The study used the partial equilibrium WITS-SMART Simulation Model to assess the impact of liberalization under the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) of a free trade area between the EU and South Africa. The findings of the study reveal that total trade effects in South Africa are likely to surge by US$ 1.036 billion with a total welfare valued at US$ 134 million. Dismantling tariffs on all EU goods would be beneficial to consumers through net trade creation. Total trade creation would be US$ 782 million. However, South African producers are likely to contribute a trade diversion of US$ 254 million which has a negative impact on consumer welfare. The country might also experience a revenue loss amounting to US$ 562 million due to the removal of tariffs. On trade, the country’s export and import to the EU is expected to increase by US$ 12.419 million and US$ 1.266 million respectively. To mitigate revenue loss, the country should try to diversify its current tax base.

This research explores the implications of the distinction between transactional and relational understandings of the Numbered Treaties, negotiated by Indigenous peoples and the Dominion of Canada from 1871-1921. It deconstructs representations of the Numbered Treaties as “land transactions” and challenges the associated forms of oppression that emerge from this interpretation. Drawing on oral histories of the Numbered Treaties, it argues instead that they established a framework for relationship that expressly affirmed the continuity of Indigenous legal and political orders. Further, this dissertation positions treaties as a longstanding Indigenous political institution, arguing for the resurgence of a treaty-based ethic of relationality that has multiple applications in the contemporary context. It demonstrates how a relational understanding of treaties can function as a powerful strategy of refusal to incorporation within the nation state; arguing that if treaties are understood as structures of co-existence rather than land transactions, settler colonial assertions of hegemonic authority over Indigenous peoples and lands remain illegitimate. Furthermore, it examines how a relational orientation to treaties might inspire alternatives to violent, asymmetrical, and hierarchical forms of co-existence between humans and with other living beings. To this end, it takes up the potential for treaties to inform legal and political strategies that are reflective of Indigenous philosophies of relationality, providing applied examples at the individual, intrasocietal, and intersocietal levels. / Graduate / 2018-12-18

It is, no doubt, a truism that in the relations of states treaties are matters of importance and frequent occurrence. The law of treaties, therefore, rightly occupies a central position in international law. Within this branch of the law, three large categories of rules may easily be distinguished relating, respectively, to the conclusion, to the interpretation, and to the termination of treaties. It is with some aspects of the first of these categories that the present study is exclusively concerned. In order that a treaty may be validly concluded on behalf of a state, two requirements are of fundamental importance: the first is that expressions of consent must have occurred; the second, that these expressions shall emanate from persons who are competent to give them. The original plan of the present study envisaged a full treatment of the rules of international law governing the two requirements referred to above. As the work proceeded, however, it became clear that no more than one of the topics could be treated within the framework of a thesis. Accordingly, the writer decided not to discuss the rules of international law relating to what constitutes an expression of consent to a treaty. The result of the writer's inquiry into the question whether, in cases of doubt, the signature of a treaty constitutes an irrevocable expression of consent, or ratification is required, is found in a published article, appended to the present study as Annex I. An inquiry into a cognate problem, namely, the need for unanimity in the revision of multilateral treaties, is also attached to this thesis as Annex II. Consequently, the present study is restricted to a systematic examination of those rules of international law which relate to the identification of those authorities in the state who are competent to express the final consent of the state to a treaty. The questions of the representation in contractual and treaty matters of subjects other than states, however, is not discussed. The present work deals with two distinct but interrelated problems. The first is that of the conditions under which the expressions of consent to a treaty of an authority or person are imputed to the state on whose behalf the authority or person purports to act. This is the question of identifying the competent treaty-making organ. The other problem is that of the conditions under which the expression of consent given to a treaty by an individual may be imputed to the treaty-making organ whose agent the individual purports to be. Both problems are of considerable difficulty. In the case of the second problem, the competence of agents, the difficulties are caused, chiefly, by the scant attention which the question has attracted. Material relevant to it has not been easily accessible, and the doctrinal discussion of the matter has hitherto been so limited that the present study may probably claim to be the first full treatment of the topic. By contrast, many of the difficulties relating to the problem of the competence of treaty-making organs, have been caused by the prolific treatment which it has been accorded at the hands of publicists. In order, therefore, to make some fresh contribution to this subject, the emphasis of this study has been placed on the investigation and discussion of the practice of states and the decisions of tribunals, both municipal and international. One consequence of this approach is to expose to criticism many of the views hitherto expressed on this subject; and it has, therefore, become necessary to attempt the formulation of a theory that is less contradicted by the practice of states than most existing theories seem to be. The study falls into three parts. Part I contains an examination of the problem of the competence of agents of treaty-making organs. Part II takes up the question of the competence of treaty-making organs generally. In Part III the same question is examined with special reference to states possessing constitutional regulations governing their treaty-making activities.

