No description available.

No description available.

Intense femtosecond laser interactions with ions in beams and traps

Apesar do destaque do setor citrícola paulista e brasileiro, existe uma séria vulnerabilidade para o cultivo da laranja, que está pautada no uso de poucas variedades comerciais. A instalação de programas de melhoramento de laranjeiras com uso de cruzamentos controlados é dificultada principalmente pelos problemas de poliembrionia nas sementes e pela presença de ciclo juvenil longo nas plantas, o que ocasiona a dificuldade em obter plantas híbridas via cruzamentos controlados e o tempo muito longo para a conclusão de um ciclo de recombinação e seleção. O objetivo deste estudo foi a construção de um mapa de ligação utilizando uma população de 144 híbridos oriunda do cruzamento entre a laranjeira Tobias (CN 1392 e CN 1393), que apresenta ciclo juvenil curto, e laranjeira Pêra-de-Abril, variedade com sementes monoembriônicas. O mapa de ligação foi construído com base em marcadores moleculares SSR e TRAP através de dois softwares (JoinMap e Onemap). O mapa genético construído pelo JoinMap conteve 85 (61%) marcas dispostas em 13 grupos de ligação, totalizando 634 cM, com distância entre os marcadores adjacentes variando de 0 a 29 cM. Os tamanhos individuais dos grupos de ligação variaram de 8 a 85 cM e um total de 55 (39%) marcadores não se ligou ao mapa. Com o software OneMap 87 (62%) marcadores se ligaram em 16 grupos de ligação, totalizando 1.100 cM, com distância entre marcadores adjacentes variando de 0 a 36 cM. Os tamanhos individuais dos grupos de ligação variaram de 8 a 205 cM. Um total de 53 (38%) marcadores não se ligaram no mapa. A marca que constitui o caráter fenotípico de interesse florescimento precoce foi incluída no mapa quando utilizado o software OneMap. Houve similaridade entre os mapas de ligação de híbridos intraespecíficos de laranja doce construídos com os aplicativos JoinMap e OneMap. A distinção encontrada ocorreu, principalmente, devido aos marcadores com segregação distorcida / Despite the prominence of the citrus sector in São Paulo and Brazil, there is a serious vulnerability for the cultivation of orange, which is guided by the use of a few commercial varieties. Orange breeding programs that make use of controlled breeding are hampered mainly by the problems of polyembryony and the presence of long juvenile cycle, which impair the obtainment of hybrid plants through controlled crossings as well as taking a long time for the conclusion of a cycle of recombination and selection. The goal of this study was the construction of a linkage map using a population of 144 hybrids from crosses between Tobias sweet orange (CN 1392 and CN 1393), which present short juvenile cycle, and Pêra-de-Abril sweet orange, variety with monoembryonic seeds. The linkage map was constructed based on molecular markers SSR and TRAP using two softwares (JoinMap and Onemap). The genetic map obtained by JoinMap showed 85 (61%) markers arranged in 13 linkage groups totalizing 634cM, with the distance between adjacent markers ranging from 0 to 29 cM. The sizes of individual linkage groups ranged from 8-85 cM and a total of 55 (39%) markers could not be linked to the map. With the software OneMap 87 (62%) markers were linked in 16 linkage groups, totalizing 1.100 cM, with the distances between adjacent markers ranging from 0 to 36 cM. The sizes of individual linkage groups ranged from 8-205 cM. A total of 53 (38%) markers could not be linked on the map. The mark related to flowering, which is the phenotypic character of interest, was found using the software OneMap. There was similarity between the linkage maps of intraspecific hybrids of sweet orange built with JoinMap and OneMap softwares. The distinction found was mainly due to the markers with segregation distortion

