Speleothems are considered a reliable proxy for paleoclimatic reconstructions and analysis of stable carbon isotopes in speleothems is used for paleoclimatic reconstructions. However, in temperate areas that lacks C4 vegetation there are uncertainties in how to interpret changes in the δ13C signal. The aim of this study is toincrease the understanding of how the δ13C signal in speleothems from temperateareas can be interpreted. The study was divided in two parts, first a literature studythat focused on interpretations of the δ13C signal in speleothems from temperate areasand a case study in which a comparison of seven 13C records from similarenvironments in the Scandes Mountains and the Alps are made. The results from the literature study were used in the case study to draw conclusions on tree line and vegetation changes during Holocene in central northern Scandinavia. The study showed that trends in interpretation of the δ13C signal in speleothems from temperateareas are that low δ13C values are interpreted as wetter, warmer conditions with higherbio productivity, and high δ13C values are interpreted as colder, drier conditions withlower bio productivity. Further it was found in the study that vegetation changes seen in Holocene pollen data are also seen in δ13C records from Scandinavia. The δ13Csignal in temperate speleothems therefore appears to be related to changes invegetation density and to tree-line changes.

Earth's climate is prone to natural and episodic cycles. The most recent period of climate change, the only one to be caused by humans, is significantly affecting species composition and landscapes. Northern expansion of the Boreal Forest in Canada is one of the expected outcomes, and tree line migration northward is one of the anticipated changes. Previous studies have found that many human activities like agriculture, grazing, and pastoralism can significantly affect tree line movement. Improving our ability to examine past tree line dynamics can be achieved using archival records in lake sediments. In this study, we focused on three sediment biomarkers that may be related to the presence of trees in a lake's catchment: n-alkanes, lignin-derived phenols, and stable isotopes of carbon. We examined the composition of these markers in sediment from 19 lakes in Saskatchewan spanning 4 ecoregions, from Prairie Grassland to Boreal Plain, to determine the biomarker signature for lakes in each ecoregion and relating them to land cover (trees vs herbaceous plants) in the catchments of each lake. The results showed that n-alkane composition was significantly correlated to the proportion of trees to herbaceous plants in a lake's catchment, raising the possibility that these can be used to infer the presence of trees in sediment records. The C/N ratio and δ¹³C were not effective in distinguishing ecoregions or land cover composition, likely due to algal production in the lake and agricultural activities in the surrounding farmland, while lignin-derived phenols appeared to be affected by unknown factors.

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Alpine and arctic tree line expansion depends on the establishment of tree seedlings above the current tree line, which is expected to occur with climate warming. However, tree lines often fail to respond to higher temperatures. Other environmental factors are therefore likely important for tree seedling establishment. Above the tree line, establishing seedlings encounter existing vegetation such as bryophytes, which often dominate in arctic and alpine tundra. Bryophytes modify their environment in various ways and may mediate climate change effects on establishing tree seedlings, and with that tree line expansion. The aim of this thesis was to understand if and how the environment, in particular bryophytes, mediates the impact of climate change on tree seedling establishment at the alpine and arctic tree line. This was explored by reviewing literature on tree seedling establishment at alpine and arctic tree lines globally. In addition, tree seedling survival and growth of Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris were assessed experimentally. Here, individuals were planted into mono-specific mats of different bryophytes species and exposed to warming and different precipitation regimes. The literature review revealed that besides from temperature, tree seedling establishment is affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors including water, snow, nutrients, light, disturbance and surrounding vegetation. Furthermore the review revealed that for example vegetation can change tree seedling responses to climate change. The experiments showed that especially tree seedling survival was adversely affected by the presence of bryophytes and that the impacts of bryophytes were larger than those of the climate treatments. Seedling growth, on the other hand, was not hampered by the presence of bryophytes, which is in line with earlier findings that seedling survival, growth and seed germination do not respond similarly to changes in environmental conditions. Moreover, we found several indications that vegetation above the tree line, including bryophytes, mediated tree seedling responses to warming and precipitation or snow cover. This thesis shows that temperature alone should not be used to predict future tree seedling establishment above the alpine and arctic tree line and that extrapolations from climate envelope models could strongly over or under estimate tree line responses to warming. This underlines the value of multi-factorial studies for understanding the interplay between warming and other environmental factors and their effects on tree seedling establishment across current tree lines.

Alpine and arctic tree line expansion depends on the establishment of tree seedlings above the current tree line, which is expected to occur with climate warming. However, tree lines often fail to respond to higher temperatures. Other environmental factors are therefore likely important for tree seedling establishment. Above the tree line, establishing seedlings encounter existing vegetation such as bryophytes, which often dominate in arctic and alpine tundra. Bryophytes modify their environment in various ways and may mediate climate change effects on establishing tree seedlings, and with that tree line expansion. The aim of this thesis was to understand if and how the environment, in particular bryophytes, mediates the impact of climate change on tree seedling establishment at the alpine and arctic tree line. This was explored by reviewing literature on tree seedling establishment at alpine and arctic tree lines globally. In addition, tree seedling survival and growth of Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris were assessed experimentally. Here, individuals were planted into mono-specific mats of different bryophytes species and exposed to warming and different precipitation regimes. The literature review revealed that besides from temperature, tree seedling establishment is affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors including water, snow, nutrients, light, disturbance and surrounding vegetation. Furthermore the review revealed that for example vegetation can change tree seedling responses to climate change. The experiments showed that especially tree seedling survival was adversely affected by the presence of bryophytes and that the impacts of bryophytes were larger than those of the climate treatments. Seedling growth, on the other hand, was not hampered by the presence of bryophytes, which is in line with earlier findings that seedling survival, growth and seed germination do not respond similarly to changes in environmental conditions. Moreover, we found several indications that vegetation above the tree line, including bryophytes, mediated tree seedling responses to warming and precipitation or snow cover. This thesis shows that temperature alone should not be used to predict future tree seedling establishment above the alpine and arctic tree line and that extrapolations from climate envelope models could strongly over or under estimate tree line responses to warming. This underlines the value of multi-factorial studies for understanding the interplay between warming and other environmental factors and their effects on tree seedling establishment across current tree lines.

