I dagens filmbransch blir arbetet med ljud i film allt mer viktigt då publiken inte bara förväntar sig en visuell effekt utan även en helhetsupplevelse. För att filmen skall kunna förmedla rätt känsla till publiken, gäller det att det visuella, musiken och ljudet fungerar så optimalt som möjligt. Det är viktigt att ljudet hjälper filmen att få fram den känslan som regissören vill förmedla. För att ljudet till en film skall kunna hjälpa regissören att förmedla ett budskap eller känsla är det viktigt att arbetet med ljudet också får ta plats i en filmproduktion. Det här arbetet är en skildring mellan arbetet med tramp på ljudföretaget Europa Foley och boken The foley grail. Arbetet beskriver hur processen med tramp till en filmproduktion på Europa Foley kan gå till och vad som skiljer sig med trampet som beskrivs i The foley grail. De största skillnaderna är hur studion är uppbyggd och hur teamet jobbar med trampet till en filmproduktion. Dessutom tar reflektionen upp ett liknande fenomen som jag har upplevt under mitt arbete på Europa Foley och som även författaren Ament beskriver i The foley grail.

Thesis--University of Bombay. / Bibliography: p. 309-312.

Målet med detta examensarbete är att få en inblick i hur de olika processerna i arbetet med ljud till film fungerar. Jag vill kunna utröna hur man bäst tar sig an de olika processerna samt vilka fallgropar som kan bli aktuella.

<p>Målet med detta examensarbete är att få en inblick i hur de olika processerna i arbetet med ljud till film fungerar. Jag vill kunna utröna hur man bäst tar sig an de olika processerna samt vilka fallgropar som kan bli aktuella.</p>

Most studies in the area of ocean shipping are descriptive. Certain aspects of tramp shipping have been subjected to empirical analysis, but few authors have been concerned with an objective study of the behaviour of charter rates. The major purpose of this thesis is to analyse the behaviour of tramp shipping rates over the years 1960 -1968, and to discover what impact the forces of supply and demand had on voyage and time charter rates during those years. To accomplish this objective, the thesis is divided into two distinct parts: the first half of the text is confined to identifying the various markets that exist in the shipping industry today. Incorporated with this discussion are pertinent facts and figures that exemplify the changing pattern of vessel ownership within the industry, as well as the impressive growth and diversification of the various facets of ocean shipping. The second half of the text is concerned with a statistical analysis of tramp charter rates, ie., voyage and time charters. Monthly data were gathered on several variables of supply and demand in the shipping industry. The relationships between these variables and charter rates were examined in four distinct categories: 1. between the various categories of rates, ie., voyage, time and tanker rates. 2. the relationship between laid up tonnage and charter rates. 3. the relationship between charter rates and the various stages of activity in the shipyards, ie., ship ordering, ship launching and ship completions. 4. the relationship between the demand for shipping space, as indicated by world sea trade, and charter rates. A number of hypotheses concerning the economic behaviour of charter rates with respect to these variables were formulated and tested by means of a series of multiple regression models to determine whether these hypotheses could be accepted or rejected. Initial tests produced what appeared to be some significant results. However, these proved to have high autocorrelation in the residuals. Following more rigorous testing to remove the autocorrelation, the relationships broke down and the hypotheses had to be rejected. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The essential protein Mtr4 is a conserved Ski2-like RNA helicase that maintains the integrity of nuclear RNA by promoting the 3' end decay of a wide variety of RNA substrates. Mtr4 activates the multi-protein exosome in RNA processing, surveillance, and turnover pathways by unwinding secondary structure and/or displacing associated proteins from RNA substrates. While Mtr4 may be able to promote decay independently, it is often associated with large multi-protein assemblies. Specifically, Mtr4 is the largest member of the TRAMP (Trf4/Air2/Mtr4 polyadenylation) complex which targets a plethora of RNA substrates for degradation by appending them with small (~5nt) poly(A) tails via the polymerase activity of Trf4. Mtr4 preferentially binds and unwinds RNAs with short poly(A) tails. Notably, the mechanism by which Mtr4 recognizes the length and identity of the RNA 3' end is coupled to the modulation of poly(A) polymerase activity of Trf4. The lack of structural data for Mtr4 and associated complexes severely limits the understanding of Mtr4 function. Particularly, it is unclear how Mtr4 senses RNA features, acts on RNA substrates, delivers RNA substrates to the exosome, and assembles into larger protein complexes. Presented here is the x-ray crystal structure of Mtr4 combined with detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the enzyme. The structure reveals that Mtr4 contains a four domain helicase core that is conserved in other RNA helicases and a unique arch-like RNA binding domain that is required for the in vivo processing of 5.8S rRNA. Furthermore, kinetic and in vivo analysis of conserved residues implicated in the poly(A) sensing mechanism demonstrates that ratchet helix residues regulate RNA unwinding and impact RNA sequence specificity. A comparison of the apo Mtr4 structure with the RNA/ADP bound structure (determined elsewhere) provides a view of the range of motion that individual domains of Mtr4 adopt upon substrate binding as well as the possible conformations that occur during RNA translocation. These studies provide an important framework for understanding the fundamental role of Mtr4 in exosome-mediated RNA decay, and more broadly describe common themes in architecture and function of the Ski2-like helicase family.

