Objective: Research has demonstrated deficits in socio-emotional processing following childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI; Tonks et al., 2009a). However, it is not known whether a link exists between socio-emotional processing, TBI and offending. Drawing on Ochsner’s (2008) socio-emotional processing model, the current study aimed to investigate facial emotion recognition accuracy and bias in young offenders with TBI. Setting: Research was conducted across three youth offender services. Participants: Thirty seven participants completed the study. Thirteen participants reported a high dosage of TBI. Design: The study had a cross sectional within and between subjects design. Main Measures: Penton-Voak and Munafo’s (2012) emotional recognition task was completed. Results: The results indicated that young offenders with a TBI were not significantly worse at facial emotion recognition compared to those with no TBI. Both groups showed a bias towards positive emotions. No between group differences were found for emotion bias. Conclusion: The findings did not support the use of Ochsner’s (2008) socio-emotional processing model for this population. Due to the small sample size, inadequate power and lack of non-offender control groups, it is not possible to draw any firm conclusions from the results of this study. Future research should aim to investigate whether there are any links between TBI, socio-emotional processing and offending.

xiii, 79 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Traumatic brain injury has reached epidemic levels, and yet there are still large questions that need to be addressed regarding the underlying pathology and the related behavioral deficits. Adequately measuring the neurological sequelae associated with TBI in vivo requires the use of sophisticated imaging procedures, while quantifying behavioral deficits requires precise, sensitive testing procedures. The current analysis examined three potential biomarkers of TBI using MRI technology, as well as examining both fine motor and psychological function on a cohort of TBI participants at least 12 months post-injury. Ten participants with a history of traumatic brain injury and ten matched controls were recruited for the present analysis. All participants completed a series of four MRI scans, as well as a simple motor task and a cognitive test battery. Between group analysis revealed that the two groups could be differentiated based on two MRI measures (BOLD and FA), and on three behavioral measures (Fitts motor task, self-reported symptoms, and impulse control). A within group correlation analysis of the TBI participants did not reveal any significant relationship between the MRI data and behavioral deficits. A group-wide regression analysis, however, revealed that MRI markers of cortical damage significantly predicted deterioration in the Fitts motor task performance. The results of the current study suggest that the long-term effects of TBI are not confined to executive function, and that one's performance of a fine motor task has diagnostic potential. / Adviser: Paul van Donkelaar

xii, 98 p. : ill. (some col.) / The short and long term pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been fully elucidated. Individuals recently suffering a mild TBI (mTBI) or having a history of TBI frequently suffer deficits in their ability to maintain and allocate attention within and between tasks. This dissertation examines the influence of mild and chronic TBI on performance of task switching. We employed spatial and numerical task switching paradigms to assess the behavioral deficits in mTBI, and we used an internally generated switching and an externally cued switching task along with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to assess the long term deficits in executive function resulting from chronic TBI. In the first experiment, individuals with mTBI were identified and tested within the first 48 hours of injury and then at a set interval 5, 14, and 28 days post injury. In the second investigation, individuals with chronic TBI were tested at least 12 months after their most recent injury. Healthy gender, age, and education matched controls were also tested in both studies. This research demonstrated that mTBI subjects display deficits in switching behavior within 48 hours of injury that failed to resolve a month post-injury; however, these costs did not generalize across the switching task types. Chronic TBI subjects performed internally generated and externally cued switching paradigms with a degree of success equivalent to that of healthy controls but displayed larger amounts of activation and recruited more areas of the brain at lower levels of difficulty and did not increase recruitment in a stepwise fashion at higher levels of difficulty. Mild TBI causes significant deficits in task switching, but there is specificity in these deficits. Chronic TBI patients performed at a level equivalent to that of controls but displayed different patterns and degree of activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that there may be a specific time frame during which task switching shows behavioral deficits, after which the subject may compensate for these deficits to produce normalized performance. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Paul van Donkelaar, Chair; Dr. Li-Shan Chou; Dr. Ulrich Mayr; Dr. Marjorie Woollacott

