The topic of my thesis was to design a sports and recreational complex in Komárov. Its main landmark is a cycling Stadium. This building will fulfill the functions of a modern Stadium in all of the required factors. Its capacity will be for 3 000 spectators. The stadium belongs to the category of buildings, where form follows function, which in this case is primarily to allow high-quality views of the playing surface for the large number of spectators. Specifies the appearance of the stadium facade with a regular deployment transparent concrete columns, which allows around to see what is happening in the stadium and at the same time provides interesting views.

Sprint races in track cycling are characterised by maximal power requirements and high-power output over 15 to 75 s. As competition rules limit the athlete to a single gear, the choice of gear ratio has considerable impact on performance. Traditionally, a gear favouring short start times and rapid acceleration, i.e., lower transmission ratios, was chosen. In recent years, track cyclists tended to choose higher gear ratios instead. Based on a review of the relevant literature, we aimed to provide an explanation for that increase in the gear ratio chosen and apply this to a 1000 m time trial. Race data with continuous measurements of crank force and velocity of an elite track cyclist were analysed retrospectively regarding the influence of the selected gear on power, cadence and resulting speed. For this purpose, time-dependent maximal force-velocity (F/v) profiles were used to describe changes in performance with increasing fatigue. By applying these profiles to a physical model of track cycling, theoretical power output, cadence and resulting speed were calculated for different scenarios. Based on previous research results, we assume a systematic and predictable decline in optimal cadence with increasing fatigue. The choice of higher gear ratios seems to be explained physiologically by the successive reduction in optimal cadence as fatigue sets in. Our approach indicates that average power output can be significantly increased by selecting a gear ratio that minimises the difference between the realised cadence and the time-dependent dynamic optimum. In view of the additional effects of the gear selection on acceleration and speed, gear selection should optimally meet the various requirements of the respective sprint event.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of Velodrom-cycling stadium in the locality Brno-Komárov, including connection to the existing sports ground, parking and transport

Background: Maximal force-velocity (F/v) profiles for track cyclists are commonly derived from ergometer sprints using an isovelocity or isoinertial approach. Previously, an attempt was made to derive maximal F/v profiles from a single maximal 65-m sprint on the cycling track. Hypothesising that this approach may not accurately reflect the fatigue-free F/v profile, we propose an alternative procedure and compare it to the previous method. Moreover, we test for the impact of gear ratio on diagnostic results. Methods: Twelve elite track cyclists completed a high-cadence low-resistance pedalling test on a freestanding roller (motoric test) and two series of three maximal 65-m sprints on a cycling track with different gear ratios. F/v profiles were calculated based on the measured crank force and cadence either during the first 6–7 revolutions (≤6 s) on the track (model I) or were derived from the first 3–4 revolutions (≤3 s) on the track combined with 1 or 2 fatigue-free cycles at cadences above 160 rpm from the motoric test (model II). Results: Although both models exhibit high-to-excellent linearity between force and velocity, the extrapolated isometric force was higher (1507.51 ± 257.60 N and 1384.35 ± 276.84 N; p < 0.002; d = 2.555) and the slope steeper (−6.78 ± 1.17 and −5.24 ± 1.11; p < 0.003, d = −2.401) with model I. An ICC of 1.00 indicates excellent model consistency when comparing the F/v profiles (model II) derived from the different geared sprints. Conclusions: Assuring fatigue-free measurements and including high-cadence data points in the calculations provide valid maximal F/v and P/v profiles from a single acceleration-sprint independent of gear ratio

In cycling, performance models are used to investigate factors that determine performance and to optimise competition results. We present an innovative and easily applicable mathematical model describing time-resolved approaches for both the physical aspects of tractional resistance and the physiological side of propelling force generated by muscular activity and test its validity to reproduce and forecast time trials in track cycling. Six elite track cyclists completed a special preparation and two sprint time trials in an official velodrome under continuous measurement of crank force and cadence. Fatigue-free force-velocity profiles were calculated, and their fatigue-induced changes were determined by non-linear regression analysis using a monoexponential equation at a constant slope. Model parameters were calibrated based on pre-exercise performance testing and the first of the two time-trials and then used to predict the performance of the second sprint. Measured values for power output and cycling velocity were compared to the modelled data. The modelled results were highly correlated to the measured values (R2>0.99) without any difference between runs (p>0.05; d<0.1). Our mathematical model can accurately describe sprint track cycling time trial performance. It is simple enough to be used in practice yet sufficiently accurate to predict highly dynamic maximal sprint performances. It can be employed for the evaluation of completed runs, to forecast expected results with different setups, and to study various contributing factors and quantify their effect on sprint cycling performance.

