Orientador: Antonio Jose Ramirez Londono / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GrandoStroppa_Daniel_D.pdf: 7882693 bytes, checksum: 21824c021c6088d93bb5e17e9b0386ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de tecnologias baseadas em nanoestruturas é dependente da criação de modelos confiáveis que possam suportar a obtenção de materiais com características controladas. Neste contexto, o aprimoramento de técnicas de caracterização quantitativa e com alta resolução espacial é fundamental para o melhor entendimento das correlações entre a configuração de síntese, a morfologia e as propriedades resultantes de materiais nanoestruturados. Esta tese apresenta a avaliação e a aplicação de diferentes técnicas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução Quantitativa (QHRTEM) visando a extração de informações relacionadas à estrutura tridimensional e à segregação de espécies dopantes em nanocristais individuais de óxidos semicondutores dopados (Sb:SnO2 e Gd:CeO2). Os resultados experimentais combinados a cálculos teóricos proporcionaram a obtenção de informações referentes à distribuição de energia superficial e aos mecanismos de crescimento de cristais envolvidos na evolução temporal dos sistemas estudados. A descrição de tais aspectos de sistemas nanocristalinos explicita a importância das técnicas QHRTEM, tanto no contexto do desenvolvimento e aplicação do modelamento de nanocristais, quanto para o avanço das teorias fundamentais que descrevem o comportamento dos materiais em escala nanométrica. Neste sentido, os resultados presentes nesta tese constituem significativos avanços para o entendimento das características dos materiais em escala atômica e para a posterior manipulação destas segundo o preceito da engenharia de materiais no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias / Abstract: Technologies based on nanostructured materials depend on the development of reliable models which can support the fabrication of nanocrystals with highly controlled features. In this scenario, advances on high resolution quantitative techniques are required in order to improve the description of the nanostructured systems, especially the correlations among the nanocrystals synthesis parameters, the resultant morphology and the system properties. This PhD thesis presents the evaluation and use of different Quantitative High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (QHRTEM) techniques aiming the three-dimensional morphology and the dopant species segregation characterization of individual oxide nanocristals (Sb:SnO2 e Gd:CeO2). In addition, the combined use of such techniques and theoretical calculations provided valuable insights on the surface energy distribution and growth mechanisms present on the analyzed nanocrystalline systems. The obtained high resolution quantitative characterization results indicate that QHRTEM techniques are priceless tools for both the nanocrystal modeling procedures development and application, and for the improvement of fundamental theories that describe the materials features at nanoscale. In this scenario, this thesis presents significant advances on the nanomaterials characteristics description and, consequently, on their further manipulation aiming novel technologies development according to the materials engineering approach / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

O saco vitelino é uma estrutura única dos vertebrados que evoluiu uma grande diversidade de características de desenvolvimento, estrutural e funcional. É considerado de fundamental importância para a sobrevivência inicial do embrião. Apesar dos intensos estudos sobre a placentação no guinea pig, ainda existem lacunas importantes para a sua compreensão, no que se refere ao saco vitelino. Esta pesquisa visa detalhar a caracterização morfológica e do desenvolvimento do saco vitelino no Cavia porcellus. Dezessete amostras foram coletadas em idades gestacionais de 12 a 55 dias e investigadas mediante histologia convencional, histoquímica, imunohistoquímica incluindo o marcador de proliferação e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O material histórico da implantação embrionária foi utilizado da Embryological Collection of the Museum of Natural History Berlim, Germany. Foi observada a presença temporária do saco vitelino parietal e da cavidade do saco vitelino, durante a implantação do blastocisto. O saco vitelino, que recobre a placenta corioalantoica, mostrou uma grande diferença estrutural entre o 12º e 18º dia, como a transição do epitélio pseudoestratificado para projeções, que se assemelham a uma árvore. A membrana de Reichert não está desenvolvida no 12º dia, entretanto verifica-se um espaço preenchido de material extracelular e vacúolos. A membrana de Reichert foi encontrada a partir do 16º dia de gestação e com o desenvolvimento gestacional e se tornou cada vez mais espessa e constituída de material amorfo e acelular. Os dados morfológicos sugerem que a transferência de nutrientes do saco vitelino para o feto foi mais intensa entre o 22º e 40º dia, especialmente no 40º dia. No último terço da gestação, houve uma diminuição dos tecidos de ambos os sacos vitelinos placentário e visceral. Em conclusão, o desenvolvimento do saco vitelino do guinea pig revela grande semelhança com os outros caviomorfos. Os dados sugerem que o saco vitelino nos caviomorfos é fundamental na gestação média, mas, não tanto, para os períodos iniciais da gestação, como é o caso dos outros vertebrados. / The yolk sac is a unique structure of vertebrates that evolved a great diversity of developmental, structural and functional features. It is regarded to have a fundamental role for early embryo survival. Although placentation has been intensely studied in the guinea pig, there are important gaps as in regard to the yolk sac. This research will undergo a detailed morphological and developmental characterization of the yolk sac in Cavia porcellus. Seventeen specimens have been collected at gestational ages from day 12 to 55 and investigated by conventional histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry including proliferation marker and transmission electron microscopy. Historical material on earlier stages was used from the Embryological Collection of the Museum of Natural History Berlin, Germany. A temporary parietal yolk sac and yolk sac cavity occurred during the blastocyst implantation. The yolk sac covering the chorioallantoic placenta showed great structural differentiation between day 12 and 18 such as a transition from a pseudostratified epithelium to projections that resemble a tree. A Reicherts membrane was not developed on day 12, but a space filled with extracellular material and vacuoles was present. The membrane was found from day 16 onward and became thick and composed of amorphous and acellular material. The morphological data suggest that a transfer of nutrients from the yolk sac to the fetus was most advanced between 22th and 40th day, especially on the 40th day. In the last third of gestation a decrease in both, placenta and visceral, yolk sacs tissues was observed. In conclusion, the development of the yolk sac in the guinea pig showed similarities to other caviomorphs. Data suggest that the yolk sac in caviomorphs is most important for mid gestation, but not so much for early pregnancy as it is for other vertebrates.