Transition from elementary to middle or junior high schools has been associated with slowed reading and mathematics achievement for students in general education as well as students with disabilities. Little is known about how this transition affects students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), or emotional/behavioral disturbance (EBD). Reading and math scores from state achievement tests used for federal accountability reporting were analyzed from 125,646 Oregon students between 2006 and 2013. About half were female, about half qualified for free or reduced price lunch, and about 34% identified as an ethnic or racial minority. Piecewise longitudinal growth models were analyzed using hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling, separately for reading and math achievement. Scores for all students, on average, rose slightly faster before transition than after transition. Students who experienced a school transition in Grade 6 were more negatively impacted than those who transitioned in Grade 7, while students who stayed in the same school from Grade 3 to 8 experienced the least impact. Initial scores in reading and math for students with ASD were lower than students without disabilities; students with EBD were lower still, and students with TBI had the lowest. Before transition, students with ASD and EBD accelerated faster in reading than students without disabilities whereas in math, students with ASD or EBD showed improved scores immediately after transition. Students with EBD maintained post-transition trajectories similar to students without disabilities. Students with EBD had the most pronounced deceleration in reading scores after the transition whereas students with TBI had the most deceleration in math.

abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) most frequently occurs in pediatric patients and remains a leading cause of childhood death and disability. Mild TBI (mTBI) accounts for 70-90% of all TBI cases, yet its neuropathophysiology is still poorly understood. While a single mTBI injury can lead to persistent deficits, repeat injuries increase the severity and duration of both acute symptoms and long term deficits. In this study, to model pediatric repetitive mTBI (rmTBI) we subjected unrestrained juvenile animals (post-natal day 20) to repeat weight drop impact. Animals were anesthetized and subjected to sham or rmTBI once per day for 5 days. At 14 days post injury (PID), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that rmTBI animals displayed marked cortical atrophy and ventriculomegaly. Specifically, the thickness of the cortex was reduced up to 46% beneath and the ventricles increased up to 970% beneath the impact zone. Immunostaining with the neuron specific marker NeuN revealed an overall loss of neurons within the motor cortex but no change in neuronal density. Examination of intrinsic and synaptic properties of layer II/III pyramidal neurons revealed no significant difference between sham and rmTBI animals at rest or under convulsant challenge with the potassium channel blocker, 4-Aminophyridine. Overall, our findings indicate that the neuropathological changes reported after pediatric rmTBI can be effectively modeled by repeat weight drop in juvenile animals. Developing a better understanding of how rmTBI alters the pediatric brain may help improve patient care and direct "return to game" decision making in adolescents. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2014

abstract: Modern medical conditions, including cancer, traumatic brain injury, and cardiovascular disease, have elicited the need for cell therapies. The ability to non-invasively track cells in vivo in order to evaluate these therapies and explore cell dynamics is necessary. Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides a platform to track cells as a non-invasive modality with superior resolution and soft tissue contrast. A new methodology for cellular labeling and imaging uses Nile Red doped hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) nanoemulsions as dual modality (Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Fluorescence), dual-functional (oximetry/ detection) nanoprobes. While Gadolinium chelates and super paramagnetic iron oxide-based particles have historically provided contrast enhancement in MRI, newer agents offer additional advantages. A technique using 1H MRI in conjunction with an oxygen reporter molecule is one tool capable of providing these benefits, and can be used in neural progenitor cell and cancer cell studies. Proton Imaging of Siloxanes to Map Tissue Oxygenation Levels (PISTOL) provides the ability to track the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) labeled cells utilizing the duality of the nanoemulsions. 1H MRI based labeling of neural stem cells and cancer cells was successfully demonstrated. Additionally, fluorescence labeling of the nanoprobes provided validation of the MRI data and could prove useful for quick in vivo verification and ex vivo validation for future studies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Bioengineering 2014

