O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a influência da transmitância térmica da envolvente opaca (paredes e coberturas) e de outros parâmetros (cor das superfícies exteriores, ventilação natural e inércia térmica) que interferem no desempenho térmico de edifícios habitacionais de interesse social no clima da cidade de São Carlos, SP. Após levantamento de dados em construtoras e em órgãos públicos e privados ligados à habitações, foi selecionado um modelo unifamiliar térreo representativo desta tipologia para a análise. Como a pesquisa baseia-se em simulações paramétricas de desempenho térmico, inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre padrões de modelagem de habitações, identificando quais elementos são mais relevantes. Definidos os parâmetros da modelagem, procede-se à verificação dos valores máximos de propriedades da envoltória prescritos na norma NBR 15575 - Edificações habitacionais - Desempenho, e no regulamento RTQ-R: Regulamento técnico da qualidade para o nível de eficiência energética em edificações residenciais. Esta análise fornece indícios sobre a dificuldade em fixar valores desta propriedade para o fechamento opaco, uma vez que seu desempenho é definido pelas características da envoltória como um todo. Por fim, são realizadas três séries de simulações paramétricas, variando-se a transmitância térmica de paredes e coberturas, a inércia das paredes externas, as cores das superfícies expostas à radiação solar, o aproveitamento de ventilação natural e o uso de cargas internas (ocupação, iluminação e equipamentos). De acordo com os resultados, verifica-se que os melhores desempenhos térmicos estão associados a baixos valores de transmitância da envoltória opaca das habitações. Contudo, percebe-se que as faixas de valores tornam-se muito tênues quando analisa-se o desempenho conjunto dos parâmetros da envoltória. Conclui-se que há uma dificuldade no estabelecimento dos limites de transmitância sem considerar a totalidade de fatores que influem no comportamento térmico da habitação. Isso implica em uma análise conjunta dos materiais de paredes e coberturas e das cores das superfícies exteriores (transmitância, capacidade térmica e absortância). Além disso, critérios que considerem períodos de verão e inverno de acordo com predominância no clima da cidade e ainda outras características, como porcentagem de área envidraçada por orientação de fachada, devem ser considerados nas análises. / The main objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the thermal transmittance of the opaque envelope (walls and roof) and other parameters (color of the exterior surfaces, natural ventilation and thermal mass) that affect the thermal performance of social housing in the city of São Carlos, SP. After a research in public and private agencies related to housing construction, a single-family model was selected for the studies. First, it was carried out a study on parameters of the simulation models, identifying which elements are most relevant for the software. Defined the parameters of the models, it was made a verification of maximum values of properties of the envelope prescribed in the standard NBR 15575 - Residential Buildings - Performance and in the regulation RTQ -R: Technical Regulation for the quality level of energy efficiency in residential buildings. This analysis provides evidence of the difficulty of setting values of this property (U-value) for the opaque envelope, since its performance is defined by the thermal characteristics of the envelope as a whole. Finally, it was made three series of parametric simulations varying the thermal transmittance of walls and roofs, the thermal inertia of the external walls, the colors of the surfaces exposed to solar radiation, the use of natural ventilation and the use of internal loads (occupancy, lighting and equipment). The results indicate that the best performances are associated with low thermal transmittance of the opaque envelope of housing. However, it is clear that the ranges of transmittance values become very tenuous when we analyze the performance of all parameters of the envelope. We conclude that to establish limits of transmittance values results is an incomplete analysis of the thermal performance of the building. It is necessary to consider all factors that influence the thermal behavior of housing, which involves the analysis of the materials of walls and roofs and the colors of exterior surfaces. It is also important to adopt different criteria to consider summer and winter according to predominance in the climate of the city, and to consider in the analysis the percentage of glass area of the exterior envelope.