Dans le contexte général lié aux économies d’énergie et aux problèmes environnementaux, l’amélioration du rendement des moteurs dans l'aéronautique nécessite le développement de matériaux nouveaux réfractaires permettant d’atteindre des températures de fonctionnement supérieures à 1300°C. Parmi ces matériaux les céramiques oxydes préparées à une composition eutectique par solidification dirigée depuis l'état fondu apparaissent comme une alternative prometteuse. Pour certaines conditions d’élaboration, l’association de deux ou trois phases monocristallines d’oxydes tels que l’alumine, un grenat T.R.3Al5O12, une pérovskite T.R.AlO3 (T.R. : terre rare) ou de la zircone ZrO2 peut conduire à des microstructures très spécifiques, dites interconnectées. Ces matériaux composites sont exempts de joint de grains ou de phase fragilisante aux interfaces, conférant au matériau des propriétés mécaniques remarquables (déformation faible en fluage, résistance à la rupture quasiment constante) jusqu’à des températures proches de la température de fusion (1700 – 1800°C).Ces travaux de thèse ont consisté en premier lieu à étudier l’influence du mode de croissance et de la vitesse de solidification sur les caractéristiques microstructurales, chimiques et cristallographiques des composites eutectiques Al2O3 – T.R.3Al5O12 – ZrO2 (T.R. = Er, Y). De nouvelles compositions eutectiques à partir des systèmes ternaire Al2O3 – Sm2O3 – ZrO2 et quaternaire Al2O3 – Y2O3 – Sm2O3 – ZrO2 ont été élaborées et étudiées. Les eutectiques associant les phases alumine – grenat – zircone et alumine – pérovskite – zircone ont fait l’objet d’études structurales des interfaces interphases à l’échelle atomique. Les interfaces sont le plus souvent semi-cohérentes et parallèles aux plans denses des deux phases, et des marches à caractère dislocation accommodent les rotations et désaccords paramétriques. Ces céramiques eutectiques présentent une excellente résistance à la déformation en fluage-compression à haute température, le comportement étant fonction de la composition et de la méthode d’élaboration choisie et de la direction de compression. Les micro-mécanismes de déformation diffèrent selon la valeur de la contrainte appliquée, le mouvement de dislocations étant activé sous forte contrainte dans toutes les phases. Enfin, la stabilité microstructurale et chimique en présence de vapeur d'eau à haute température de ces eutectiques a été étudiée montrant l'absence d'endommagement de ces matériaux dans des conditions habituellement corrosives lorsqu'il s'agit de céramiques polycristallines / In the general context of energy savings and environmental issues, the improvement of the aircraft engine efficiency will require the development of new refractory materials allowing operating temperatures higher than 1300°C. Oxide ceramic materials with a eutectic composition prepared from the melt by unidirectional solidification seem to be a promising option. In connection with the solidification conditions, the association of two or three single-crystal phases such as alumina, garnet R.E.3Al5O12, perovskite R..E.AlO3 (R.E. : rare earth) or zirconia ZrO2 forms a specific interpenetrated microstructure.These materials are free of grain boundary or weakening phase localized at the interfaces. This provides remarkable mechanical properties (good creep resistance, fracture strength nearly constant) up to temperatures close to the melting point (1700 – 1800°C).This research first addressed to study the influence of the solidication method and the solidification rate on the microstructural, chemical and crystallographic features of the Al2O3 – R.E.3Al5O12 – ZrO2 (R.E. : Er, Y) eutectic composites. Materials with novel eutectic compositions prepared from Al2O3 – Sm2O3 – ZrO2 ternary and Al2O3 – Y2O3 – Sm2O3 – ZrO2 quaternary systems were obtained and studied. The interfaces of eutectic composites made of alumina – garnet – zirconia and alumina – perovskite – zirconia phases were studied at the atomic scale. The interfaces are mostly semi-coherent, parallel to dense planes for both phases and steps with disconnections accommodate the rotations and the misfits. These eutectic ceramics have excellent compressive creep deformation strength at high temperature. The strength is a function of the composition, the used solidification method. The deformation micro-mechanisms are different according to the applied stress, dislocation motion being activated in all phases for high stress level. Last, the microstructural and chemical stability in the presence of water vapor at high temperature of these eutectics was studied. No damaging is observed even though the conditions applied are usually corrosive for polycrystalline ceramics

