O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um programa computacional para análise de contingências, no contexto da estabilidade transitória, capaz de identificar as contingências críticas do sistema elétrico de potência via métodos diretos. A análise de estabilidade é realizada em diversas etapas, onde serão aplicados diversos filtros, baseados em métodos de análise de ilhamento, não existência de pontos de equilíbrio, PEBS, BCU e simulação computacional, no domínio do tempo, do sistema. Em cada etapa da análise, os casos serão classificadas como sendo estáveis, instáveis ou incertos segundo diferentes critérios, restando portanto, ao fim de cada etapa, um conjunto menor de possíveis contingências críticas. A metodologia proposta foi desenvolvida para modelos de SEPs com rede reduzida, porém as técnicas discutidas neste trabalho aplicam-se também a modelos que preservam a estrutura do sistema de transmissão. / The main objective of this work is to design a transient stability screening contingency program that is able to identify all critical contingencies in an electric power system using direct methods. The stability assessment is performed through several steps by mean of filters based on islanding detection, nonexistence of equilibrium points, PEBS, BCU and time-domain simulation of the power system. In each step of the analysis, all cases are classified as stable, unstable or uncertain cases by different criteria, resulting at the end of each step in a small number of possible critical contingencies. The proposed methodology was designed for reduced models of electric power systems, but all the techniques discussed in this work are also suitable for preserving structure models.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um programa computacional para análise de contingências, no contexto da estabilidade transitória, capaz de identificar as contingências críticas do sistema elétrico de potência via métodos diretos. A análise de estabilidade é realizada em diversas etapas, onde serão aplicados diversos filtros, baseados em métodos de análise de ilhamento, não existência de pontos de equilíbrio, PEBS, BCU e simulação computacional, no domínio do tempo, do sistema. Em cada etapa da análise, os casos serão classificadas como sendo estáveis, instáveis ou incertos segundo diferentes critérios, restando portanto, ao fim de cada etapa, um conjunto menor de possíveis contingências críticas. A metodologia proposta foi desenvolvida para modelos de SEPs com rede reduzida, porém as técnicas discutidas neste trabalho aplicam-se também a modelos que preservam a estrutura do sistema de transmissão. / The main objective of this work is to design a transient stability screening contingency program that is able to identify all critical contingencies in an electric power system using direct methods. The stability assessment is performed through several steps by mean of filters based on islanding detection, nonexistence of equilibrium points, PEBS, BCU and time-domain simulation of the power system. In each step of the analysis, all cases are classified as stable, unstable or uncertain cases by different criteria, resulting at the end of each step in a small number of possible critical contingencies. The proposed methodology was designed for reduced models of electric power systems, but all the techniques discussed in this work are also suitable for preserving structure models.

The number of large-scale wind farms integrated to the power system in Sweden is increasing. Two generator concepts that are widely used are Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) and Full Power Converters (FPC). The study is of a quantitative character and the aim of the Master thesis is to compare DFIG-models with FPC-models integrated in an area with high concentration of hydropower. Then it is possible to examine how the dynamics in the power system change depending on the selection of technology (DFIG or FPC) when connecting a wind farm. The power system is simulated during a summer night, i.e., a low load is connected. The Master thesis covers stability analysis of the power system by using rotor angle stability that are split into small-signal stability and transient stability (time-domain simulations) and finally voltage stability to see how the hydropower generators react when varying the power production in the wind farm. The Master thesis concludes that independently of wind turbine technique, integration of a wind farm has slight impact on the stability in the power system compared to a power system without a wind farm, even though the load is low. Further, an integration of a wind farms affects the reactive power production in neighbouring hydropower plants. Finally, when increasing the size of the wind farm the neighbouring hydropower station consume less reactive power which can induce problem with the voltage stability.

This thesis introduces a new modeling approach that allows very large power systems to be modeled on a real time electro-magnetic transients (EMT) digital simulator with reduced hardware costs. The key step in achieving this is the development of an improved wide-band multi-port equivalent, which reduces a large power network into a small manageable equivalent model that preserves wideband behaviors. This approach has a foundation method that use a two part equivalent in which the high frequency behavior of the equivalenced network is represented by a terminating frequency dependent network equivalent (FDNE), with the low frequency behavior being modeled using a detailed Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) model that only models the electromechanical behavior. This approach allowed the modelling of medium size electric regions up to hundreds of buses in real time. This thesis extends the equivalent by implementing a reduced order of the detailed electromechanical TSA equivalent mentioned above. Coherency based reduction is used for the electromechanical model of the power network to be equivalenced, and is implemented as a Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) type electromechanical equivalent. A challenge in implementing the FDNE is to ensure that it is a passive network, as otherwise its inclusion could lead to unstable simulation. This thesis also introduces a practical procedure to enforce passivity in the FDNE. The validity of the proposed technique is demonstrated by comparing the approach with detailed electromagnetic simulations of the well-known 39 bus New England system and a modified 39 bus system with an HVDC infeed with coupling between the dc line and an adjacent ac line, in addition to a 108 bus ac system. The power of the method is demonstrated by the real-time simulation of a large system with 2300 busses and 139 generators. It has been shown that this approach has the potential to increase by at least one order of magnitude the size of the network that can be modeled and thus on a real time electro-magnetic transients (EMT) digital simulator with reduced hardware costs.

This thesis presents a transient stability method using dynamic phasors. This method can be used to investigate low frequency (<5Hz) and sub-synchronous frequency (5Hz-60Hz) oscillations. It has major advantages as compared to traditional transient stability method and EMT method. It allows modeling of higher-frequency oscillation possible using time domain simulations, which is not achievable with conventional method. It also can be simulated at much larger time step as compared to PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. Comparison of the results with traditional model and detailed EMT model are also present, and they show very accurate results at frequency ranges up to 60Hz.

This thesis introduces a new modeling approach that allows very large power systems to be modeled on a real time electro-magnetic transients (EMT) digital simulator with reduced hardware costs. The key step in achieving this is the development of an improved wide-band multi-port equivalent, which reduces a large power network into a small manageable equivalent model that preserves wideband behaviors. This approach has a foundation method that use a two part equivalent in which the high frequency behavior of the equivalenced network is represented by a terminating frequency dependent network equivalent (FDNE), with the low frequency behavior being modeled using a detailed Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) model that only models the electromechanical behavior. This approach allowed the modelling of medium size electric regions up to hundreds of buses in real time. This thesis extends the equivalent by implementing a reduced order of the detailed electromechanical TSA equivalent mentioned above. Coherency based reduction is used for the electromechanical model of the power network to be equivalenced, and is implemented as a Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) type electromechanical equivalent. A challenge in implementing the FDNE is to ensure that it is a passive network, as otherwise its inclusion could lead to unstable simulation. This thesis also introduces a practical procedure to enforce passivity in the FDNE. The validity of the proposed technique is demonstrated by comparing the approach with detailed electromagnetic simulations of the well-known 39 bus New England system and a modified 39 bus system with an HVDC infeed with coupling between the dc line and an adjacent ac line, in addition to a 108 bus ac system. The power of the method is demonstrated by the real-time simulation of a large system with 2300 busses and 139 generators. It has been shown that this approach has the potential to increase by at least one order of magnitude the size of the network that can be modeled and thus on a real time electro-magnetic transients (EMT) digital simulator with reduced hardware costs.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως στόχο την αντιμετώπιση των ηλεκτρομηχανικών ταλαντώσεων οι οποίες εμφανίζονται σε μία σύγχρονη γεννήτρια παραγωγής Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας μετά από διαταραχές. Ο συμβατικός έλεγχος για τη διατήρηση της μηχανής σε συγχρονισμό μετά από ξαφνικές αλλαγές φορτίου, βραχυκυκλωμάτων, κλείσιμο διακοπτών ή οποιασδήποτε κατάστασης που μπορεί να προκαλέσει αστάθεια στο Σύστημα της Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας, γίνεται με χρήση ελεγκτικών διατάξεων Σταθεροποιητών Συστημάτων Ισχύος σε συνδυασμό με τον Αυτόματο Ρυθμιστή Τάσης (ΑΡΤ/ΣΣΙ). Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι να σχεδιαστούν και να ρυθμιστούν κατάλληλα οι διατάξεις αυτές, ώστε να εξασφαλίζεται η απόσβεση των ηλεκτρομηχανικών ταλαντώσεων που εμφανίζονται ανάμεσα στην γεννήτρια και το υπόλοιπο σύστημα. Στην εργασία αυτή, αρχικά γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα είδη των ηλεκτρομηχανικών ταλαντώσεων και την ευστάθεια για δυναμικά Συστήματα Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται το δυναμικό μοντέλο ενός απλού συστήματος μιας γεννήτριας άπειρου ζυγού βασισμένο στο απλοποιημένο μοντέλο 4ης τάξης της σύγχρονης μηχανής. Επειδή το μοντέλο αυτό είναι μη γραμμικό προχωράμε στην εξαγωγή του γραμμικοποιημένου μοντέλου που θα μας βοηθήσει για τον σχεδιασμό του κατάλληλου ελεγκτή. Αξιοποιώντας ιδιότητες του μοντέλου παρουσιάζεται μια συστηματική μέθοδος σχεδίασης του Σταθεροποιητή Συστήματος Ισχύος που είναι βασισμένη στη λογική των ολοκληρωτικών υπολοίπων. Τέλος με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού SIMULINK του MATLAB προσομοιώνεται το σύστημα σύγχρονης γεννήτριας συνδεδεμένης σε άπειρο ζυγό, που ελέγχεται με την χρήση του Αυτόματου Ρυθμιστή Τάσης και του Σταθεροποιητή Συστήματος Ισχύος σε κατάσταση τυπικής φόρτισης. Εφαρμόζοντας διαταραχές στο σύστημα παρατηρείται η απόκριση του συστήματος και εκτιμάται η λειτουργία του ελεγκτή. / This thesis aims to address the electromechanical oscillations which appear in a synchronous generator after disturbances. The conventional control for maintaining the machine synchronized after sudden load changes, short circuits, switching or any condition which may cause instability phenomena, is achieved by the use of control circuits such as Power System Stabilizers combined with the Automatic Voltage Regulator ( PSS / AVR). The purpose of this work is to design and configure properly these control circuits to ensure the reduction of electromechanical oscillations that occur between the generator and the rest of the system. In the beginning this thesis, an introduction of the types of power system electromechanical oscillations and stability is being discussed. Afterwards, the dynamic model of a simple system of a generator infinite-bus based on simplified 4th order of synchronous machine is being developed. Due to the model nonlinearities, we export the linearized model which helps us to design a suitable controller. Taking into account the model properties, we provide a systematic method for designing a Power System Stabilizer based on the residues method. Finally, using the MATLAB-SIMULINK software, the synchronous generator infinite-bus system is simulated which is controlled by an Automatic Voltage Regulator and a Power System Stabilizer. After applying disturbances, the system response is driven and analyzed along with the controller functioning.

A conexão de geradores em sistemas de distribuição, usualmente chamados de geradores distribuídos, traz novos aspectos técnicos que devem ser analisados pelas empresas distribuidoras, uma vez que os dispositivos de proteção e controle, bem como as técnicas de planejamento e otimização da operação destes sistemas consideram um sistema radial, ou seja, sem a presença de geradores. Em se tratando de geradores síncronos, sabe-se que os sistemas de excitação podem ser equipados com meios para o ajuste automático de tensão, potência reativa ou fator de potência, sendo que três diferentes modos de controle podem ser aplicados a geradores síncronos: regulação de tensão, regulação de potência reativa ou fator de potência e controle de potência reativa ou fator de potência. Ainda, sabe-se que não há um consenso entre as empresas distribuidoras de energia sobre qual o melhor modo de controle destas máquinas, e na maioria dos casos a estratégia de controle de excitação é definida através de um acordo operativo entre a empresa de distribuição de energia e o produtor independente ou autoprodutor que opera o gerador distribuído. Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo apresentar contribuições com relação à avaliação da estabilidade transitória de geradores síncronos conectados em sistemas de distribuição, avaliando o impacto que os diferentes modos de controle de excitação podem ocasionar, em diferentes condições de operação do sistema. Como parâmetro principal de análise tem-se o tempo crítico de eliminação de falta, obtido através de exaustivas simulações dinâmicas utilizando dados de um sistema real e considerando diferentes condições de operação do sistema, sendo estas: diferentes modos de controle da geração distribuída, modificação do ganho proporcional do controlador de fator de potência, diferentes pontos de operação da geração distribuída, diferentes cenários de carregamento do sistema e diferentes potências de geração. / The connection of generators in distribution systems, commonly called distributed generation, brings new technical issues that must be analyzed by the utilities, since protection and control devices, as well as techniques for system planning and operation optimizing consider radial systems, i.e. without the presence of generators. In the case of synchronous generators, it is known that the excitation systems can be equipped with means for automatic adjustment of voltage, reactive power or power factor, and three different control modes can be applied to synchronous generators: voltage regulation, reactive power or power factor regulation and reactive power or power factor control. It is also known that there is no consensus among the power distribution companies about which is the best control mode for use in these machines, and in most cases the excitation control strategy is defined by an operating agreement between the company and the energy producer that operates the distributed generator. In this context, this work aims to provide contributions about the transient stability of synchronous generators connected to distribution systems, evaluating the impacts that different control modes may result in different system operating conditions. The main analysis parameter is the critical clearing fault time, obtained through extensive simulations using real system data. The different system operating conditions considered in the simulations are: different control modes, variation of the power factor controller proportional gain, different operating points of the distributed generation, different system loadings and power generation.

The increasing demand for energy, coupled with the difficulties inherent in the implementation of large generation projects, significantly increased the use of energy resources from renewable energy sources, in order to better meet the energy market. Recent research shows that there are several benefits of using the Distributed Generation in relation to large enterprises Centralized Generation. In this sense, this work shows the results of studies conducted in order to verify the feasibility of taking advantage of the Distributed Generation to meet the remaining local loads in any power shortages Distributor. This operation is called Intentional Islanded Operation. In order to implement the intentional islanding operation of Distributed Generation, it is necessary to carry out specific studies to meet the levels of quality and continuity established by regulations and to ensure the safety of the electrical system. Thus, this work presents an analysis of the technical feasibility of intentional islanded operation of distributed generators, given the restrictions imposed resulting from Power Flow studies, Transient Stability and Short Circuit. / O crescente aumento da demanda de energia, associado às dificuldades inerentes à implantação de empreendimentos de geração de grande porte, aumentou significativamente o aproveitamento dos recursos energéticos a partir de fontes de energia renováveis, visando um melhor atendimento do mercado de energia. Pesquisas recentes mostram que há diversas vantagens em se utilizar a Geração Distribuída em relação aos grandes empreendimentos de Geração Centralizada. Neste sentido, esta dissertação mostra os resultados de estudos realizados com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade em se aproveitar as Gerações Distribuídas para o atendimento das cargas locais remanescentes, em eventuais faltas de energia da Distribuidora. Esta operação é denominada de Operação Ilhada Intencional. Para que a operação ilhada de Geradores Distribuídos possa ser admitida, estudos específicos devem ser realizados, a fim de que os níveis de qualidade e continuidade exigidos pelos órgãos reguladores sejam atendidos e que a segurança do sistema elétrico seja preservada. Desta forma, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise da viabilidade técnica da operação ilhada intencional de Geradores Distribuídos, considerando as restrições resultantes impostas a partir de estudos de Fluxo de Potência, Estabilidade Transitória e Curto-Circuito.

A conexão de geradores em sistemas de distribuição, usualmente chamados de geradores distribuídos, traz novos aspectos técnicos que devem ser analisados pelas empresas distribuidoras, uma vez que os dispositivos de proteção e controle, bem como as técnicas de planejamento e otimização da operação destes sistemas consideram um sistema radial, ou seja, sem a presença de geradores. Em se tratando de geradores síncronos, sabe-se que os sistemas de excitação podem ser equipados com meios para o ajuste automático de tensão, potência reativa ou fator de potência, sendo que três diferentes modos de controle podem ser aplicados a geradores síncronos: regulação de tensão, regulação de potência reativa ou fator de potência e controle de potência reativa ou fator de potência. Ainda, sabe-se que não há um consenso entre as empresas distribuidoras de energia sobre qual o melhor modo de controle destas máquinas, e na maioria dos casos a estratégia de controle de excitação é definida através de um acordo operativo entre a empresa de distribuição de energia e o produtor independente ou autoprodutor que opera o gerador distribuído. Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo apresentar contribuições com relação à avaliação da estabilidade transitória de geradores síncronos conectados em sistemas de distribuição, avaliando o impacto que os diferentes modos de controle de excitação podem ocasionar, em diferentes condições de operação do sistema. Como parâmetro principal de análise tem-se o tempo crítico de eliminação de falta, obtido através de exaustivas simulações dinâmicas utilizando dados de um sistema real e considerando diferentes condições de operação do sistema, sendo estas: diferentes modos de controle da geração distribuída, modificação do ganho proporcional do controlador de fator de potência, diferentes pontos de operação da geração distribuída, diferentes cenários de carregamento do sistema e diferentes potências de geração. / The connection of generators in distribution systems, commonly called distributed generation, brings new technical issues that must be analyzed by the utilities, since protection and control devices, as well as techniques for system planning and operation optimizing consider radial systems, i.e. without the presence of generators. In the case of synchronous generators, it is known that the excitation systems can be equipped with means for automatic adjustment of voltage, reactive power or power factor, and three different control modes can be applied to synchronous generators: voltage regulation, reactive power or power factor regulation and reactive power or power factor control. It is also known that there is no consensus among the power distribution companies about which is the best control mode for use in these machines, and in most cases the excitation control strategy is defined by an operating agreement between the company and the energy producer that operates the distributed generator. In this context, this work aims to provide contributions about the transient stability of synchronous generators connected to distribution systems, evaluating the impacts that different control modes may result in different system operating conditions. The main analysis parameter is the critical clearing fault time, obtained through extensive simulations using real system data. The different system operating conditions considered in the simulations are: different control modes, variation of the power factor controller proportional gain, different operating points of the distributed generation, different system loadings and power generation.