, destacam-se a manutenção da fertilidade do solo e a grande aceitação pública por ser uma tecnologia verde. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a relação entre as concentrações de elementos tóxicos (Cr, Cu e Pb) com o vermicomposto. É avaliada a adição do material adsorvente aos solos com o intuito de conhecer a capacidade de retenção deste material para posterior descontaminação de solos contaminados. Propriedades químicas, como: pH, teor de matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca catiônica, carbono orgânico total, e físicas: umidade e granulometria são estudadas. Conclui-se com este trabalho que o vermicomposto mostrou-se um excelente material adsorvente para as espécies metálicas estudadas, sendo a ordem de adsorção Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Cr3+. / Industrial and mining activities, as well as the inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides, have been contributing to the increase of the contamination of soils, watercourses and water tables by toxic elements. The search for the development of technological solutions has grown to comply with the environment legislation. According to ABETRE, only 22% of 2.9 million of tones of dangerous industrial residues, produced in Brazil, received an appropriate treatment in recent decades. The remaining 78% are thrown in dumps without previous treatment. Many methods of contaminated soil remediation are known, among them isolation, immobilization, toxicity reduction, physical separation and extraction. In this context, it stands out vermicomposting that uses worms to degrade the recent organic matter, which becomes a more chemically stabilized material, and this practice also removes accumulated toxic elements from soil. Among others benefits of this practice there are soil fertility maintenance and the acceptance of people as it is a green technology. This work aims at determining the relation between the concentration of toxic elements (Cr, Cu e Pb) and the vermicompost. The addition of the adsorptive material to soil is assessed by determining the retention capacity of this material for a later decontamination of soils. Both chemical (pH, organic matter content, cationic change capacity and total organic carbon) and physical properties (humidity and granulometry) have been studied. In this study, it was concluded that vermicompost proved to be an excellent adsorbent material to the studied metallic species, and the adsorption order was Pb2+ < Cu2+ < Cr3+.

A number of toxicities associated with methylene chloride have been found in both human subjects and mice. However, relatively few studies have probed immunotoxicities of methylene chloride. In order to examine possible immunotoxicities or immunomodulating effects of methylene chloride, several tests of cellular immune function were performed using both human in In Vitro studies and a mouse model. Body weights and specific organ weights of thymus, spleen, liver, and kidney were normal in CD-1 mice given various concentrations of methylenechloride. However, a significantly reduced mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA} and reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2} production was found in these methylene-chloride-treated mice. The findings in the mouse model provide additional evidence that immune suppression may be associated with exposure to methylene chloride. Splenic mononuclear cells isolated from CD-1 mice were incubated with various concentrations of methylene chloride in vitro and investigated for blastogenic response to mitogen PHA and IL-2 production. The results show no significant difference between methylene-chloride-treated cells and the cells treated with growth media. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy donors were incubated with various concentrations of methylene chloride and tested for blastogenic activity, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and IL-2 production. The findings showed that the NK cell activity, the T-cell blastogenesis in response to PHA mitogen, and IL-2 production activity were not affected.

This thesis is a regional interdisciplinary analysis of the environmental challenge to the liberal democratic state. It situates these new problems of governance in one of the dominating political conflicts of our time, the battle between market and state for the 'commanding heights'. By the end of the 1970s, environmental concerns had added to the social crises associated with the overloaded, welfare state. The study sets the political context through an exposition of the perceived problems of the overloaded state, analysed by neo-Marxist theorists in terms of rationality and legitimacy deficits and by public choice theorists in terms of the incentives and calculations confronting rational individuals. It draws out the association between these alternative perspectives on 'state overload' and the political philosophies of corporatism and neo-liberalism, showing that, on the neo-Marxist understanding, corporatism addresses the functional requirements of late capitalism, while public choice precepts are strongly influential on leading elements of neo-liberalism. This political analysis is developed through the history of a landmark piece of legislation, the Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act (NSW) 1985, in toxic chemicals policymaking from the late 1970s to the end of 1997. The interpretation of the case material shows that the response in NSW to the environmental problematic has been driven by the reform agenda of the successive political programs of corporatism and neo-liberalism for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. Neither the corporatist nor the neo-liberal programs succeeded in meeting environmental criteria. Examination of the inadequate responses of both corporatism and neo-liberalism, when measured against sustainability criteria, leads to a deeper understanding of the institutional reforms required if these criteria are to be addressed. The thesis concludes that the failure to effect successful reform of toxic chemicals policy in NSW reflects the failure of leading political theorems of the liberal democratic state to incorporate sustainability criteria successfully into their reform agenda for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. These regional issues are shown to be thematic for the nation-state when raised in the context of the globalisation of the environmental challenge and the inter nationalisation of market forces. The thesis concludes with a brief review of some recent political theory in relation to the programmatic issues of sustainability and democracy which it has pursued.

Bibliography: leaves 162-174.

Coal fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion that has drawn renewed public scrutiny due to the negative environmental impacts from accidental release of this waste material from storage facilities. Historically, the leaching of toxic elements from coal fly ash into the environment has always been a major environmental concern. Despite extensive efforts into the characterization of coal fly ash, effective models for the fate and transport of toxic fly ash constituents have remained lacking, making it difficult to perform accurate environmental impact assessment for coal fly ash. To close this critical knowledge gap, the overall objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for the leaching of toxic elements from fly ash particles. First, physical properties of coal fly ash were characterized to evaluate their contribution to elemental transport. Unburned carbon was shown to contribute to the sorption of arsenic to fly ash, which slowed the release of arsenic from fly ash. In parallel, leaching properties of various elements were determined to differentiate species of varying leaching capacities, demonstrating that the majority of toxic elements were not mobile under environmentally relevant conditions. Subsequently, a mechanistic model for the dissolution of fly ash elements was developed and validated with batch kinetics studies. Furthermore, elemental dissolution was integrated with hydrodynamic modeling to describe the leaching of toxic elements from fly ash in dry disposal facilities, which was validated by column studies. The mechanistic model developed and validated in this research represents the first such model that successfully characterized the complex processes underlying the release and transport of toxic elements in coal fly ash, providing a valuable tool to predict the environment impact of coal fly ash and develop more effective management practices for both the industry and regulators.