High-Speed Rail (HSR) as a fast, reliable and environmentally friendly mode of transportation has received a lot of attention in recent decades. The International Union of Railways reported that there are more than 18600 miles of HSR in operation and about 1.6 billion passengers per year are carried by them. Although there are plans for HSR in many states including Florida, the United States, however, is still hesitant to develop its own HSR network. One of the main barriers to developing high-speed rail is excessive vibration propagation to the media which may cause annoyance to people who live in the track neighborhood. Train induced vibration also contributes to track settlement, developing track flaws, and increasing life cycle cost of track and supporting structures. The aim of this research is to address this problem by conducting a comprehensive investigation into track dynamics. For this purpose, three-dimensional mass-spring-damper models of vehicle, track and supporting structures were developed and matrices of mass, stiffness, and damping of each subsystem were formed. The response of the whole system was, then, determined by coupling the subsystems using Hertz contact theory. The differential equations of the coupled system were solved by the Newmark integration method and the results including vertical and lateral displacements and forces were presented in the time domain. Since the purpose of this dissertation is to quantify the effect of track and vehicle condition on vibration level, rail defects were also taken into account and rail random irregularities for the vertical profile, Gauge, alignment and cross level (super elevation) were incorporated into a numerical solution. The results of the study show the effect of track and vehicle parameters on the response of the vehicle, track, and substructures. Since Florida and some other states in the United States are very prone to hurricanes, an investigation was conducted into the effect of wind speed on vehicle stability. For this purpose, a curved beam was modeled to consider the influence of track curvature, cant deficiency, wind speed and train speed simultaneously. The results from the study show the maximum allowable values of train speed and axle load for different wind speeds. The findings can be used to decide under what circumstances there is a risk of vehicle overturning and how to avoid it.

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Resumo: Neste trabalho são apresentadas as idades obtidas em 32 amostras de zircão e 4 de apatita coletadas em cinco formações geológicas pertencentes ao Grupo Bauru, localizado ao norte da Bacia do Paraná através do Método de Traços de Fissão (MTF). As médias das idades encontradas nas formações de Presidente Prudente, Santo Anastácio, Caiuá, Vale do Rio do Peixe e Rio Paraná são: (703 ± 70) Ma, (509 ± 58) Ma, (854 ± 58) Ma, (493 ± 28) Ma e (448 ± 16) Ma, respectivamente. A análise destas idades indica que apesar das amostras terem recebido detritos com grãos de zircão com idades no intervalo de 70 milhões de anos até 1,8 bilhões de anos, estas formações são independentes. As medidas da redução relativa (L/L0) dos comprimentos de traços confinados, denominado na literatura como annealing, nas amostras mais profundas nas formações de Presidente Prudente e Santo Anastácio podem estar indicando hidrotermalismo nestas áreas. Cabe destacar que as amostras de zircão ZMAC27, ZUB29 e ZCOB31 da Formação Presidente Prudente apresentam um annealing de até 15%, o que pode estar indicando um hidrotermalismo acentuado, ou seja, esta amostra teria registrado temperaturas da ordem de 220 oC durante alguns milhões de anos. Segundo a literatura, os resultados e as interpretações feitas são geologicamente compatíveis com a região estudada. Para obter os resultados mencionados o Método de Traços de Fissão, MTF, em zircão foi implementado no Laboratório de Microscopia Óptica do DFQB, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente. Também foram realizados alguns estudos teóricos e experimentais usando espalhamento micro-Raman e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, MEV, com a finalidade de aprimorar o MTF em zircão. Estes estudos experimentais se referem a: i) anisotropia do ataque químico no zircão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fission tracks ages obtained in 32 zircon and 4 apatite samples collected in five geological formations belonging to the Grupo Bauru, located at north of Paraná Basin, Brazil, are presented. These formations are Presidente Prudente, Santo Anastácio, Caiuá, Vale do Rio do Peixe and Rio Paraná where the ages averages are: (703 ± 70) Ma, (509 ± 58) Ma, (854 ± 58) Ma, (493 ± 28) Ma and (448 ± 16) Ma, respectively. The analysis of these ages indicates that in spite of the samples they have received detritus with zircon grains with ages in the interval of 70 million years up to 1,8 billion years, these formations are independent. The relative reduction (L/L0) of confined tracks, denominated in the literature as annealing, in the deepest samples in Presidente Prudente and Santo Anastácio formations can be indicating hydrothermalism in these areas. The zircon samples ZMAC27, ZUB29 and ZCOB31 of the Presidente Prudente formation presents an average annealing of ~15%. That is, these samples could have registered temperatures around 220 oC during some millions years. According to the literature, the results and the interpretations are geologicaly compatible with the studied area. To obtain these results the Fission Track Method, MTF, in zircon was implemented in the Laboratory of Optical Microscopy of DFQB, FCT/UNESP, P Prudente. Some experimental and theoretical studies