Observamos neste trabalho o processo de mudança de estrutura fina em colisões entre átomos de 85Rb resfriados e aprisionados em uma armadilha magneto-óptica. Medimos, através da fotoionização de fragmentos atômicos gerados nessas colisões, as taxas segundo as quais os átomos deixam a armadilha induzidos por esse processo colisional. Realizamos estudos das taxas de perda com relação a intensidade do laser de aprisionamento e com a freqüência, utilizando para isso a técnica de catálise. Nossos resultados indicam que a contribuição do processo de mudança de estrutura fina para a taxa de perdas total não é dominante. Constatamos que a estrutura hiperfina desempenha um papel importante na dinâmica colisional e na determinação dos valores das taxas. Interpretamos nossos resultados através de um modelo semi-clássico, sendo que este foi incapaz de explicar todos os efeitos observados. Propusemos algumas explicações qualitativas para as discrepâncias observadas. Acreditamos que nossos resultados devam servir de estímulo para novos trabalhos teóricos nesta área. / We report the observation of trap-loss collisional rates due to fine structure changing collisions between cold and trapped 85Rb atoms. We have measured, by photoionization of the atomic fragments in 5P1/2 state originated in these collisions, the rates through the atoms leave the trap induced by this loss mechanism. We carried out experiments to determine the rate dependence with the intensity of the trapping laser, and with the frequency, using the catalisys technique. We also measured the contribution of this process to the total trap-loss rate and determined that fine structure changing is not the dominant loss mechanism. It was also observed that the hyperfine structure plays an important role in the rate behavior. We compared our results with those given by a semiclassical theoretical approach, the Gallagher-Pritchard model, and some disagreements were observed. We proposed some arguments to explain these discrepancies. We believe that such results should stimulate theoretical work on this field.

I describe the miniaturization of a linear-type ion trap mass spectrometer for possible applications in portable chemical analysis, and demonstrate the advantages of using lithographically patterned electrode plates in realizing an ion trap with dimension r0 less than 1 mm. The focus of the work was to demonstrate the viability and feasibility of the patterned electrode approach to trap miniaturization, and also to discover potential obstacles to its use. Planar ceramic substrates were patterned with metal electrodes using photolithography. Plates that were originally used in a linear trap with a half-spacing (r0) of 2.19 mm were positioned much closer together such that r0 = 0.95 mm. A capacitive voltage divider provided different radiofrequency (RF) amplitudes to each electrode, and the capacitor values were adjusted to provide the correct electric field at this closer spacing. Electron ionization mass spectra of toluene and dichloromethane demonstrate instrument performance with better than unit mass resolution. Compared with the larger plate spacing, the signal intensity is reduced, corresponding to the reduced trapping capacity of the smaller device, but the mass resolution of the larger device is retained. A further miniaturized linear ion trap with a half-spacing of 362 µm was designed and tested. A series of obstacles and troubleshooting on ion source, analytical method, and electronics were present. These experiments show promise for further miniaturization using patterned ceramic plates and provide a guide for the ion trap miniaturization. The feasibility of a wire linear ion trap was also demonstrated. Unit mass resolution was obtained, indicating a promise for further optimization and miniaturization of the wire linear ion trap. In addition to the practical experiments on the miniaturized linear ion traps, I theoretically studied ion motion in the toroidal ion trap using SIMION simulations, which show classical chaotic behavior of single ions. The chaotic motion is a result of the non-linear components of the electric fields as established by the trap electrodes, and not by Coulombic interaction from other ions. The chaotic behavior was observed specifically in the ejection direction of ions located in non-linear resonance bands within and adjacent to the region of stable trapping. The non-linear bands crossing through the stability regions correspond to hexapole resonance conditions, while the chaotic ejection observed immediately adjacent to the stable trapping region corresponds to a "fuzzy" ejection boundary. Fractal-like patterns were obtained in a series of zoomed-in regions of the stability diagram.