La découverte des virus géants il y a une dizaine d’années a véritablement bouleversé notre perception du monde viral. Cette découverte a ouvert un débat sur l’origine et l’histoire évolutive de ces virus, et ravivé celui portant sur la nature des virus : peuvent-ils être considérés comme vivants ?J'ai caractérisé un nouveau Marseilleviridae, isolé à partir d’un échantillon prélevé en Nouvelle-Calédonie, appelé Noumeavirus. Les Marseilleviridae sont des grands virus à ADN, qui possèdent des particules à symétrie icosaédrique d’environ 200 nm de diamètre, et des génomes à ADN double-brin de plus de 300 kb. Différentes approches de génomique, protéomique, ainsi que l’étude du cycle infectieux ont montré que le cycle infectieux de ces virus n’était pas indépendant du noyau cellulaire mais recrutait transitoirement les fonctions nucléaires à l’usine virale.J'ai également caractérisé un nouveau Pandoravirus, isolé à partir d’un échantillon prélevé en Nouvelle-Calédonie, appelé Pandoravirus neocaledonia. Les Pandoravirus possèdent une morphologie unique au sein des virus, ainsi qu’un génome colossal à ADN double-brin de 2.5 Mb. Des études comparatives avec d’autres Pandoravirus ont été réalisées en combinant plusieurs approches, afin de mieux comprendre les caractéristiques de ces virus inédits. La morphologie étonnante de ces virus nous a poussés à étudier la nature de leur enveloppe, constituée d’un réseau de fibres formant des structures lamellaires. Se pourrait-il que les Pandoravirus, contrairement aux autres virus, détournent la machinerie cellulaire pour construire leurs particules ? Dans ce cas, quelle serait leur place dans l’histoire évolutive des virus ? / The discovery of giant viruses about a decade ago has truly shaken our perception of the viral world. This discovery has initiated a debate on the origin and evolutionary history of these viruses, and it revived the debate on their nature: are viruses alive?I characterized a new Marseilleviridae, isolated from a sample collected in New-Caledonia, named Noumeavirus. The Marseilleviridae are large DNA viruses that have icosahedral particles of about 200 nm in diameter, and double-stranded DNA genomes of more than 300 kb. Various approaches, such as genomics, proteomics and the study of the infectious cycle, allowed us to reveal that the infectious cycle of these viruses was not independent from the cell nucleus as we thought, but was transiently recruiting nuclear functions to the viral factory.I also characterized a new Pandoravirus, isolated from a sample collected in New-Caledonia, named Pandoravirus neocaledonia. Pandoraviruses have a unique morphology and a gigantic double-stranded DNA genome of about 2.5 Mb. Comparative studies with other Pandoraviruses were performed using several approaches to better understand the characteristics of these original viruses. The astonishing morphology of these viruses led us to investigate the nature of their envelope, which is made of a mesh of fibers forming lamellar structures. Is it possible that Pandoraviruses, unlike other viruses, hijack the cellular machinery to build their particles? In this case, what would be their place in the evolutionary history of viruses?