Neste trabalho é realizada a avaliação do desempenho solar e luminoso de chapas metálicas com diferentes padrões de perfurações empregados para proteção solar na envoltória das edificações. Foram ensaiadas experimentalmente as transmitâncias solar e luminosa em diversos ângulos de incidência de chapas metálicas, chapas expandidas e telhas metálicas, com ou sem pintura, planas ou com conformação espacial. Avaliou-se a relação entre a transmitância e % de perfuração da amostra para incidência da radiação em variadas alturas e azimutes solares, comparou-se o comportamento solar e luminoso de cada amostra e entre amostras com características semelhantes. As normas ASTM E972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight e ASTM E1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight foram adotadas para medições de campo das amostras. Os resultados mostram que, para todas as amostras, as transmitâncias solar (TS) e luminosa (TL) na perpendicular se assemelham a % de perfuração da amostra; para ângulos diferentes da normal há uma redução conforme a altura solar diminui e que quanto maior for o furo em relação à espessura, menor será a redução. TS/TL decresce conforme a altura solar diminui, exceto para as telhas. Em relação à variação de azimute, para chapas perfuradas sem acabamento ou pintadas, os valores de TS e TL se mantêm praticamente iguais, enquanto que para chapas expandidas e telhas os valores variam. Para as amostras pintadas, TS e TL das amostras com cores claras são maiores do que das amostras com cores médias que por sua vez são maiores do que as amostras com cores escuras. A partir destes resultados e da elaboração da ficha de aplicação dos resultados para variados ângulos, no âmbito do projeto de arquitetura, contribui-se para o emprego apropriado deste tipo de material, além de complementar informações técnicas pouco disponíveis no mercado. Além disso, os dados medidos em campo podem servir de validação para modelagem computacional para uma variação maior de ângulos, e na avaliação de ambientes projetados ou construídos, os dados coletados, em especial os ângulos diferentes da incidência normal, podem ser usados em simulação energética ao longo do ano. / This research focuses on the evaluation of solar and optical performance of metal sheets with different patterns of perforations used as shading devices in the building\'s envelope. Solar and light transmittance were experimentally tested at normal and off-normal incident angles of samples of perforated metal sheet, expanded metal sheets and perforated tile, with or without painting, flat or volumetric shape. The relationship between % perforation of sample and transmittance for off normal angle incidence (height and azimuth) was evaluated. Solar and optical results were correlated for each sample. Samples with similar characteristics such as perforation, painting, hole dimension were compared. ASTM E 972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight and ASTM E 1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight were adopted for field measurements of the samples. The results show that for all samples, the solar transmittance (TS) and light (TL) perpendicular to the sample is similar to % perforation; for off normal angles there is a reduction as the solar altitude decreases and that the higher the hole relative to thickness, the smaller the reduction. TS / TL decreases as solar height decreases, except for the tiles. Regarding the change in azimuth for perforated sheets with or without painting, the values of TL and TS remains practically the same, whereas for expanded metal and tiles values vary. For the painted samples, TS and TL bright color of the samples are higher than the intermediate color samples which are in turn higher than the samples of dark colors. From the results achieved and with the development of the application table to diferente incident angles, within the architecture field, these results provide information for the appropriate use of such material, plus some additional technical information available in the market. Furthermore, the data measured in the field can serve as validation for computational modeling to a wider range of angles, and also it could be used in buildings\' energy simulations.

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have been used for artificial muscles for years. Recently the DEA-based deformable surfaces have demonstrated controllable microscale roughness, ease of operation, fast response, and possibilities for programmable control. DEA muscles used in bioinspired robotic arms for large deformation and strong force also become desirable for their efficiency, low manufacturing cost, high force-to-weight ratio, and noiseless operation. The DEA-based responsive surfaces in microscale roughness control, however, exhibit limited durability due to irreversible dielectric breakdown. Lowering device voltage to avoid this issue is hindered by an inadequate understanding of the electrically-induced wrinkling deformation as a function of the deformable dielectric film thickness. Also, the programmable control and geometric analysis of the structured surface deformation have not yet been fully explored. Current methods to generate anisotropic wrinkles rely on mechanical pre-loading such as stretching or bending, which complicates the fabrication and operation of the devices. With a fixed mechanical pre-loading, the device can only switch between the flat state and the preset wrinkling state. In this thesis, we overcome these shortcomings by demonstrating a simple method for fabricating fault-tolerant electro-responsive surfaces and for controlling surface wrinkling patterns. The DEA-based system can produce different reversible surface topographies (craters, irregular wrinkles, structured wrinkles) upon the geometrical design of electrode and application of voltage. It remains functional due to its ability to self-insulate breakdown faults even after multiple high voltage breakdowns, and the induced breakdown punctures can be used for amplification of local electric fields for wrinkle formation at lower applied voltages. We enhance fundamental understanding of the system by using different analytical models combined with numerical simulation to discuss the mechanism and critical conditions for wrinkle formation, and compare it with the experimental results from surface topography, critical field to induce wrinkles in films of different thickness, and wrinkling patterns quantitatively analysed by different disorder metrics. Based on the results, we demonstrate its wide applicability in adjustable transparency films, dynamic light-grating filter, molding for static surface patterns, and multi-stable mirror-diffusor-diffraction grating device. For DEAs used for macroscopic-scale deformation in robotic arms, the main issue that undermines the performance of DEA muscles is the trade-off between strong force and large displacement, which limits the durability and range of potential robotic and automation applications of DEA-driven devices. In this thesis, this challenge is tackled by using DEAs in loudspeaker configuration for independent scaling-up of force and displacement, developing a theoretical prediction to optimise the operation of such DEAs in bioinspired antagonistic system to maximise speed and power of the robotic arm, and designing a clutch-gear-shaft mechanical system collaborating with the muscles to decouple the displacement and output force. Therefore, the trade-off between force and displacement in traditional DEA muscles can be resolved. The mechanical system can also convert the short linear spurt to an unlimited rotary motion. Combining these advantages, continuous movement with high output force can be accomplished.