Les muscles squelettiques présentent des propriétés individuelles de taille, forme, orientation, site d’attachement, nombre de noyaux, déterminées par l’expression d’une combinaison de facteurs d’identité. Les processus par lesquels ces gènes déterminent les caractéristiques finales du muscle ne sont pas pleinement compris. Découvrir comment ces régulateurs de l’identité sont connectés entre eux, à travers un réseau de gènes spécifiant le destin cellulaire de chaque type de muscle, reste un enjeu majeur. Pour identifier de nouveaux acteurs qui déterminent les caractéristiques individuelles du muscle au cours de l’embryogenèse chez la drosophile, nous avons optimisé l’approche cellule-spécifique TRAP (Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification) permettant l’isolation des ARNs messagers en cours de traduction. Cette méthode a été utilisée sur deux populations restreintes de muscles (Lms- et Slou-positives) et sur la population musculaire globale (Dufpositive) à trois fenêtres de temps ciblant des processus clés de la myogenèse tels que la spécification de cellules fondatrices, la fusion des myoblastes, l’attachement aux cellules de tendon et l’innervation par les motoneurones. Pour avoir une vue d’ensemble de l’expression des gènes dans ces différentes conditions, des analyses transcriptomiques à l’aide de puces ADNc ont été réalisées. Une étude spatiale nous a permis d’identifier de nouveaux acteurs potentiels du code d’identité nécessaires à la diversification de la population Slou ainsi que l’implication de la protéine de liaison à l’ARN, Boule, dans l’organisation des filaments d’actine au sein des fibres musculaires. Dans un second temps une analyse temporelle des données a révélé un ensemble de gènes codant pour des protéines de liaison à l’actine avec un enrichissemen tspécifique dans la population Lms positive. L’étude plus approfondie des gènes gel et dCryABa permis de déterminer leur rôle au cours de la myogenèse. Ces deux protéines participent de manière importante à la régulation de la croissance des muscles Lms positifs en régulant le nombre d’évènement de fusion, l’élongation et l’attachement des myotubes.A travers ce projet nous avons identifié de nouveaux acteurs potentiels du code d’identité, impliqués dans l’acquisition des propriétés distinctes des sous populations musculaires Slou et Lms au cours de l’embryogenèse en participant soit au contrôle de l’expression des gènes soit à l’acquisition des caractéristiques morphologiques finales. Nous espérons que les données générées permettront dans le futur d’acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur les fonctions des orthologues de ces gènes au cours de la myogenèse desvertébrés et que cela aura un impact sur la compréhension de certaines myopathies. / Skeletal muscles display specific features (size, shape, orientation, attachment site,number of nuclei), which are tightly controlled by the combinatorial expression of identity factors. Currently, process by which identity genes determine muscle characteristics is not fully understood. Uncovering how identity factors are interconnected and how they control network of genes specifying muscle cell fate remains a major challenge. To discover new actors of the identity code allowing the acquisition of individual muscle characteristics during Drosophila embryogenesis we optimised a genome wide cell specific approach called TRAP (Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification), which allows the isolation of mRNA engaged in translation. This method has been used on two restricted populations of muscle cells (Slou and Lms positive) and on the global musculature (Dufpositive) at three time windows covering key muscle developmental steps such as founder cell specification, myoblast fusion, attachment to the epidermis via tendon cells and the innervation by motoneurons.To assess gene expression at a global level in these muscle subsets, we performed transcriptomic analyses at targeted developmental windows by using microarray. First, a comparison of spatial gene expression allowed us to identify new potential actors of the identity code for Slou-positive muscles and the involvement of the RNA binding protein Bol in the structural organisation of muscle fibers. We also performed analyses of temporal transition profiles of genes differentially expressed in Slou- and Lms-positive muscles and identified cluster of genes enriched preferentially in the Lms population and encoding actin interacting proteins. We focused on two genes from this cluster, gel and dCryAB and determined their functions during myogenesis. These two proteins control a coordinated growth of the Lms-positive muscles by fine-tuning of both the number of fusion events and the elongation of myotubes to tendon cells. With this project, we have identified new potential actors of the identity code that govern the acquisition of individual properties of Slou and Lms muscle subsets during Drosophila embryogenesis. We hope that the newly generated data will enable to gain further knowledge on the corresponding orthologues during vertebrate myogenesis and will help to understand why particular muscles are affected in some myopathies.