L'EMCD, Energy Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroism, est une technique récente, mise en œuvre dans le microscope électronique à transmission (TEM), qui utilise la spectroscopie de pertes d'énergie d'électrons (EELS). Elle a pour objectif la mesure du moment magnétique local d'un élément chimique donné. Son utilisation contribue à progresser dans la compréhension des phénomènes magnétiques à l'échelle nanométrique. Cette thèse propose d'élargir les domaines d'applications de l'EMCD. Nous avons exploité l'EMCD pour l'étude de films minces de MnAs épitaxiés sur un substrat de GaAs(001). Ce travail montre l'utilité de cette technique dans le cas de structures hexagonales présentant une anisotropie magnéto-cristalline élevée. Le rapport des moments orbital et de spin du Mn dans les films de MnAs ferromagnétique de structure hexagonale a été mesuré par EMCD et comparé à des calculs DFT, ceci le long des axes magnétiques facile, difficile et intermédiaire. Une rupture de l'ordre ferromagnétique a par ailleurs été observée et mesurée in situ dans le microscope grâce à un porte-objet chauffant, lors de la transition cristallographique de a-MnAs hexagonal à ß-MnAs quasi-hexagonal. La technique EMCD a également été mise en œuvre pour sonder le moment 4f de composés de terres rares à base de dysprosium. Il s'agissait d'étudier des super-réseaux DyFe2/YFe2. Les règles de somme ont été établies pour le seuil M4,5 du Dy. En outre, le couplage antiparallèle des moments Dy et Fe a été confirmé en comparant leurs signaux dichroïques et en prenant en compte la théorie dynamique de la diffraction. Ce travail de thèse illustre pour la première fois d'une part la faisabilité de la technique EMCD pour l'étude quantitative de l'anisotropie et des transitions magnétiques, et d'autre part son potentiel pour étudier les terres rares et leur moment 4f, ainsi que le couplage avec des éléments de transition. / EMCD (Energy-Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichoism) is an emerging technique based on energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It aims at measuring the element-specific local magnetic moment of solids at a nanometer scale, and hence improving our understanding of magnetic local magnetic phenomena. This thesis presents the exploring work on developing the EMCD technique and its applications. We have applied EMCD to epitaxial MnAs thin films grown on a GaAs(001) substrate, extending the application of this technique to hexagonal structure with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The 3d orbital-to-spin moment ratio of Mn in hexagonal ferromagnetic MnAs along easy, hard and intermediate magnetic axes has been respectively estimated and then compared to DFT calculations. Moreover, a breaking of the ferromagnetic order in MnAs thin film, together with the crystallographic transition from hexagonal a-MnAs to quasi-hexagonal ß-MnAs, has been locally studied in-situ by modifying the temperature of the crystal inside the electron microscope. EMCD has also been settled to probe 4f moment in rare earth compounds, by investigating Dy-M4,5 edges in DyFe2/YFe2 superlattices. We have derived sum rules which are specified for 4f moment and applied them to the obtained dichroic signal over Dy-M4,5 edges. In addition, antiparallel coupling of Dy and Fe moments has been confirmed by comparing their dichroic signals, taking into account the dynamic diffraction effect. The work in this thesis illustrates for the first time the feasibility of EMCD technique for quantitative study of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic transition, and also proves its potential as a tool to investigate 4f moment as well as moment coupling in magnetic materials.

No description available.

No description available.

M.Sc. / Donor-acceptor (D-A) systems consist of a donor covalently or non-covalently linked to an acceptor. The simplest D–A system consists of a donor linked to an acceptor and is called a dyad system. Photoactive dyad systems are molecular devices designed to perform through the separation of charge separation states and the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy in analogy to photosynthesis.1 These dyad systems consist of a donor which is usually a chromophore and an acceptor. The design of these systems is guided to mimic photo-induced electron transfer (PET) and charge separation (CS), which are fundamental processes of photosynthesis. In nature, photosynthetic units are often built from dyads consisting of pigments like chlorophyll (donors), non–covalently linked to quinones, (acceptors). The donor harvests light energy and transfers the energy to the nearby pigment molecules until it eventually reaches a special region of the chlorophyll macrocycle called the reaction centre where this light energy is then converted to electrochemical energy. Photoactive dyad systems act as artificial photosynthetic models as they reproduce photo–induced electron transfer and charge separation of natural photosynthesis. In this project, dyad systems were made by covalently linking zinc pheophorbide, a modified chlorophyll derivative to double–walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). Zinc pheophorbide acts as the donor and DWCNTs as the acceptors. Chlorophyll was modified by cutting the phytol chain and inserting zinc as the central metal to yield zinc pheophorbide. This derivative is stable against irradiation, has a good range of acceptor wavelength and is also a good light harvester. DWCNTs are one dimensional nanowires with two concentric tubes. They readily accept electrons because they have an extended π electron system. These electrons are then transported efficiently under ballistic conditions. DWCNTs were synthesised by catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) of methane over Mg0.99Co0.075Mo0.025O catalyst. In dyad system 1, amidated zinc pheophorbide molecules were covalently attached to oxidised DWCNTs in the presence of N–ethyl–N’–(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) \ and N–hydroxysuccinnimide (NHS) as a catalysts. Dyad system 2 was synthesized by attaching zinc pheophorbide molecules to amidated DWCNTs using the same catalysts.