Neste trabalho é realizada a avaliação do desempenho solar e luminoso de chapas metálicas com diferentes padrões de perfurações empregados para proteção solar na envoltória das edificações. Foram ensaiadas experimentalmente as transmitâncias solar e luminosa em diversos ângulos de incidência de chapas metálicas, chapas expandidas e telhas metálicas, com ou sem pintura, planas ou com conformação espacial. Avaliou-se a relação entre a transmitância e % de perfuração da amostra para incidência da radiação em variadas alturas e azimutes solares, comparou-se o comportamento solar e luminoso de cada amostra e entre amostras com características semelhantes. As normas ASTM E972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight e ASTM E1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight foram adotadas para medições de campo das amostras. Os resultados mostram que, para todas as amostras, as transmitâncias solar (TS) e luminosa (TL) na perpendicular se assemelham a % de perfuração da amostra; para ângulos diferentes da normal há uma redução conforme a altura solar diminui e que quanto maior for o furo em relação à espessura, menor será a redução. TS/TL decresce conforme a altura solar diminui, exceto para as telhas. Em relação à variação de azimute, para chapas perfuradas sem acabamento ou pintadas, os valores de TS e TL se mantêm praticamente iguais, enquanto que para chapas expandidas e telhas os valores variam. Para as amostras pintadas, TS e TL das amostras com cores claras são maiores do que das amostras com cores médias que por sua vez são maiores do que as amostras com cores escuras. A partir destes resultados e da elaboração da ficha de aplicação dos resultados para variados ângulos, no âmbito do projeto de arquitetura, contribui-se para o emprego apropriado deste tipo de material, além de complementar informações técnicas pouco disponíveis no mercado. Além disso, os dados medidos em campo podem servir de validação para modelagem computacional para uma variação maior de ângulos, e na avaliação de ambientes projetados ou construídos, os dados coletados, em especial os ângulos diferentes da incidência normal, podem ser usados em simulação energética ao longo do ano. / This research focuses on the evaluation of solar and optical performance of metal sheets with different patterns of perforations used as shading devices in the building\'s envelope. Solar and light transmittance were experimentally tested at normal and off-normal incident angles of samples of perforated metal sheet, expanded metal sheets and perforated tile, with or without painting, flat or volumetric shape. The relationship between % perforation of sample and transmittance for off normal angle incidence (height and azimuth) was evaluated. Solar and optical results were correlated for each sample. Samples with similar characteristics such as perforation, painting, hole dimension were compared. ASTM E 972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight and ASTM E 1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight were adopted for field measurements of the samples. The results show that for all samples, the solar transmittance (TS) and light (TL) perpendicular to the sample is similar to % perforation; for off normal angles there is a reduction as the solar altitude decreases and that the higher the hole relative to thickness, the smaller the reduction. TS / TL decreases as solar height decreases, except for the tiles. Regarding the change in azimuth for perforated sheets with or without painting, the values of TL and TS remains practically the same, whereas for expanded metal and tiles values vary. For the painted samples, TS and TL bright color of the samples are higher than the intermediate color samples which are in turn higher than the samples of dark colors. From the results achieved and with the development of the application table to diferente incident angles, within the architecture field, these results provide information for the appropriate use of such material, plus some additional technical information available in the market. Furthermore, the data measured in the field can serve as validation for computational modeling to a wider range of angles, and also it could be used in buildings\' energy simulations.