In track cycling sprint events, optimal cadence PRopt is a dynamic aspect of fatigue. It is currently unclear what cadence is optimal for an athlete’s performance in sprint races and how it can be calculated. We examined fatigue-induced changes in optimal cadence during a maximal sprint using a mathematical approach. Nine elite track cyclists completed a 6-s high-frequency pedaling test and a 60-s isokinetic all-out sprint on a bicycle ergometer with continuous monitoring of crank force and cadence. Fatigue-free force-velocity (F/v) and power-velocity (P/v) profiles were derived from both tests. The development of fatigue during the 60-s sprint was assessed by fixing the slope of the fatigue-free F/v profile. Fatigue-induced alterations in PRopt were determined by non-linear regression analysis using a mono-exponential equation at constant slope. The study revealed that PRopt at any instant during a 60-s maximal sprint can be estimated accurately using a mono-exponential equation. In an isokinetic mode, a mean PRopt can be identified that enables the athlete to generate the highest mean power output over the course of the effort. Adding the time domain to the fatigue-free F/v and P/v profiles allows time-dependent cycling power to be modelled independent of cadence.

Background: During maximal cycling sprints, efficiency (η) is determined by the fiber composition of the muscles activated and cadence-dependent power output. To date, due to methodological limitations, it has only been possible to calculate gross efficiency (i.e., the ratio of total mechanical to total metabolic work) in vivo without assessing the impact of cadence and changes during exercise. Eliminating the impact of cadence provides optimal efficiency (ηopt), which can be modeled as a function of time. Here, we explain this concept, demonstrate its calculation, and compare the values obtained to actual data. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the time course of maximal power output (Pmax) reflects time-dependent changes in ηopt. Methods: Twelve elite track cyclists performed four maximal sprints (3, 8, 12, 60 s) and a maximal-pedaling test on a cycle ergometer. Crank force and cadence were monitored continuously to determine fatigue-free force-velocity profiles (F/v) and fatigue-induced changes in Pmax. Respiratory gases were measured during and for 30 min post-exercise. Prior to and following each sprint, lactate in capillary blood was determined to calculate net blood lactate accumulation (ΔBLC). Lactic and alactic energy production were estimated from ΔBLC and the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Aerobic energy production was determined from oxygen uptake during exercise. Metabolic power (MP) was derived from total metabolic energy (WTOT). ηopt was calculated as Pmax divided by MP. Temporal changes in Pmax, WTOT, and ηopt were analyzed by non-linear regression. Results: All models showed excellent quality (R2 > 0.982) and allowed accurate recalculation of time-specific power output and gross efficiency (R2 > 0.986). The time-constant for Pmax(t) (τP) was closely correlated with that of ηopt (τη; r = 0.998, p < 0.001). Estimating efficiency using τP for τη led to a 0.88 ± 0.35% error. Conclusions: Although efficiency depends on pedal force and cadence, the latter influence can be eliminated by ηopt(t) using a mono-exponential equation whose time constant can be estimated from Pmax(t).

The diploma thesis was preceded with the specification of specialised atelier TG02 of which the purpose was to prepare an urbanistic study of sport area Hněvkovského territory that is found in the municipal district Brno - Komárov. The urbanistic design was aimed to create an important territory for sport professional as well as relax activities. The specification included also the design of current BMX area and creation of background for sportsmen as well as visitors. The diploma thesis that deals with the building of cycling stadium in form of a study links to this theme. The stadium is situated in the North-East part of the areas, near Hněvkovského road. The design regards sufficient scattering surfaces around the building, simple orientation in the building´s surroundings as well as in the building itself is emphasised. Its glass façade is an important expression element of the building as well as the video mapping systems proposed for projection and lighting of this façade. The attractiveness of the whole area is underlined with parking areas, refreshment point of current cycling track and new area of sport activities (dirt park, ball games).