Trabajo de investigación que analiza el concepto de establecimiento permanente contenida en nuestra legislación y se irán identificando los problemas que surgen a la hora de aplicarlas; sumado a esto se analizaran los distintos convenios para evitar la doble tributación (CDI) suscritos por el Perú y por ultimo las iniciativas BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting), que son aplicables a los paises pertenecientes y adherentes de la OCDE. / Trabajo de investigación

Considering that the concept of sustainable development has a function of normative integration in international law, Article 31(3)(c) provides a legitimate basis of such systemic integration. At the same time, it displays the limitations of the harmonious solution drawn from its application because it works only within the rigid consent-based framework in which the referenced rules should be legal “rules” and should be “applicable in the relations between the parties.” International jurisprudence suggests supplemental elements to overleap the consensual limitations in the application of Article 31(3)(c): a generic term and the object and purpose of the treaty. These text-based and the object-and-purpose-based developmental interpretative techniques enable interpreters to consider legal rules that are not “any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties” under Article 31(3)(c).

In the second, common part describes public international law and it's relation to the national law. Subsequently the system of sources of public international law and application of the international treaties to the system of the national law. In the third, analytical part describes relationship between international and the Czech law, it's historical development and present situation and the relation of the Czech national law to the acquis communautaire as well.

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of International Taxation of Permanent Establishments. The treatment of permanent establishment is defined and compared from both czech and international perspective. Furthermore, there are identified issues that individual countries and the international organization OECD have to deal with under the Action Plan BEPS. Moreover, at the end of the thesis frequency of permanent establishments in the Czech Republic is displayed according to the residence of taxpayers.

Le sujet porte sur le partenariat, son avènement et ses portées juridiques, de sorte que le champ temporel de cette approche descriptive et analytique couvre à la fois la veille et l'aube du troisième millénaire. Ainsi, cette approche afférente au partenariat au sein du système international se base notamment sur les instruments juridiques pré-onusiens à savoir le pacte de la SDN, et ceux onusiens, à commencer par la charte des Nations Unies et la déclaration du millénaire, ayant généré les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement. Ces deux instruments et bien d'autres ayant une nature thématique et dogmatique, sont évalués et surtout affinés par des documents de nature nettement plus pragmatique, notamment le document final du sommet mondial 2005. Par ce moyen, la nature juridique est mieux conjuguée avec les retombées socioéconomiques au niveau mondial. Par conséquent, la thèse tente une modélisation du partenariat, notion récente et peu consensuelle, apportant ainsi du pragmatisme sur le plan notionnel et empirique du droit du développement. / The subject deals the partnership, its emergence and its juridical range, as the temporal scope of this descriptive and analytical approach, covers both, the eve and the dawn of the third millennium, therefore, this approach related to the partnership within the international system, based especially on the pre-United Nations instruments in particular the pact of the League of Nations, and the united nations instrument, especially the Charter of this organization and the Millennium Declaration, which generate the Millennium Development goals In particular, the eighth goal, related to establishment of a global partnership for development. These two instruments and more others with dogmatic and thematic kind, are evaluated and refined by much more pragmatic documents, that is the, 2005 world summit outcome document, so the juridical nature is better combined with worldwide socioeconomic impact and its applications on a regional, multilateral and bilateral partnership . Thus, the thesis tries modeling the most consensual guidelines partnership, this recent and little consensual notion.