There are numerous RNAs transcribed in the cell that are not directly involved in protein translation. Maintaining proper levels of RNA is crucial for cell viability, making RNA surveillance an essential process (equivalent to regulating protein levels). Mtr4 is an essential RNA helicase that activates exosome-mediated 3'-5' turnover in RNA processing mechanisms. Mtr4 has several binding partners, with the most prominent one being the complex Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylating (TRAMP) complex. The polyadenylation and unwinding activity of TRAMP is modulated by a sensing mechanism in Mtr4 that detects both length and identity of 3'-end poly(A) tails. While it has been known that Mtr4 has an unwinding preference for substrates with a 3' poly(A) tail and a length of approximately 5 nucleotides, the mechanistic detail is unclear. It is also unclear what structural features of Mtr4 contribute to this sensing function. By using x-ray crystal structures of Mtr4, a ratchet helix was identified to interact with RNA substrates. Significant conservation of this ratchet helix along the RNA binding path was observed, similar to conservation patterns throughout Ski2-like and DEAH/RHA-box helicases. Structural characterization revealed a novel arch domain shown to bind structured RNAs, which may aid in cooperative RNA recognition in conjunction with the ratchet helix. In this thesis we demonstrate that the conserved residues at the third (R1030) and fourth (E1033) turns of the Mtr4 ratchet helix uniquely influence RNA unwinding rates. Furthermore, when mutated, ratchet helix positions confer slow growth phenotypes to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are synthetically lethal in an Mtr4-archless background. The unwinding activity of these mutants when in the TRAMP complex alters the unwinding rates of Mtr4, and in some instances recovers substrate specificity. Our findings demonstrate the importance of R1030 and E1033 for helicase activity, and additionally link the arch domain of Mtr4 in essential unwinding events.

Denna undersökning tar hjälp av tidigare forskning, intervjuer, egna erfarenheter och diskussioner, för att komma till botten med om det finns en branschstandard gällande materialen som används i foleystudion samt arbetsprocessen. Stommen i undersökningen bygger på tre olika intervjuer gjorda med Klas Dykhoff, professor på Stockholms Dramatiska Högskola, foleyartisterna Patrik Strömdahl och Ulf Olausson som är egenföretagare och verksamma inom foley. Intervjuresultaten återkopplas till teori och tidigare forskning som i sin tur bildar underlag för diskussion. Även om intervjupersonerna påstår att det inte finns någon arbetsstandard kan vi konstatera att det finns indirekta riktlinjer som antyder på existerandet av en branschstandard. Det finns specifika metoder kring hur foley kan utföras som aspirerande foleyartister kan ta del av och utveckla sin egen arbetsmetodik. Vi anser att potentialen för foley och dess uttrycksmöjligheter fortfarande är outforskade men att denna uppsats bidrar till att glappet i kunskapen minskar.