Auf der Radrennbahn können Leistungsdiagnostik und Techniktraining nur sehr eingeschränkt durchgeführt werden. Alternativen bieten sich mit Ergometer (Ergo) und Laufband (LB). Das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit war zu klären, inwieweit sich EMG, Pedalkraft und physiologische Kenngrößen beim Radfahren auf dem Ergo oder auf dem LB vom Radfahren auf der Bahn unterscheiden. Um die Wettkampfleistung beeinflussen zu können, müssen die Besonderheiten des Muskelkoordinationsmusters sowie des Tangentialkraft-Winkel-Kurvenverlaufes im wettkampfspezifischen Intensitätsbereich erkannt werden. Das zweite Ziel der Arbeit war daher die Analyse von Muskelaktivität und Tangentialkraft bei wettkampfnaher Belastung auf der Radrennbahn, um hieraus Erkenntnisse für die Trainingspraxis zu gewinnen. Im ersten Ergebnisteil zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede für die physiologi-schen Kennwerte, die Tangentialkraft und die Muskelaktivität im Vergleich Bahn vs. Ergo (U1) sowie Bahn vs. LB (U2). Die mittlere Tangentialkraft und die physiologischen Kennwerte waren in der U1 und U2 auf der Bahn signifikant geringer als auf dem Ergo bzw. LB. Die Aktivität einiger Muskeln wies hingegen auf der Bahn signifikant höhere Werte auf als beim Ergo- und LB-Test. Im Vergleich Bahn vs. Ergo konnten für sechs und im Vergleich Bahn vs. LB für zwei der zehn abgeleiteten Muskeln signifikante Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden. Aus den Ergebnissen des ersten Untersuchungsteils kann gefolgert werden, dass für die Leistungsdiagnostik und das Techniktraining das LB dem Ergo vorgezogen werden sollte. Im zweiten Ergebnisteil wurde nachgewiesen, dass bestimmte Muskeln an der Anpassung der gesamten muskulären Beanspruchung an die wettkampfnahe Belastung besonders stark beteiligt sind. Im Kraft- und Radtraining sollte diesen Muskeln besondere Beachtung zukommen. Auch die Tangential-Kraft-Winkelkurve wies bei wettkampfnaher Belastung Besonderheiten auf, welche mit einem Feedbacktraining angesteuert werden könnten. / Performance diagnostics and technical training can only be carried out in a re-stricted manner on the cycling track. The alternatives are the ergometer (ergo) and treadmill (TM). The first objective of this paper was to clarify to what extent EMG, pedal force and physiological parameters during cycling on the ergo or TM differ from cycling on the track. The peculiarities of the muscle coordination pattern as well as the tangential force-angle-course of curve in the intensity range specific to competition must be recognized to be able to influence performance. The second objective of the paper was therefore the analysis of muscle activity and tangential force during stress on the cycle track close to the race to obtain findings for practical training as a result. In the first part of the results there were significant differences for the physio-logical parameters, the tangential force and the muscle activity when comparing track and ergo (U1) as well as track and TM (U2). The average tangential force and the physiological parameters in U1 and U2 on the track were significantly lower than on the ergo or TM. The activity of some muscles on the track, however, showed significantly higher values than on the ergo and TM test. When comparing track vs. ergo six of the ten derived muscles showed significant differences, when comparing track vs. TM it was two of the ten muscles. We can conclude from the results of the first part of the investigation that the TM is preferable to the ergo for performance diagnostics and technical training. The second part of the results showed that certain muscles play a significant role in the adaptation of the entire muscular stress to stress during the race. Special attention should be paid to these muscles during strength and cycle training. The tangential force-angle curve also showed peculiarities during stress close to the race, which could be controlled with feedback training.

A specialized project of „Architectural study of modification of the bicycle stadium Favorit Brno in the BVV area and urban design of the Hněvkovský sports complex in Komárov“ preceded the diploma thesis. The aim of the project was preparation of the area for cycling stadium with all the necessary facilities and functional connections. The diploma thesis develops a previous project and elaborates the compound of the cycling stadium in a form of a study. The building should recpect to the current demands of this sport, such as a closed roof of the building, siberian pine track material and a 250-meter track length. The building will be situated in the area adjacent to the current biker complex in Brno Komárov.