abstract: According to sources of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 1.7 million traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases occur annually in the United States. TBI results in 50 thousand deaths, nearly 300 thousand hospitalizations and 2.2 million emergency room visits causing a $76 billion economic burden in direct and indirect costs. Furthermore, it is estimated that over 5 million TBI survivors in the US are struggling with long-term disabilities. And yet, a point-of-care TBI diagnostic has not replaced the non-quantitative cognitive and physiological methods used today. Presently, pupil dilation and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) are clinically used to diagnose TBI. However, GSC presents difficulties in detecting subtle patient changes, oftentimes leaving mild TBI undiagnosed. Given the long-term deficits associated with TBIs, a quantitative method that enables capturing of subtle and changing TBI pathologies is of great interest to the field. The goal of this research is to work towards a test strip and meter point-of-care technology (similar to the glucose meter) that will quantify several TBI biomarkers in a drop of whole blood simultaneously. It is generally understood that measuring only one blood biomarker may not accurately diagnose TBI, thus this work lays the foundation to develop a multi-analyte approach to detect four promising TBI biomarkers: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), S-100β protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). To achieve this, each biomarker was individually assessed and modeled using sensitive and label-free electrochemical impedance techniques first in purified, then in blood solutions using standard electrochemical electrodes. Next, the biomarkers were individually characterized using novel mesoporous carbon electrode materials to facilitate detection in blood solutions and compared to the commercial standard Nafion coating. Finally, the feasibility of measuring these biomarkers in the same sample simultaneously was explored in purified and blood solutions. This work shows that a handheld TBI blood diagnostic is feasible if the electronics can be miniaturized and large quantity production of these sensors can be achieved. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2017

abstract: Military veterans have a significantly higher incidence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), depression, and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to civilians. Military veterans also represent a rapidly growing subgroup of college students, due in part to the robust and financially incentivizing educational benefits under the Post-9/11 GI Bill. The overlapping cognitively impacting symptoms of service-related conditions combined with the underreporting of mTBI and psychiatric-related conditions, make accurate assessment of cognitive performance in military veterans challenging. Recent research findings provide conflicting information on cognitive performance patterns in military veterans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether service-related conditions and self-assessments predict performance on complex working memory and executive function tasks for military veteran college students. Sixty-one military veteran college students attending classes at Arizona State University campuses completed clinical neuropsychological tasks and experimental working memory and executive function tasks. The results revealed that a history of mTBI significantly predicted poorer performance in the areas of verbal working memory and decision-making. Depression significantly predicted poorer performance in executive function related to serial updating. In contrast, the commonly used clinical neuropsychological tasks were not sensitive service-related conditions including mTBI, PTSD, and depression. The differing performance patterns observed between the clinical tasks and the more complex experimental tasks support that researchers and clinicians should use tests that sufficiently tax verbal working memory and executive function when evaluating the subtle, higher-order cognitive deficits associated with mTBI and depression. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Speech and Hearing Science 2017

