Gelation properties of a salt extracted pea (Pisum sativum) protein isolate (PPIs) were evaluated with a goal of using this isolate as a meat extender. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was used to improve gelation of PPIs, muscle protein isolate (MPI) from chicken breast and the two combined. Gelation properties were evaluated using small amplitude oscillatory rheology and texture analysis. SDS-PAGE and differential scanning calorimetry were used to examine protein structure. Minimum gelation concentration for PPIs was 5%, lower than the 14% obtained for a commercial pea protein isolate (PPIc), possibly because the PPIc undergone denaturation whereas PPIs had not. Storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") increased with protein concentration and maximum gel strength for PPIs occurred at pH 4.0 in 0.3M NaCl. Higher or lower pH values affected protein charge and the potential for network formation. Higher salt concentrations resulted in increased denaturation temperatures, to a point where the proteins did not denature at the 95ºC temperature used for gel formation. When both heating and cooling rate were increased, gel strength decreased, though the cooling rate had a greater impact. Chaotropic salts enhanced gel strength, whereas non-chaotropic salts stabilized protein structure and decreased gel formation. Based on effects of guanidine hydrochloride, urea, propylene glycol, β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide, hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds were involved in pea protein gel formation but disulfide bond contribution was minimal. Gels formed with MPI at concentrations as low as 0.5% and were strongest at 95ºC, higher than the ~ 65ºC normally used in meat processing. Good gels were formed at pH 6 with 0.6 to 1.2 M NaCl. Addition of MTG increased gel strength for PPIs, MPI, and a combination of the two. SDS-PAGE showed that bands in the 35~100kDa range became fainter with higher MTG levels but no new bands were found to provide direct evidence of interaction between muscle and pea proteins. Improved gel strength for the MPI/PPI mixture (3:1) containing MTG suggested that some crosslinking occurred. Higher heating temperatures and MTG addition led to the formation of MPI/PPI gel and demonstrated the potential for utilization of pea protein in muscle foods.

Gelation properties of a salt extracted pea (Pisum sativum) protein isolate (PPIs) were evaluated with a goal of using this isolate as a meat extender. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was used to improve gelation of PPIs, muscle protein isolate (MPI) from chicken breast and the two combined. Gelation properties were evaluated using small amplitude oscillatory rheology and texture analysis. SDS-PAGE and differential scanning calorimetry were used to examine protein structure. Minimum gelation concentration for PPIs was 5%, lower than the 14% obtained for a commercial pea protein isolate (PPIc), possibly because the PPIc undergone denaturation whereas PPIs had not. Storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") increased with protein concentration and maximum gel strength for PPIs occurred at pH 4.0 in 0.3M NaCl. Higher or lower pH values affected protein charge and the potential for network formation. Higher salt concentrations resulted in increased denaturation temperatures, to a point where the proteins did not denature at the 95ºC temperature used for gel formation. When both heating and cooling rate were increased, gel strength decreased, though the cooling rate had a greater impact. Chaotropic salts enhanced gel strength, whereas non-chaotropic salts stabilized protein structure and decreased gel formation. Based on effects of guanidine hydrochloride, urea, propylene glycol, β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide, hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds were involved in pea protein gel formation but disulfide bond contribution was minimal. Gels formed with MPI at concentrations as low as 0.5% and were strongest at 95ºC, higher than the ~ 65ºC normally used in meat processing. Good gels were formed at pH 6 with 0.6 to 1.2 M NaCl. Addition of MTG increased gel strength for PPIs, MPI, and a combination of the two. SDS-PAGE showed that bands in the 35~100kDa range became fainter with higher MTG levels but no new bands were found to provide direct evidence of interaction between muscle and pea proteins. Improved gel strength for the MPI/PPI mixture (3:1) containing MTG suggested that some crosslinking occurred. Higher heating temperatures and MTG addition led to the formation of MPI/PPI gel and demonstrated the potential for utilization of pea protein in muscle foods.