abstract: III-V-bismide semiconductor alloys are a class of materials with applications in the mid and long wave infrared spectrum. The quaternary alloy InAsSbBi is attractive because it can be grown lattice-matched to commercially available GaSb substrates, and the adjustment of the Bi and Sb mole fractions enables both lattice constant and bandgap to be tuned independently. This dissertation provides a comprehensive study of the surface morphology and the structural and chemical properties of InAsSbBi alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy. 210 nm thick InAsSbBi layers grown at temperatures from 280 °C to 430 °C on (100) on-axis, (100) offcut 1° to (011), and (100) offcut 4° to (111)A GaSb substrates are investigated using Rutherford back scattering, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Nomarski optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results indicate that the layers are coherently strained and contain dilute Bi mole fractions. Large surface droplets with diameters and densities on the order of 3 µm and 106 cm-2 are observed when the growth is performed with As overpressures around 1%. Preferential orientation of the droplets occurs along the [011 ̅] step edges offcut (100) 1° to (011) substrate. The surface droplets are not observed when the As overpressure is increased to 4%. Small crystalline droplets with diameters and densities on the order of 70 nm and 1010 cm-2 are observed between the large droplets for the growth at 430°C. Analysis of one of the small droplets indicates a misoriented zinc blende structure composed of In, Sb, and Bi, with a 6.543 ± 0.038 Å lattice constant. Lateral variation in the Bi mole fraction is observed in InAsSbBi grown at high temperature (400 °C, 420 °C) on (100) on-axis and (100) offcut 4° to (111)A substrates, but is not observed for growth at 280 °C or on (100) substrates that are offcut 1° to (011). Improved crystal and optical quality is observed in the high temperature grown InAsSbBi and CuPtB type atomic ordering on the {111}B planes is observed in the low temperature grown InAsSbBi. Strain induced tilt is observed in coherently strained InAsSbBi grown on offcut substrates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2020

M. Tech (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Quantum dots (QDs) have already proven features that can be considered to improve their properties for biological applications. Metal selenide nanoparticles possess semiconducting behaviors that can vary with structural and optical properties evolving from their synthesis. An aqueous medium through a simple, non-toxic and environmentally friendly colloidal route for the preparation of water-soluble CdSe, Cu2Se, FeSe semiconductor nanoparticles has been developed. Different capping molecules with multi-functional moieties (-COOH, -NH2 and -OH) namely, L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine, have been employed in the preparation of cadmium selenide, copper selenide and iron selenide semiconductor nanoparticles as capping molecules. The synthesized metal selenide nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the binding moiety through the surface of the nanoparticles which is pH dependent. The XRD patterns confirmed a cubic phase of CdSe and Cu2Se while FeSe revealed a hexagonal phase for the synthesized nanoparticles. The optical absorption as a function of wavelength for the prepared nanoparticles at different temperature is investigated. The morphology of the nanoparticles dominated through this method was spherical in shape. Amino acids capped metal selenide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by aqueous medium through a simple colloidal route. The absorption spectra of all samples prepared were blue shifted as compared to their bulk counterparts which signify quantum confinement effect. The optical absorption measurements show some dependency of the temperature values used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The effect of temperature and pH on the growth and morphology of nanoparticles was investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns confirms the structure, single cubic and hexagonal phase for the synthesized nanoparticles. TEM studies of metal selenide nanoparticle show that particle size increases with the increase in reaction temperature. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) shows almost linear without any hysteresis loop for copper selenide, which indicated the absence of magnetism and exhibits paramagnetic nature than diamagnetic properties while iron selenide revealed twofold ferromagnetic behavior in low fields and paramagnetic behavior in up fields.