O trauma crânio-encefálico contuso (TCEC) é freqüentemente seguido por um período de amnésia pós-traumática (APT), importante indicador da gravidade desse tipo de trauma e subsídio nas decisões sobre a reabilitação dessas vítimas. Considerando as diversas dificuldades que têm sido apontadas na literatura para estabelecer a duração da APT e algumas lacunas no conhecimento dessa síndrome, este estudo teve como objetivos: identificar os fatores relacionados à APT de longa duração (> 24 horas) entre as características apresentadas pelas vítimas de TCEC na fase aguda do trauma, comparar a qualidade de vida das vítimas que apresentaram APT de longa duração, com as demais e analisar a relação entre qualidade de vida e duração da APT, computando ou não o período de coma. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo longitudinal, com abordagem quantitativa, descritiva correlacional, utilizando dados tanto da fase aguda de tratamento (internação hospitalar pós-trauma), como também da avaliação de qualidade de vida realizada entre três e seis meses após o evento traumático. Foram alvo desta investigação 187 vítimas de TCEC, com idade superior a 14 anos, sem diagnóstico anterior de demência ou TCEC, atendidas em Pronto-Socorro de hospital de referência para atendimento de trauma na cidade de São Paulo, nas primeiras 12 horas após evento traumático e internadas nesse hospital entre dezembro de 2006 e outubro de 2007. As variáveis independentes analisadas para identificar fatores associados a longo tempo de APT foram idade, sexo, gravidade do trauma crânio-encefálico, local e tipo de lesão, número de lesões encefálicas diagnosticadas e uso de medicação com atividade em sistema nervoso central ou corticóides. A maioria da casuística era sexo masculino (86,2%), vítimas de acidentes de trânsito (58,3%), com indicação de TCEC leve pela ECGl (61,5%). A média da idade foi 38 anos (± 16,81), da duração de APT foi 7,8 dias (±12,2), incluindo o tempo de coma e 5,0 dias (±6,7), sem incluir esse período. Os fatores associados a APT de longa duração, identificados em modelo de regressão logística ajustado pela variável área de lesão (intra/extra axial), foram: ECGl inicial <= 12 (OR= 20,17) MAIS/cabeça >=3 (OR= 2,80) e uso de Fenitína (OR= 2,60), Midazolan (OR=2,83) ou ambas as drogas (OR= 3,83). Quando comparada à qualidade de vida entre as vítimas que apresentaram APT de longa e curta duração, observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos nos domínios Capacidade Funcional, Limitação para Atividades Físicas e Atividade Social da SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). O grupo com APT de longa duração apresentou resultados mais desfavoráveis do que o de curta nesses três domínios. As análises de correlação entre domínios da SF-36 e duração da APT considerando ou não o tempo de coma indicaram que a medida do tempo de APT deve excluir o período coma, tendo em vista que as correlações foram mais expressivas quando essa forma de medida da APT foi utilizada / The closed traumatic brain injury (CTBI) is usually followed by a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) period, important indicative of gravity to this kind of trauma and used to decisions for rehabilitation of the victims. Considering difficulties to establish the permanence of PTA in the available literature, as well as lack of knowledge of this Sindrome, this study had as main objectives: identify main points related to PTA of long term (> 24 hours) for CTBI victims during the hard period of trauma, compare victims\' quality of life for those who presented long term with those who doesn´t, and analysis the relationship between quality of life and PTA period, being the patients or not, in coma period. This is a quantitative study that was made using prospective, longitudinal and correlational approach, using data from both main intense phase of the treatment (pos trauma hospitalization) and quality of life valuation considered 3 to 6 months after the traumatic event. It was aim of this research 187 CTBI victims, with their age superior of 14 years old, with no demency diagnosis before the event or TBI, all attended by the emergency of a Refence hospital for trauma patients in São Paulo city, in their first 12 hours after the trauma and interned in this same hospital in the period of December 2006 and October 2007. The independent variables analysed to identify association points for the long term PTA was age, sex, brain encephalic trauma gravity, local and lesion kind, number of encephalic lesion diangosticated and medicament with action in the central neurologic system used or corticoids. The main patients were male (86.2%), victims from traffic accidents (58.3%), with indication of mild CTBI by GCS (61.5%). Age media of 38 years old (± 16.81), PTA period was 7.8 days (±12.2), including coma period and 5.0 days (±6.7), without including this period. Points associated with long term PTA, identified by logistic regression model adjusted by the variable of the lesion area (intra/extra axial), was: GCS initial <= 12 (OR= 20.17) AIS/head >=3 (OR= 2.80) and use of Fenitoin (OR= 2.60), Midazolan (OR=2.83) or both drugs (OR= 3.83). When compared to quality of life of the victims that presented PTA long and short term, it is seen significant difference in the groups observing domain, functional capacity, limitation for physical and social activities from the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). The group with long term PTA has presented worst results than the short term in these three domains. The related analysis made between domain of SF-36 and PTA time (duration) considering or not coma period of time has indicated that the measure of time from PTA must exclude coma period, as well as the studies and correlations were much more expressive when this measure of PTA was used