Les « terminal balls » qui constituent des complexes de maturation sont détectées à l’extrémité 5’-terminale des transcrits ribosomiques naissants dans tous les organismes eucaryotes inspectés à ce jour ; générant les images de référence en « arbres de Noël ». La compaction séquentielle des « terminal balls », à présent également dénommées « SSU-processome », reflète les étapes d’assemblage co-transcriptionnel des ribosomes. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai développé une stratégie expérimentale basée sur l’immunoprécipitation de chromatine (ChIP) qui m’a permis de valider, et ce pour la première fois, in vivo la structure des branches des arbres de Noël (en particulier un rapprochement du « SSU-processome » à l’extrémité 5’- du gène encodant l’ARNr 25S). Notre stratégie nous permet également d’aborder la composition moléculaire des « arbres de Noël ». La biogenèse du ribosome est un processus complexe et dynamique dont la finalité est la synthèse et l’assemblage de 4 molécules d’ARN et de ~80 protéines ribosomiques dans un processus qui requiert l’intervention transitoire et concertée de non moins de 400 facteurs de maturation. D’une telle complexité a récemment émergé le concept de l’existence de modules pré-assemblés autonomes de facteurs de maturation. Dans le cas du « SSU-processome », les trois sous-complexes UTP-A, UTP-B, UTP-C ont d’ores et déjà été décrits. L’existence de tels sous-complexes renforce la notion d’un mécanisme d’assemblage hautement hiérarchisé. En effet, il s’est avéré que l’extrémité 5’- du transcrit naissant est initialement liée par le sous-complexe UTP-A dans une étape qui est un pré-requis indispensable au recrutement et à l’assemblage des autres composants du « SSU-processome ». Avec autant d’étapes distinctes dans le processus d’assemblage, la possibilité d’erreur est conséquente, d’où l’importance de l’existence de mécanismes de contrôles de qualité. Toutes les protéines constituant le « SSU-processome » sont requises au clivage des précurseurs d’ARN ribosomique. Préalablement à mon travail, les 7 sous-unités protéiques du complexe UTP-A avaient, en outre, spécifiquement été impliquées dans la synthèse de l’ARN, c’est-à-dire dans la fonction de l’ARN polymérase I. Ceci leur a conféré leur seconde appellation de tUTP, pour transcription UTP, et offert les prémices de l’existence d’une interface physique et fonctionnelle entre les machineries de synthèse et de maturation des ARNr. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai démontré qu’il n’en est rien. Une inspection minutieuse m’a en effet révélé que les tUTP/UTP-A ne sont nullement requises à la synthèse des ARN ribosomiques mais bien à leur stabilité. Cette observation m’a mené à proposer que la cellule a développé au cours de l’évolution un mécanisme de contrôle de qualité par lequel elle s’assure de l’intégrité des étapes initiales d’assemblage (liaison du complexe UTP-A ). Mon postulat est qu’en l’absence de la liaison de ces facteurs de maturation précoces, les ARN sont rapidement dégradés par un mécanisme que nous avons dénommé « Death by Default (DBD) » par l’activité de surveillance nucléolaire exercée par le complexe de polyadényaltion TRAMP et d’exoribonucléases 3’-5’ l’ Exosome.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 solis_dr_dr_rcla_parcial.pdf: 68721 bytes, checksum: 1b01878f0bcc73e98ddc24e951555228 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-07-02T12:35:56Z: solis_dr_dr_rcla_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-02T12:37:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000647544_26042041.pdf: 58673 bytes, checksum: 0fda9644879dc69b1e5241ade8aa98c6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-08-28T16:09:03Z: 000647544_26042041.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-28T16:10:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000647544_20410426.pdf: 97014 bytes, checksum: 95efbf1017f19aeab32778971ef032fd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Monomorium floricola é uma espécie cosmopolita, adaptada ao meio urbano, que ocasiona incômodos em residências e hospitais. Poucos estudos foram efetuados com esta espécie e para o melhor conhecimento desta formiga, que possa ser utilizado em programas de manejo de pragas, o presente estudo teve como objetivo: analisar a interação com outras formigas urbanas; estudar o comportamento alimentar; descrever a morfologia externa das larvas e adultos reprodutores; verificar possíveis causas para o surgimento de anomalias nas formas reprodutoras; descrever o trato digestório; analisar a tolerância térmica das operárias; e verificar alguns fatores que poderiam interferir na fecundidade das rainhas virgens. As operárias de M. floricola se mostraram mais ofensivas em seu território e defensivas em outros territórios, com o comportamento sendo dependente da espécie de formiga com o qual interage. Com relação ao forrageamento: as substâncias açucaradas foram mais atrativas do que as gordurosas, as operárias despenderam mais tempo na coleta de substâncias açucaradas mais concentradas, e preferiram alimentos em maior quantidade e mais próximas ao ninho. As larvas de M. floricola se diferenciam das outras espécies do gênero, por apresentarem uma maior diversidade de pêlos e terem um número diferente de sensilas nos palpos. Os adultos reprodutores foram descritos com um maior detalhamento, fator importante para analisar com uma maior exatidão as formas anômalas. As anomalias não são causadas pelo choque térmico ou por bactérias simbiontes. O trato digestório das duas espécies de Monomorium apresentou algumas particularidades: a presença de espinhos no papo, e o número de túbulos de Malpighi e papilas retais não variaram entre as castas e idades. As operárias de M. floricola apresentaram uma alta tolerância para temperaturas frias, mas não para as quentes, quando... / Monomorium floricola is a cosmopolitan urban, and a worldwide pest in homes and hospitals. Few studies were directed with this species. With the objective of adding useful information for pest control programs, the present study aimed at analyzing: the interaction of these ants with other species when foraging for food; morphology of immature and adult reproductive forms; possible causes for the appearance of anomalous reproductive forms; internal anatomy of the digestive system; the tolerance of workers to different temperatures; different traits affecting the fecundity of virgin queens. Workers proved more defensive when foraging in enemy or neutral territory, and more aggressive when at their own territory. Their reaction towards alien ants was dependent upon their species. Sugary substances were more attractive than fatty foods, and workers spent more time collecting more concentrated sugary liquids, and give preference to foods at higher amounts and nearer to the nest entrance. Larvae of M. floricola were different from other Monomorium species by their greater diversity of types of body hairs, and by their number of mouthpart sensilla. Reproductive adults were described in richness of details, as we needed parameters to detect the anomalous forms. The appearance of anomalous forms is apparently not caused by temperature variations or by the presence of symbiotic bacteria. The digestive system of adults of M. floricola and M. pharaonis were unique, e.g. by their having spines in the crop and fixed number of Malpighian tubules and rectal pads among specimens of different castes and ages. Workers of M. floricola were tolerant to cold temperatures, but not to high temperatures, in comparison with tested species M. pharaonis and T. bicarinatum. Larvae and workers proved to interfere in the fecundity of virgin queens. We hope the finds of the present study will be of use in improving pest... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)