Apesar do destaque do setor citrícola paulista e brasileiro, existe uma séria vulnerabilidade para o cultivo da laranja, que está pautada no uso de poucas variedades comerciais. A instalação de programas de melhoramento de laranjeiras com uso de cruzamentos controlados é dificultada principalmente pelos problemas de poliembrionia nas sementes e pela presença de ciclo juvenil longo nas plantas, o que ocasiona a dificuldade em obter plantas híbridas via cruzamentos controlados e o tempo muito longo para a conclusão de um ciclo de recombinação e seleção. O objetivo deste estudo foi a construção de um mapa de ligação utilizando uma população de 144 híbridos oriunda do cruzamento entre a laranjeira Tobias (CN 1392 e CN 1393), que apresenta ciclo juvenil curto, e laranjeira Pêra-de-Abril, variedade com sementes monoembriônicas. O mapa de ligação foi construído com base em marcadores moleculares SSR e TRAP através de dois softwares (JoinMap e Onemap). O mapa genético construído pelo JoinMap conteve 85 (61%) marcas dispostas em 13 grupos de ligação, totalizando 634 cM, com distância entre os marcadores adjacentes variando de 0 a 29 cM. Os tamanhos individuais dos grupos de ligação variaram de 8 a 85 cM e um total de 55 (39%) marcadores não se ligou ao mapa. Com o software OneMap 87 (62%) marcadores se ligaram em 16 grupos de ligação, totalizando 1.100 cM, com distância entre marcadores adjacentes variando de 0 a 36 cM. Os tamanhos individuais dos grupos de ligação variaram de 8 a 205 cM. Um total de 53 (38%) marcadores não se ligaram no mapa. A marca que constitui o caráter fenotípico de interesse florescimento precoce foi incluída no mapa quando utilizado o software OneMap. Houve similaridade entre os mapas de ligação de híbridos intraespecíficos de laranja doce construídos com os aplicativos JoinMap e OneMap. A distinção encontrada ocorreu, principalmente, devido aos marcadores com segregação distorcida / Despite the prominence of the citrus sector in São Paulo and Brazil, there is a serious vulnerability for the cultivation of orange, which is guided by the use of a few commercial varieties. Orange breeding programs that make use of controlled breeding are hampered mainly by the problems of polyembryony and the presence of long juvenile cycle, which impair the obtainment of hybrid plants through controlled crossings as well as taking a long time for the conclusion of a cycle of recombination and selection. The goal of this study was the construction of a linkage map using a population of 144 hybrids from crosses between Tobias sweet orange (CN 1392 and CN 1393), which present short juvenile cycle, and Pêra-de-Abril sweet orange, variety with monoembryonic seeds. The linkage map was constructed based on molecular markers SSR and TRAP using two softwares (JoinMap and Onemap). The genetic map obtained by JoinMap showed 85 (61%) markers arranged in 13 linkage groups totalizing 634cM, with the distance between adjacent markers ranging from 0 to 29 cM. The sizes of individual linkage groups ranged from 8-85 cM and a total of 55 (39%) markers could not be linked to the map. With the software OneMap 87 (62%) markers were linked in 16 linkage groups, totalizing 1.100 cM, with the distances between adjacent markers ranging from 0 to 36 cM. The sizes of individual linkage groups ranged from 8-205 cM. A total of 53 (38%) markers could not be linked on the map. The mark related to flowering, which is the phenotypic character of interest, was found using the software OneMap. There was similarity between the linkage maps of intraspecific hybrids of sweet orange built with JoinMap and OneMap softwares. The distinction found was mainly due to the markers with segregation distortion

Observamos neste trabalho o processo de mudança de estrutura fina em colisões entre átomos de 85Rb resfriados e aprisionados em uma armadilha magneto-óptica. Medimos, através da fotoionização de fragmentos atômicos gerados nessas colisões, as taxas segundo as quais os átomos deixam a armadilha induzidos por esse processo colisional. Realizamos estudos das taxas de perda com relação a intensidade do laser de aprisionamento e com a freqüência, utilizando para isso a técnica de catálise. Nossos resultados indicam que a contribuição do processo de mudança de estrutura fina para a taxa de perdas total não é dominante. Constatamos que a estrutura hiperfina desempenha um papel importante na dinâmica colisional e na determinação dos valores das taxas. Interpretamos nossos resultados através de um modelo semi-clássico, sendo que este foi incapaz de explicar todos os efeitos observados. Propusemos algumas explicações qualitativas para as discrepâncias observadas. Acreditamos que nossos resultados devam servir de estímulo para novos trabalhos teóricos nesta área. / We report the observation of trap-loss collisional rates due to fine structure changing collisions between cold and trapped 85Rb atoms. We have measured, by photoionization of the atomic fragments in 5P1/2 state originated in these collisions, the rates through the atoms leave the trap induced by this loss mechanism. We carried out experiments to determine the rate dependence with the intensity of the trapping laser, and with the frequency, using the catalisys technique. We also measured the contribution of this process to the total trap-loss rate and determined that fine structure changing is not the dominant loss mechanism. It was also observed that the hyperfine structure plays an important role in the rate behavior. We compared our results with those given by a semiclassical theoretical approach, the Gallagher-Pritchard model, and some disagreements were observed. We proposed some arguments to explain these discrepancies. We believe that such results should stimulate theoretical work on this field.

No description available.