Orientador: Plinio Almeida Barbosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T11:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_JussaraMelo_D.pdf: 3447938 bytes, checksum: baa53bcff3e3572313562da26d96e687 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A disartria é uma desordem da fala decorrente de comprometimentos neuromusculares. Tais comprometimentos podem causar alterações na respiração, na fonação, na ressonância e na articulação da fala. Estes comprometimentos podem ser decorrentes de traumatismo craniano (TC). O TC é uma agressão cerebral resultante de uma pancada na cabeça e/ou uma queda com fratura craniana. Na fala disártrica pode haver, também, falha no mecanismo velofaríngeo devido à paralisia/paresia do palato mole. Neste caso, o resultado acústico para a fala é a hipernasalidade e a emissão de ar nasal, que podem ser tratadas através do uso de uma prótese de palato elevadora (PPE). Na disartria, o ritmo da fala também pode estar alterado, implicando alterações nos locais de acento frasal (AF), na inserção e na duração das pausas silenciosas (PS). Sendo assim, interessou-nos investigar a estruturação rítmica da fala disártrica decorrente de TC. Para tanto, obtivemos a colaboração de uma falante disártrica, usuária de PPE, falante nativa do português brasileiro (PB) acometida por TC. O estudo desta fala isártrica teve como objetivos: comparar as condições de uso e não uso da PPE; comparar a estruturação rítmica da fala disártrica brasileira (FDB) com uma fala sem comprometimentos (FSC); comparar a estruturação rítmica da FDB com uma fala isártrica francesa (FDF); estudar a relação sintaxeprosódia na estruturação rítmica da fala tanto na comparação com a FSC quanto na comparação com a FDF; adquirir melhor entendimento da fala disártrica pós TC, considerando o modelo de ritmo da fala para o PB de Barbosa (2006). Para cumprir estes objetivos, acompanhamos o tratamento com PPE da falante disártrica de 1995 a 2005. Neste período coletamos e analisamos oito leituras de um mesmo texto realizadas por ela usando a PPE e duas leituras sem esta prótese: uma em 1995 e outra em 2005. A FSC correspondeu à leitura do mesmo texto da FDB. A FDF correspondeu à leitura de outro texto francês. Nestas leituras realizamos análises acústicas e de sua organização rítmica em unidades vogal-vogal (VV), grupos acentuais (GA), AF e PS. Nas análises das oito leituras da FDB houve redução no número de PS, redução da participação das PS na duração do texto lido e aumento da taxa de elocução (TE). A estruturação rítmica da FDB com e sem a prótese foi a mesma. Houve diferença significante entre a FDB e a FSC para a TE e para a duração das PS, mas não para a duração dos GA nem para o número de unidades VV. Na comparação entre a FDB e a FDF não houve diferenças significativas quanto à TE, taxa de articulação e número de unidades VV por GA. Na relação sintaxe-prosódia, as marcas sintáticas IDF (independência forte) e COORD (independência de uma conjunção coordenada) foram significativas tanto para a FDB quanto para a FSC. Mas não para a FDF. Nosso trabalho contribuiu para destacar a pertinência de estudos que considerem a relação dinâmica entre fatores biomecânicos e lingüísticos da fala, notadamente para a fala comprometida e, em especial, para a fala disártrica pós TC / Abstract: Dysarthria is a speech disorder caused by neuromotors problems. These neuromotors problems may cause breath, phonation, resonance and speech articulation disturbance. The cause of these neuromotors problems can be the traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a lesion that result of cerebral aggression, a collision in the head/or a fall happening cranial breaking. Dysarthric speech can have too velopharyngeal dysfunction by total/partial paralysis soft palate. In case of soft palate palsy the hypernasality may be present, with emission of nasal air during oral sounds. In order to deal with hypernasality and nasal air emission a palatal lift (PL) is indicated. The use of PL stimulates the correct movement of the soft palate, which produces the appropriate closure of the velopharyngeal port. Rhythm speech can be altered in dysarthric speech. We realize then a study of the rhythmic structure of the dysarthric speech by TBI. For doing so, eight dysarthric speaker?s readings during prosthesis treatment with the palatal lift, are compared with readings without prosthesis, with a reference speaker and a French dysarthric speaker. These comparisons are done by analyzing vowel-to-vowel units (VV), stress groups, phrase stress and silent pauses under the theoretical framework of Barbosa (2006)?s speech rhythm model applied to Brazilian Portuguese. In the eight readings of the Brazilian dysarthric speaker, there were reductions on the number of silent pauses and pause occurrence. An increase of speech rate was also observed. The results showed that there is no distinction in rhythmic structure with and without prosthesis. The comparative analysis between the Brazilian dysarthric speaker and the reference speaker showed significant differences in speech rate and silent pause duration, but no significant difference in the duration of stress groups or in the number of VV units. The comparative analysis between the Brazilian dysarthric speaker and the French dysarthric speaker showed no significant differences in speech rate, articulation rate and number of VV units inside stress groups. As regards the syntax-prosody interface, the syntactic markers IDF (strong independency) and COORD (coordinated conjunction independency) were significant for both the Brazilian dysarthric and the reference speaker. However, these markers were not significant for the French dysarthric speaker. This work reinforces the importance of considering both linguistics and biomechanics aspects on the analysis of dysarthric speech / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística