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The high temperature and pressure synthesis of chlorophosphines from an alkene, white phosphorus and phosphorus trichloride yielded both mono- and diphosphine products. Chain and cyclic alkenes, dienes and terpenes were used as substrates forming chain, ring and bicyclic mono- and diphosphines. Many novel, even unique, chlorophosphines were prepared in good yield and characterised using (^31)P and (^13)C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Simple alkenes readily reacted forming mono- and 1,2-diphosphines. However 1,5-cyclooctadiene formed a 1,4-addition product after double bond conjugation. Butadiene dimerised prior to reaction, generating either a 2,2'-diphospholane or a 1,4-bridged phosphabicyclic alkane in addition to 1,2- and 1,4-diphosphines. Terpenoid dichlorophosphines were prepared but could not be isolated or characterised, because the substrate isomerised under the reaction conditions generating many similar products. Aromatic rings did not react, although the exocyclic double bond of styrene did undergo reaction. Chiral phosphines were readily produced from unsymmetric pro-chiral, alkenes. Chlorophosphines are versatile precursors and, using standard organophosphorus techniques, were readily converted to phosphines, phosphites and other organophosphorus ligands suitable for chelation. Grignard reagents were used to prepare dimethyl derivatives, alcohols reacted with dichlorophosphines producing diethyl-, dimenthyl- or 1,4-butylphosphite derivatives, Piperazine also reacted although the products could not be fully characterised. Electronic properties (^Mn)χ) of the phosphines in manganese carbonyl halide derivatives were measured as a function of the A(_1)carbonyl stretching frequency. Substituent electronegativity was the most important factor in determining the π-acidity. Some dichloropalladium complexes were studied using 3ip NMR, although phosphine impurities complicated spectral interpretation. Iron and molybdenum hydrides reacted with dichlorophosphines to produce some unusual metal-phosphine compounds.

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Much of the literature on the transition of young people from school was undertaken at a time when employment opportunities for young people were quantitively and qualititavely different from the 1980's. This thesis uses data collected in a longitudinal study in order to examine the youth transition in the 1980's. The young people whose experiences are studied, follow various post-sixteen routes. Not all the young people in this study have direct personal experience of unemployment, yet high levels of youth unemployment in a local labour market are shown to have far reaching consequences. On an empirical level, this thesis makes a number of contributions to sociological and social-psychological knowledge of the transitional period. It examines the relationship between schooling and the local labour market, paying particular attention to the development of occupational aspirations. It looks at the development of work attitudes and shows how young people may develop "image maintenance" strategies in order to maintain their aspirations in the face of adversity. On a theoretical level, the thesis enhances sociological understanding by using an experiencial dimension to bridge the gap between the structural approaches which are often neglectful of the effects of human action and interpretive approaches which are sometimes guilty of neglecting the very real constraints on action. In doing so, it goes some way towards bringing together theoretical traditions which have long been seen as irreconcilable.

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