Orientador: Maria Gabriela Caffarena Celani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T12:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_GiovanadeGodoi_D.pdf: 7535897 bytes, checksum: 6d58a456fd953bdf59266b1092357fcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho insere-se em uma pesquisa internacional denominada Alberti Digital, cujo objetivo é investigar a influência do Tratado De re Aedificatoria de Leon Batistta Alberti na arquitetura do séc. XVI e XVII em Portugal e em suas colônias. Apesar de diversos autores portugueses afirmarem que o Renascimento não teria tido implicações na arquitetura portuguesa, o professor Mario Krüger defende a hipótese segundo a qual esse movimento teria efetivamente existido. Assim, esta tese tem como objetivo apoiar a hipótese de Kruger, investigando a influência do tratado de Alberti na arquitetura colonial brasileira. O corpus de análise inicial é composto por duas igrejas construídas pelos jesuítas no Brasil nos séculos XVI e XVII, apontadas por diversos autores como sendo as que teriam influenciado diversas construções posteriores. Após a realização de levantamentos históricos e gráficos, o método analítico utilizado foi o mesmo adotado pelos demais pesquisadores do projeto Alberti Digital, que se baseia na Gramática da Forma, um formalismo desenvolvido por Stiny e Gips (1972). Após a identificação de regras de composição no texto de Alberti, essas regras foram aplicadas de modo a criar derivações para composições ideais albertianas. Em seguida, o mesmo foi feito para gerar as plantas e volumetrias das igrejas brasileiras selecionadas. A comparação das derivações albertianas com as das igrejas brasileiras permitiu verificar a semelhança no processo compositivo de ambos os casos. Espera-se que esta análise lógico-matemática do tratado de Alberti confira um novo olhar a essa importante obra. Tradicionalmente, as análises do livro têm se restringido a questões relativas às proporções e a aspectos retóricos e filosóficos. A contribuição pretendida deste trabalho é no sentido de identificar na obra de Alberti um sofisticado processo de projeto sistemático, baseado em regras, o que contribuiu para a disseminação de sua linguagem arquitetônica / Abstract: This work is part of an international research called Digital Alberti, whose aim is to investigate the influence of the Treaty In re Aedificatoria of Leon Alberti in Batistta century architecture. Sixteenth and seventeenth in Portugal and its colonies. Although several Portuguese authors state that the Renaissance would not have had implications in Portuguese architecture, Professor Mario Krüger supports the hypothesis that this move would actually existed. Thus, this thesis aims to support the hypothesis Kruger, investigating the influence of the treaty of Alberti in the Brazilian colonial architecture. The analysis corpus consists of two churches built by the Jesuits in Brazil in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, described by many authors as that would have influenced many later buildings. After conducting historical and graphic survey, the analytical method used was the same adopted by other researchers Alberti Digital project, which is based on the shape gramar, a formalism developed by Stiny and Gips (1972). After identifying the composition of the text Alberti rules, these rules have been applied to create leads to optimal compositions albertianas. Then it was made to generate volumetric plants and the selected state churches. Comparison of albertianas leads with the Brazilian church has shown the similarity in the compositional process of both cases. It is expected that this logical-mathematical analysis of the treaty of Alberti check out a new look to this important work. Traditionally, the book analyzes have been restricted to issues related to the proportions and the rhetorical and philosophical aspects. The intended contribution of this work is to identify the work of Alberti a sophisticated process of systematic project, based on rules, which contributed to the spread of its architectural language / Doutorado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Doutora em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-10-16T18:22:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Lopes de Moraes.pdf: 1259882 bytes, checksum: 6954240ea44067ab2817fe7b54df73b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T18:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Lopes de Moraes.pdf: 1259882 bytes, checksum: 6954240ea44067ab2817fe7b54df73b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10 / This scientific research aims at drawing a parallel between the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights and their effectiveness as mechanisms for protecting Human Rights in violations committed by companies. For this, the work begins to verify the classic theory of Alberto Asquini about companies, locking a parallel with contemporary companies and the need for protection of human rights, their social and sustainable responsibility for the economic tripod. After that, a descriptive study will be carried out on the UN human rights protection mechanisms, and the access mechanisms and regulatory procedures to repair cases where there is a violation. Finally, the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights will be explored further and the central question will be raised as to whether it is effective as a mechanism for the protection of human rights and whether there is a need to create an international treaty as a means of linking States And Companies in the protection and reparation in cases of violation of Human Rights. For this research was used the hypothetical inductive method and bibliographical survey aims to demonstrate the current state and possible mechanisms for protection of human rights in violations by companies. / A presente pesquisa científica visa traçar um paralelo entre os Princípios Orientadores da ONU para Empresas e Direitos Humanos e sua efetividade como mecanismos de proteção aos Direitos Humanos nas violações cometidas por Empresas. Para tanto, inicia-se o trabalho com a teoria clássica de Alberto Asquini sobre empresas traçando um paralelo com teorias contemporâneas sobre empresas e a necessidade de proteção aos direitos humanos, sua responsabilidade social e sustentável pelo tripé econômico. Após será feito um estudo descritivo sobre os mecanismos de proteção aos direitos humanos da ONU, e quais os mecanismos de acesso e procedimentos regulatórios para reparar os casos em que houver violação. Por fim irá se aprofundar nos Princípios Orientadores da ONU para Empresas e Direitos Humanos e a pergunta central do tema, se há efetividade como mecanismo de proteção aos Direitos humanos, e se há a necessidade de se criar um tratado internacional como meio de se vincular Estados e Empresas na proteção e reparação nos casos de violação aos Direitos Humanos. Para esta pesquisa foi utilizando-se do método hipotético indutivo e levantamento bibliográfico pretende demonstrar o estado atual e possíveis mecanismos de proteção aos Direitos Humanos nas violações por empresas.