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a influência da transmitância térmica da envolvente opaca (paredes e coberturas) e de outros parâmetros (cor das superfícies exteriores, ventilação natural e inércia térmica) que interferem no desempenho térmico de edifícios habitacionais de interesse social no clima da cidade de São Carlos, SP. Após levantamento de dados em construtoras e em órgãos públicos e privados ligados à habitações, foi selecionado um modelo unifamiliar térreo representativo desta tipologia para a análise. Como a pesquisa baseia-se em simulações paramétricas de desempenho térmico, inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre padrões de modelagem de habitações, identificando quais elementos são mais relevantes. Definidos os parâmetros da modelagem, procede-se à verificação dos valores máximos de propriedades da envoltória prescritos na norma NBR 15575 - Edificações habitacionais - Desempenho, e no regulamento RTQ-R: Regulamento técnico da qualidade para o nível de eficiência energética em edificações residenciais. Esta análise fornece indícios sobre a dificuldade em fixar valores desta propriedade para o fechamento opaco, uma vez que seu desempenho é definido pelas características da envoltória como um todo. Por fim, são realizadas três séries de simulações paramétricas, variando-se a transmitância térmica de paredes e coberturas, a inércia das paredes externas, as cores das superfícies expostas à radiação solar, o aproveitamento de ventilação natural e o uso de cargas internas (ocupação, iluminação e equipamentos). De acordo com os resultados, verifica-se que os melhores desempenhos térmicos estão associados a baixos valores de transmitância da envoltória opaca das habitações. Contudo, percebe-se que as faixas de valores tornam-se muito tênues quando analisa-se o desempenho conjunto dos parâmetros da envoltória. Conclui-se que há uma dificuldade no estabelecimento dos limites de transmitância sem considerar a totalidade de fatores que influem no comportamento térmico da habitação. Isso implica em uma análise conjunta dos materiais de paredes e coberturas e das cores das superfícies exteriores (transmitância, capacidade térmica e absortância). Além disso, critérios que considerem períodos de verão e inverno de acordo com predominância no clima da cidade e ainda outras características, como porcentagem de área envidraçada por orientação de fachada, devem ser considerados nas análises. / The main objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the thermal transmittance of the opaque envelope (walls and roof) and other parameters (color of the exterior surfaces, natural ventilation and thermal mass) that affect the thermal performance of social housing in the city of São Carlos, SP. After a research in public and private agencies related to housing construction, a single-family model was selected for the studies. First, it was carried out a study on parameters of the simulation models, identifying which elements are most relevant for the software. Defined the parameters of the models, it was made a verification of maximum values of properties of the envelope prescribed in the standard NBR 15575 - Residential Buildings - Performance and in the regulation RTQ -R: Technical Regulation for the quality level of energy efficiency in residential buildings. This analysis provides evidence of the difficulty of setting values of this property (U-value) for the opaque envelope, since its performance is defined by the thermal characteristics of the envelope as a whole. Finally, it was made three series of parametric simulations varying the thermal transmittance of walls and roofs, the thermal inertia of the external walls, the colors of the surfaces exposed to solar radiation, the use of natural ventilation and the use of internal loads (occupancy, lighting and equipment). The results indicate that the best performances are associated with low thermal transmittance of the opaque envelope of housing. However, it is clear that the ranges of transmittance values become very tenuous when we analyze the performance of all parameters of the envelope. We conclude that to establish limits of transmittance values results is an incomplete analysis of the thermal performance of the building. It is necessary to consider all factors that influence the thermal behavior of housing, which involves the analysis of the materials of walls and roofs and the colors of exterior surfaces. It is also important to adopt different criteria to consider summer and winter according to predominance in the climate of the city, and to consider in the analysis the percentage of glass area of the exterior envelope.

Theoretical part of Diploma thesis deals with issues about thermal bridges and thermal connections in building structures. The Calculating part focused on the family houses with a low heat use. The results of this part are energy and financial evaluations of family house. The last part deals with the using of computer technology in engineering practice. These chapters devote about computer modeling an assembly details of passive house and family house after reconstruction (the dates of family house after reconstruction are compared with the results from experimental measurements). The last section of this Diploma thesis solves dynamic modelling of particular passive house in simulation program called Trnsys.

