Charged particle accelerators often have strict requirements on the beam energy, and timing to calibrate, or control background processes. Longitudinal Phase Space Tomography is a technique developed in 1987 to visualize the time, and energy coordinates of a beam. With non-invasive detectors, the beam can be visualized at any point during operation of a synchrotron. With the progress of computing power over the last 27 years, it is now possible to compute tomographic reconstructions in real time accelerator operations for many bunches around the accelerator ring. This thesis describes a real-time, multi-bunch tomography system developed and implemented in Fermilab's Main Injector and Recycler Rings, and a study of bunch growth when crossing transition. Implications of these studies for high intensity operation of the Fermilab accelerators are presented. / text

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

<p><strong><em>Introduction</em></strong></p><p>Entrepreneurship and SME development play a crucial role in speeding up the economic development of transition economies. Although entrepreneurship exists in all environments it flourishes in the conditions where it is supported. Transition economies, as well as Georgia, are characterized by inefficient framework conditions that present barriers to productive entrepreneurship and SMEs to develop and benefit the economies in their full potential.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Purpose</em></strong></p><p>The Thesis aimed at answering the following research questions:</p><p> </p><p>1)      To what extent the framework conditions necessary for promoting productive entrepreneurship and SME development exist in Georgia?</p><p>2)      What are the perceived barriers to entrepreneurship and SME development in Georgia?</p><p>3)      In what ways is entrepreneurship and SME development encouraged and supported in Georgia?</p><p><strong><em>Method</em></strong></p><p>The thesis consists of theoretical data such as literature review, secondary data presented by previous studies, and primary data collected by conducting interviews with Georgian entrepreneurs and representatives of governmental bodies and NGOs engaged in improving a business climate in the country.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong></p><p>The study revealed that basic framework conditions for developing entrepreneurship are present in Georgia. Although inefficiencies and institutional gaps give rise to a number of barriers to entrepreneurship and SME development. They are mostly presented by inefficient tax system and financial framework. Despite their efforts towards fostering favourable business environment, GoG, as well as NOGs could do a better job in improving an indirect support in terms of abolishing imperfections in the taxation system, as well as directly providing finance, training and effectual information flow to existing and potential businesses.</p>

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This project was aimed at synthesising, characterising and examining the properties of the novel polyamine ligand 4’-{2’”-(12-Amino-2,6,9-triazadodecyl)-phenyl}-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine and its related complexes. The ligand would be based around the 4’-(o-toluyl)-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine framework and have potential applications in analytical chemistry. The 4’-(o-toluyl)-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine framework would have a tail attached on the functionalised o-toluyl methyl group. The ortho toluyl functionality was chosen so that the donor atom containing tail would be directed back towards the coordination site. This would make it easier for the tail to interact with a central metal ion. There is potential to be able to change the number and type of donor atom in the tail so that the ligand may be metal ion selective. As the tail would contain donor atoms, the denticity of the ligand would be increased making it more applicable for complexometric titrations. The 2,2’:6’,2” terpyridines exhibit strong colours when coordinated to selective metal ions and so would have potential applications in colorimetry also. The ligand was successfully synthesised and characterised. In a multi-step process, the 4’-(o-toluyl)-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine underwent radical bromination before the tail was attached. The tail used in this research was N,N'-bis (3-aminopropyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (3,2,3-tet). The secondary amines in this polyamine tail were protected before addition to the brominated 4’-(o-toluyl)-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine to ensure terminal addition. After the tail addition, a two step separation process purified a sample of 4’-{2’”-(12-Amino-2,6,9-triazadodecyl)-phenyl}-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine for analysis. Due to the late stage in this research where a successful separation technique was found, little work was done on examining the properties of this ligand and its complexes.

Complexes of the type MX(η²-NO₃)(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂, (M = Mo, X = Cl, Br; M = W, X = Br) were prepared from the reactions of MX₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂ with ammonium nitrate in acetone. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, ¹⁵N labelling, infrared and NMR spectroscopy. The nitrate ligand is bidentate and the complexes are seven-coordinate. Novel nitrite complexes of molybdenum and tungsten of the type M(NO₂)₂(PPh₃)₂ were prepared. The compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, ¹⁵N labelling, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Both NO₂ ligands are chelating and the two NO₂, PPh₃ and CO ligands are equivalent. Molybdenum dinitrosyl complexes were synthesized by the reduction of nitrate ions. The crystal structure of cis-dinitrosyl-cis-dichloro-trans-bis-(triphenylphosphine)molybdenum(II) was determined by x-ray diffraction. Both the nitrosyl groups are linear. Mo(NO)₂Cl₂(OPPh₃)₂ and Mo(NO)₂Cl(NO₃)(OPPh₃)₂ were synthesized by the reaction of MoCl(η²-NO₃)(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂ with NO in acetone/toluene mixture. The nitrosyl ligands are linear and the phosphineoxide ligands are cis to each other. The dinitrite complex Rh(NO)(NO₂)₂(PPh₃)₂ of the series Rh(NO)X₂(PPh₃)₂ (X - monodentate anions) was prepared as a direct derivative of Rh(NO)Cl₂(PPh₃)₂ by its reaction with sodium nitrite. The complex is square pyramidal with an apical nitrosyl ligand. The two NO₂ groups are present as the nitro and the nitrito group. Rh(NO)(NO₂)₂(PPh₃) reacted with oxygen and formed Rh(NO₃)₃(PPh₃)₂. The reaction of Rh(NO)(NO₂)₂(PPh₃)₂ with CO in acetonitrile produced Rh(CO)(NO₂)(PPh₃)₂. The complex Rh(CO)(NO₂)(PPh₃)₂ is square planar with the phosphine ligands in the trans positions.