Membrane attachment of ephrin ligands plays an important role in Eph receptor activation. Membrane anchorage is thought to provide a clustering effect to ephrins that is necessary for stimulation of Eph receptor kinase activity. The presence of soluble A-type ephrin in conditioned media of numerous cultured cancer cell lines and normal endothelial cells prompted me to question the purpose of ephrin release. In this thesis I show that ephrin A1, a potent angiogenic factor, is released from several cancer cell lines and is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase, a multifunctional enzyme with the ability to form covalent crosslinks between substrate proteins. I show that tissue transglutaminase crosslinking primes soluble ephrin A1 to promote Eph A2 activity. These results suggest a role for soluble A-type ephrins in promoting Eph receptor activity at distant sites and also indicate that ephrin A1 may be acting as a soluble angiogenic factor during tumor neovascularization.

Membrane attachment of ephrin ligands plays an important role in Eph receptor activation. Membrane anchorage is thought to provide a clustering effect to ephrins that is necessary for stimulation of Eph receptor kinase activity. The presence of soluble A-type ephrin in conditioned media of numerous cultured cancer cell lines and normal endothelial cells prompted me to question the purpose of ephrin release. In this thesis I show that ephrin A1, a potent angiogenic factor, is released from several cancer cell lines and is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase, a multifunctional enzyme with the ability to form covalent crosslinks between substrate proteins. I show that tissue transglutaminase crosslinking primes soluble ephrin A1 to promote Eph A2 activity. These results suggest a role for soluble A-type ephrins in promoting Eph receptor activity at distant sites and also indicate that ephrin A1 may be acting as a soluble angiogenic factor during tumor neovascularization.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-28T12:37:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2837265 bytes, checksum: ddedd328a6b884ce84481a34513f5508 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T12:37:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2837265 bytes, checksum: ddedd328a6b884ce84481a34513f5508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pães isentos de glúten são uma alternativa para indivíduos que sofrem com algum transtorno relacionado ao consumo de glúten, mas que geralmente têm qualidade inferior aos similares produzidos com farinha de trigo. Estratégias para desenvolver massas isentas de glúten com melhor qualidade envolvem uso de farinhas mistas, aditivos e tecnologias de processamento. A temperatura de mistura (TMP) da massa e o concentrado proteico de orizenina (CPO) têm potencial para produzir massa com textura adequada e pães de qualidade sem a presença de glúten. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram extrair, caracterizar e avaliar o efeito de CPO, enzima transglutaminase (ETG) e TMP nas propriedades da massa e dos pães elaborados. O concentrado proteico de orizenina obtido pelo protocolo de extração sequencial (CES), embora com bom rendimento de extração, obteve menor teor de proteína total entre os três protocolos de extração e por este motivo foi excluído da caracterização técnico-funcional. Todas as classes proteicas da farinha de arroz estão presentes nos concentrados e a orizenina é a predominante. A solubilidade dos concentrados é baixa e influenciada pelo pH do meio. As propriedades espumantes e emulsificantes dos concentrados foram afetadas pela sonicação, protocolo de extração e pH do meio ao nível de 10 % de significância. Embora as emulsões e as espumas sejam muito instáveis, mostrou possuir em pH 2 e pH 9 menor instabilidade. Os fatores CPO, TMP e ETG modificaram características das massas e dos pães. As propriedades reológicas das massas são semelhantes às de outras sem glúten e ainda assim longe das características das massas de farinha de trigo. A TMP e ETG tiveram influência sobre as propriedades térmicas da massa. Os fatores ETG e CPO influenciaram volume específico e firmeza de miolo dos pães. Os modelos de regressão ajustados explicam pouco da variação entre os fatores testados e não podem ser usados para fazer predições, mas os fatores significativos destes modelos indicaram influência das respostas testadas. TMP acima da temperatura ambiente e a adição de CPO e ETG tem potencial para produção de massa isenta de glúten que pode ser manipulada em equipamentos convencionais de panificação e pães de qualidade semelhante àqueles disponíveis no mercado, mas com um número menor de aditivos. / Gluten free breads are an alternative for individuals who experience distress related to gluten consumption, however it has inferior baking quality than a similar wheat bread. Development strategies of gluten free dough with improved baking quality requires the use of composite flour, additives and processing technologies. Dough mixing temperature (TMP) and oryzenin concentrate (CPτ) have potential to produce adequate dough’s texture and high quality gluten free bread. The objectives of this study were extract, characterize and evaluate the effect of CPO, transglutaminase enzyme (ETG) and TMP on dough and bread properties. Oryzenin concentrate obtained by sequential extraction protocol (CES) has a good extraction yield. It achieved the lowest protein content among three extraction protocols, though, and for this reason, it was excluded of technical and functional characterization. All protein classes from rice flour were present in protein concentrate and the oryzenin is prevailing. Concentrates have low solubility and is influenced by medium pH. Foaming and emulsifying properties of concentrates were affected by sonication, extraction protocol and medium pH with 10 % significance level. Even though emulsions and foams were unstable, presented the lowest instability at pH 2 and pH 9. CPO, TMP and ETG factors changed the characteristics of the dough and the bread. Dough rheological properties are similar to different gluten free doughs and even so far from wheat dough characteristics. The TMP had influence on dough thermic properties. ETG and CPO factors had influence on specific volume and crumb firmness. Adjusted regression models explained a small fraction of variation so they could not be used for predictions, but significant factors influenced tested responses. Dough mixing temperature above room temperature and the addition of transglutaminase enzyme and oryzenin concentrate have potential to develop gluten free dough that can be manipulated in conventional baking xequipment and good quality bread similar to the ones available in the market, but with less additives.

Os objetivos desse estudo foram: 1) Padronizar a pesquisa do anti-tTg, comparando-o com o anticorpo antiendomísio (AAE) e 2) Avaliar as interações da tTg com a fibronectina. 49 celíacos e 124 controles com AAE negativo foram avaliados. O AAE foi pesquisado por imunofluorescência indireta e a reatividade contra a tTg e a fibronectina por ELISA in house e com kits comerciais. O antitTg foi positivo em 46,9% e 100% dos celíacos com o ELISA in house e com kits comerciais, respectivamente. A adição de fibronectina não melhorou a sensibilidade do ELISA. Em conclusão: a detecção do antitTg por ELISA apresenta percentual elevado de falso-positivos, não podendo substituir a pesquisa do AAE / The aims of the current study were: to standardize the detection of anti-tTg antibodies, comparing them with antiendomysial antibodies (EMA) and to assess the interaction of tTg with fibronectin. 49 celiac patients and 124 controls were enrolled. EMA was detected by indirect immunofluorescence reaction and tTg and fibronectin reactivity by in house ELISA and with commercially available kits. Seropositivity to anti-tTG was found in 46.9% and 100% of patients by the in house technique and by commercial kits, respectively. Fibronectin addition did not improve the ELISA sensibility. In conclusion, ELISA for anti-tTG detection has a high rate of false positive results and does not replace EMA

Orientador: Flavia Maria Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_CeliadeJesus_M.pdf: 1711635 bytes, checksum: 8b68d7bd0f495d93e2c2949a9229045c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Estudos indicam que cerca de 2,5% dos recém-nascidos sofrem reações de hipersensibilidade ao leite bovino. Os principais componentes alergênicos do soro do leite bovino são as proteínas ß-Lactoglobulina (ß-Lg) e a-Lactoalbumina (a-La). A enzima transglutaminase (TG) tem sido utilizada para modificar as proteínas do soro do leite, podendo reduzir o seu potencial antigênico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito do pH e relação enzima substrato (E:S) na polimerização do Isolado proteico do soro do leite (IPS) com a TG em diferentes condições utilizando a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, e