This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of microclimate of an industrial building. There is required constant temperature with minimal fluctuations during manufacturing process in the building. Due to insufficient cooling power of air-conditioning system was objective to design a solution that ensures stability of internal temperature during production especially in summer and simultaneously should be the solution economically acceptable. Simulation shows original state defined problems. Some new or unusual materials for solar shading are reviewed in the thesis by the experimental measurements and by the comparative method. To each material is assigned shading coefficient according to Czech standards, thereby is achieved universality for calculations of heat gains resulting from solar radiation. By one part of the experiments and their evaluation is determined thickness of the standard single glass glazing. It is also determined proportional transmittance of solar radiation for certain multiwall polycarbonates, which are currently used as fillers of industrial skylights and production hall‘s window openings. From experiments resulting design is subjected to the simulation. Comparison of temperatures is shown for the time before the installation of designed solar shading and after the installation of the solar shading.

Thermography is a non-destructive technique which uses infrared radiation to obtain the temperature distribution of an object. The technique is increasingly used in the pulp and paper industry. To convert the detected infrared radiation to a temperature, the emittance of the material must be known. For several influencing parameters the emittance of paper and board has not previously been studied in detail. This is partly due to the lack of emittance measurement methods that allow for studying the influence of these parameters. An angle-resolved goniometric method for measuring the infrared emittance of a material was developed in this thesis. The method is based on the reference emitter methodology, and uses commercial infrared cameras to determine the emittance. The method was applied to study the dependence on wavelength range, temperature, observation angle, moisture ratio, sample composition, and sample structure of the emittance of paper and board samples. It was found that the emittance varied significantly with wavelength range, observation angle and moisture ratio. The emittance was significantly higher in the LWIR (Long-Wavelength Infrared) range than in the MWIR (Mid-Wavelength Infrared) range. The emittance was approximately constant up to an observation angle of 60° in the MWIR range and 70° in the LWIR range, respectively. After that it started to decrease. The emittance of moist samples was significantly higher than that of dry samples. The influence of moisture ratio on the emittance could be estimated based on the moisture ratio of the sample, and the emittance of pure water and dry material, respectively. The applicability of measured emittance values was demonstrated in an investigation of the mechanical properties of sack paper samples. An infrared camera was applied to monitor the generation of heat during a tensile test of a paper sample. It was found that the observed increase in thermal energy at the time of rupture corresponded well to the value of the elastic energy stored in the sample just prior to rupture. The measured emittance value provided an increased accuracy in the thermal energy calculation based on the infrared images. / <p>QC 20121121</p>

No description available.

Many transition metal oxides exhibit a Metal-Insulator Transition (MIT). This is an interesting phenomenon where the material undergoes a structural phase transition, and the electronic charge is redistributed in the crystal lattice. The crystallographic, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties are drastically changed when a material undergoes a MIT. Vanadium oxides are thermochromic materials, which means that the optical properties change with temperature, closely connected to the MIT. Vanadium sesquioxide (V2O3) experiences a MIT at the transition temperature (Tt) 160-170 K. Below the transition temperature, it is a monoclinic ferromagnetic insulator, and above the transition temperature it becomes a paramagnetic rhombohedral corundum-type metal. In the insulating phase, infrared (IR) light is transmitted, whereas in the metallic phase, IR light is reflected. The aim of this Master thesis is to improve the methodology to produce V2O3 thin films, characterize them, and study how different parameters affect the structural and optical properties of the film. V2O3 thin films were synthesized by sol-gel and deposited by spin-coating on sapphire substrates. Thereafter, the resulting films underwent an annealing process in a reducing atmosphere to achieve crystalline V2O3. The obtained crystal phase was examined by X-ray diffraction. The surface structure and morphology were studied with an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The optical transmittance in the IR region was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At last, a laser test was performed on one of the samples. In conclusion, a majority of the thin films consisted of polycrystalline V2O3. The MIT was studied with the optical hysteresis loop, which showed great difference among the different samples studied. The thin film that exhibited best optical properties showed a maximum transmission of 66 % below the Tt, and a minimum transmission of 6 % above the Tt. In comparison to this one, the other samples exhibited lower transmission and a decrease in Tt. This difference was attributed to the different morphologies and crystal orientations of the samples.