also were accomplished using micro-Raman and SEM techniques. These experimental studies are: i) etch anisotropy in zircon grains and a natural monocrystal, ii) the damage of crystalline structure in the C-axis of the zircon in function of etch time and iii) an alternative methodology to avoid the use of the nuclear reactor in zircon FTM. These studies did with that the fission tracks ages results acquire larger accuracy doing with that geological interpretations becomes including of the scientific point of view. / Orientador: Ana Maria Osório Araya Balan / Coorientador: Carlos Alberto Tello Sáenz / Banca: Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino / Banca: Julio César Hadler Neto / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pezzonifilho_jc_me_botfca.pdf: 1844947 bytes, checksum: 744ee36bfa2865a4d0115c65f128a2a7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A compactação do solo tem sido considerada como um dos principais danos ocasionados pelas operações mecanizadas de colheita de madeira, sendo que ocorrem danos diretos ao solo, como a compactação do solo (aumento da densidade do solo), diminuição da aeração e da macroporosidade, presença de camada de impedimento ao crescimento radicular, disponibilidade de água, entre outros. Além dos danos diretos ocorrem os indiretos, que são restrição no crescimento das raízes das plantas, onde ocorrerá a diminuição do crescimento da parte aérea da planta, a susceptibilidade do solo ao processo erosivo, devido a camada compactada, entre outros. A extração de madeira com o trator Skidder é a etapa de colheita na qual se deve ter maior atenção, pois esta máquina provoca grandes danos ao solo, tanto pelo seu peso, quanto pelo arraste de árvores e fustes que realizam sulcos (recalques) no solo. Uma forma de diminuir a compactação do solo é deixar camada de resíduos florestais nos ramais de extração de madeira, com isso haverá a minimização do efeito de compressão do solo pelo trator Skidder com o peso da carga arrastada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o nível de compactação do solo até a 5ª vez que o trator Skidder trafegou no ramal secundário de extração de madeira de Pinus (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti). A avaliação da compactação do solo na testemunha (densificação natural) até a 5ª passada demonstrou que houve compactação até a última vez que o trator Skidder trafegou na área, permitindo constatar que o tráfego de máquinas e fuste nas áreas de colheita promove a compactação do solo. Na interação entre os recalques e o número de passadas houve diferença nos níveis de compactação, sendo que com 5 passadas sobre a mesma área, o recalque do pneu apresentou uma menor compactação (1,34 Mg.m-3) quando comparado com o do fuste... / Soil compaction has been considered one of the major damage caused to the operations of mechanized harvesting, and direct damage occurs to the ground as soil compaction (increased bulk density), reduced aeration and macroporosity, the presence Layer impediment to root growth, water availability, among others. Besides the direct damage occurring indirect damages, which are restricting the growth of plant roots, which occur in the reduction of shoot growth of the plant, susceptibility to soil erosion due to the fact that the presence of the compacted layer, between other damage. To minimize such damage recommend carefully planning machinery traffic on the steps of forest harvesting. With this, the logging with tractor Skidder is the stage at which harvesting should be given more attention, because this machine causes significant damage to land, both by weight and the drag tree trunks and carrying grooves (track) in the soil. One way to reduce soil compaction is to leave layer of forest residues on the extensions of logging, thereby minimizing the effect will be to compress the soil by tractor Skidder with the weight of the load dragged.The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of soil compaction until the 5th time that the tractor Skidder the secondary extension of slash pine logging (Pinus elliottii var. Elliotii). The assessment of soil compaction in control (compression natural) until the 5th month showed that there was compaction until the last time that the tractor Skidder traffic in the area, allowing evidence that the traffic machines and tree trunks collection areas promote soil compaction. In the interaction between the track and the number of passes was no difference in levels of compression, with 5 being passed on to the same site, the track of the tire had a lower density (1.34 Mg.m-3) compared to the tree trunks (1.38 Mg.m-3). At both depths studied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The biodiversity of vascular plants and invertebrates (beetles) was studied on the strips by the railway track during two years in South Bohemia. The phytocenological mapping and pitfall trapping was used for the studying of model groups. The biodiversity of both studied groups was relatively high with different ecological characteristic of its communities. The both hygrophilous and xerophilous species occur in locality. The ubiquitous eurytopic species of beetles prevail in communities, but the rare specific species were found also. The number of specimen of both invasive and rare plant species was low. The railway track play the important role of biocentrum more for invertebrates than plants.

This diploma theses analyzes issues in suggestions of ridding track, their conception and conditions of realisation. Thesis also deals with financial aspect of ridding track realisation. Suggestion of ridding track in Bohemian forest is dealt as a work frame based on feasibility study.