avaliar a redução do potencial antigênico das proteínas pela suscetibilidade dos produtos obtidos à digestão com pepsina. O estudo da polimerização do IPS foi realizado por meio de experimentos fatoriais 22, nos quais as variáveis independentes foram a relação enzima:substrato (E:S) (15,7 ¿ 56,9 U TG /g de proteína) e pH (5,0 ¿ 8,4). A variável dependente foi a polimerização das amostras avaliada pela concentração relativa das proteínas ß-Lg ([ß-Lg]) e a-La ([a-La]) após a reação de polimerização, medida por densitometria do gel. Para o estudo da polimerização, foram realizados dois DCCR(Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional): DCCR 1 no qual foi utilizado o IPS sem qualquer tratamento e DCCR 2 no qual foi utilizado o IPS tratado termicamente. Para condição do DCCR 2, foi realizado um experimento preliminar afim de obter as melhores condições de tempo e temperatura de polimerização pela TG. A caracterização das amostras de IPS polimerizado foi realizada por eletroforese (SDS-PAGE). As amostras que apresentaram a menor [ß-Lg] foram empregadas para o estudo de resistência à pepsina, foram utilizados dois modelos de simulação da digestão gástrica: o adulto (182 U de pepsina/g de proteína, pH 2,0) e o infantil (23 U de pepsina/g de proteína, pH 4,0) seguida por caracterização por eletroforese (SDS-PAGE). A avaliação in vitro da antigenicidade dos digeridos gástricos foi realizada por ELISA, utilizando soro de camundongos BALB/c sensibilizados com ß-Lg na forma nativa. A polimerização do IPS pela TG foi mais eficiente quando a proteína foi previamente desnaturada por tratamento térmico. No DCCR 1 ocorreu maior polimerização da a-La do que da ß-Lg, indicando que esta proteína reage facilmente com a TG, mesmo sem tratamento térmico prévio. A digestão in vitro do IPS foi mais eficiente nas condições fisiológicas simulando o modelo adulto do que o infantil. Em ambos os modelos, a amostra tratada termicamente e polimerizada com TG (IPS/TT-TG) foi mais susceptível à pepsina e também foi a que apresentou a menor resposta frente IgE anti- ß-Lg. A diminuição moderada do potencial alergênico após os tratamentos realizados sugerem que houve modificação e ou ocultação de epítopos da estrutura da proteína / Abstract: Studies indicate that about 2.5% of newborns suffer from hypersensitivity reactions to cow¿s milk. The main allergenic components of bovine whey proteins are ß-lactoglobulin (ß-Lg) and a-lactalbumin (a-La). The enzyme transglutaminase (TG) has been used for modifying whey proteins, and may reduce their antigenic potential. The present work aimed at studying the effect of pH and enzyme substrate (E:S) on the polymerization of the IPS with TG under different conditions using Response Surface Methodology, and evaluate the reduction of potential of the antigenic proteins using the susceptibility of products to pepsin digestion. The study of the IPS polymerization was performed by factorial experiments 22, in which the independent variables were enzyme: substrate ratio (E: S) (15.7 to 56.9 U TG / g of protein (U g-1) ) and pH (5.0 - 8.4). The dependent variable was polymerization of the samples evaluated by the relative concentration of the ß-Lg ([ß-Lg]) and a-La ([La-a]) after the polymerization reaction, evaluated by densitometry of the gel. To study the polymerization, two CRCD (Central Rotatable Composite Design) were performed: CRCD 1 in which untreated WPI was used and CRCD 2 in which WPI denatured by heat treatment was used. The characterization of the samples was performed by SDS-PAGE. The evaluation of the polymerization was achieved by the relative concentration of the proteins ß-Lg ([ß-Lg]) and a-La (([a-La]) after polymerization, determined by densitometry. The samples with the lowest [ß-Lg] were chosen for the study of resistance to pepsin using two simulation models of gastric digestion, the adult (182 U pepsin / g of protein and pH 2.0) and infant (23 U pepsin / g of protein, pH 4.0). The resistance of the proteins to the action of pepsin was evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Evaluation of the antigenicity of the samples before and after gastric digestion was performed by ELISA using sera from BALB/c mice sensitized with ß-Lg in its native form. Between the two designs carried out for the polymerization of WPI by TG, the one in which the WPI has previously been denatured by heat treatment was more effective. The in vitro digestion of WPI was more efficient under conditions simulating the physiological adult model than the infant model. In both models the sample which was heat treated and subsequently polymerized by TG was more susceptible to pepsin, and showed the lowest anti-IgE response against ß-Lg, indicating that the allergenic potential was decreased after treatment. These results suggested that there was a modified and/or hidden of the epitopes / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

The freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, has been used as a model for studying hematopoiesis or blood cell production or hematopoiesis and immunity. The work of this thesis aims to investigate the impact of factors such as ROS signaling, Ast1, and the PVF/PVR signaling pathway in controlling stem cell behavior during hematopoiesis and specifically the role of the crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase (TGase) in regulation of hematopoiesis. The role of ROS in crayfish hematopoiesis was characterized by using the antioxidant named NAC to inhibit ROS production. Low ROS level resulted in a prolonged decrease in hemocyte numbers and a combined injection of LPS and NAC caused a slower rate of new hemocyte production. A low ROS level in cell cultures supplemented with crude Ast1 was found to inhibit cell spreading and a high extracellular TGase activity was detected on the surfaces of APC and HPT cells. We suggest that ROS serves as a prime signal to control proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells by affecting extracellular TGase activity. We reported an inhibitory effect of Ast1 on TGase enzyme activity and on its crosslinking activity and consequently Ast1 affects the clot formation and thus coagulation by inhibiting the crosslinking activity of the TGase enzyme. Secretion of the clot protein (CP) and the production of CP filament network between spreading cells were observed in HPT cell cultures in vitro. In the presence of CP together with Ast1 in 3D-collagen-I cultures, HPT cells were found to be more elongated and they formed chains of cells throughout the surrounding matrix. In the HPT tissue, CP was located around the HPT cells or around the lobules of HPT, and thus, CP was demonstrated to be a part of ECM and to possibly function together with collagen in generating a suitable environment for HPT progenitor cells. The inhibition of PVF/PVR downstream signaling pathway by Sunitinib malate resulted in a dramatic change of cell morphology and induction of an increase cell surface area during cell culture. The addition of crude Ast1 into the cell cultures in vitro enhanced this effect. Consequently, cell migration was stimulated and a high extracellular TGase activity on HPT cell surface was found after this inhibition. In conclusion, the work in this thesis provides new insight in understanding the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and extracellular TGase activity in controlling stem cell activity.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Long-term treatment with all trans-retinoic acid (RA) induces neuronal differentiation and apoptosis. However, the effect of short-term RA treatment on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y and IMR-32) remains unclear. RA induces expression of tissue-transglutaminase (TGase) and promotes migration and invasion after 24 h of treatment in SH-SY5Y cells, but not in IMR-32 cells. RA receptor (RAR) agonist (4-(E-2-[5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl]-1-propenyl) benzoic acid) and RAR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist (9-cis-RA) promote expression of TGase, migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells, while RXR agonist has no significant effect. RAR antagonist blocks RA effect on migration and invasion, indicating that RAR receptors are required. Retinoid receptors are expressed and activated by RA in both cell lines. However, only transient activation of RAR is observed in IMR-32 cells. These findings suggest that different responses observed in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells could be due to differential activation of retinoid receptors. Overexpression of TGase has no effect on migration or invasion, while overexpression of antisense TGase blocks RA-induced migration and invasion, indicating that other molecules along with TGase mediate RA effects. In addition to the long-term effects of RA that are coupled with cell differentiation, short-term effects involve migration and invasion of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.