The purpose of the diploma thesis is the analysis of alpine timberline shifts in the Giant Mountains between 18th and 21st century. The altitudinal position of alpine timberline is a sensitive indicator which reflects human impacts as well as the climatic changes. Methodical approach included the reconstruction of alpine timberlines from the old maps (published in 1765, 1851-52, 1879, 1906) and their comparison with the newer data, which were evaluated from a series of aerial photographs dated 1936 and 2002 (actualized 2005; data provided by supervisor). Data obtained from the old maps and aerial photographs (1936) were compared and verified with old photos and postcards from Giant Mountains. The average altitude of alpine timberline increased during the study period. The increase in elevation of alpine timberline is significant between 19th and first half of 20th century, e. g. in period when the human influence in Giant Mountains decreased. It is concluded that position of alpine timberline in Giant Mountains depended on human influence. Key words: tree line, alpine timberline, human influence, Giant Mountains

The aim of this thesis was to study patterns of reproduction of Betula pendula and B. pubescens coll. along an altitudinal, coastal-inland, gradient in northern Sweden. The altitudinal variation was related to the distribution of the birch taxa along the gradient. Six years field data showed a steep decrease of seed germinability of B. pendula towards its altitudinal range limit in the Scandes every year. In contrast, B. pubescens ssp. pubescens showed significant positive correlations between seed germinability and altitude in three of the six years. Furthermore, there was a highly significant positive correlation between seed weight and altitude for B. pubescens coll., but not for B. pendula. Production of viable seeds fluctuated strongly between years in most populations, except in marginal B. pendula populations in the mountain area where it was constantly very low. On average 15 - 41 % of the seeds produced in B. pendula populations above 400 m altitude were attacked by gall midges (Semudobia ssp.). Corresponding values for B. pendula populations below 400 m altitude were 4 - 7 %. In B. pubescens populations, the seeds attacked by Semudobia ssp. never exceeded 3 %. The high frequency of Semudobia attackes in high altitude marginal B. pendula populations was suggested to be due to limited resources for defense against the seed predator. A 3-yr study documented large variations in pollination and seed quality between taxa, high and low altitude populations, and between years. Empty seeds (without embryos) dominated among the sampled seeds in most cases. This proportion was decreased by pollen addition, in both B. pendula and B. pubescens, in mountain populations, but not in coastal populations. The high percentage of empty seeds was therefore suggested to be partly caused by pollen-limitation, but failure of pollen tube penetration - fertilisation, or maternal resource supply could also have had an influence. A laboratory experiment showed increased pollen germination and length of the longest pollen tube per style after increased pollination. The correlations between number and length of pollen tubes per style were however mostly low in natural populations, suggesting low probability of pollen competition in the natural situation. Sowing experiments indicated that differences in initial seedling density between B. pendula and B. pubescens was more affected by interspecific differences in seed quality than by interspecific differences in survival of seedlings after establishment A study of the age structure of a B. pendula stand, planted about 250 m above its natural altitudinal limit, indicated that this birch may reproduce above its recent range limit during temporally warmer periods. It was concluded that the level of accumulated resources in B. pendula in marginal sites in the Scandes would mostly be too low for completion of the reproductive cycle. In contrast, B. pubescens ssp. pubescens is able to accumulate enough rescources for reproduction also at relative high altitudes. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1994, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

This thesis deals with the influence of microclimatic conditions (air temperature near tree/shrub top, temperature of the stem and root zone) on the wood phenology of trees (Picea abies) and shrubs (Pinus mugo) growing on the same site in the alpine tree line (ATL) ecotone. Phenological and microclimatic research was carried out in the Giant Mountains at 1,370 m a. s. l. in the 2017 vegetation period, with the aim to compare the course of wood formation depending on the microclimate, to determine the temperature thresholds of wood growth and differences in the morphology of trees and shrubs. Based on the microclimate analysis of trees and shrubs, individual variables were determined (average, average minimum, average maximum, daily amplitude of air, stem and root zone temperatures) characterizing the growing season. The collection of micro-drills of trees and shrubs took place from April to October in an interval of 6 - 11 days, which were subsequently processed and examined in the laboratory. The following phenophases of wood development were distinguished: cambial, enlarging, wall-thickening, mature cells and cells of the previous ring. Subsequently, differences in the number of cells of individual phenophases were identified between trees and shrubs. Furthermore, the temperature thresholds for...

Response of forest succession to agricultural land-abandonment in the Giant Mountains ABSTRACT: Since the end of the 19th century, there is undergoing process of land-abandonment of mountain meadows and pastures in most of the European mountains, including the Giant Mountains. Mountain agriculture in the Giant Mountains was terminated no later than before World War II. Abandoned meadows were then subjected to secondary forest succession. The question is, how fast was this succession and how was its dynamics. My research was focused on 4 areas of interest, located in the vicinity of former mountain huts. Methods applied included the analysis of historical maps and aerial photographs and dendrochronological research of age structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. The aim of this thesis was to find out the extent of mountain agriculture near the huts and the dynamics of forest succession following land abandonment. Main peaks of seedlings establishment were observed in a very short time (10 - 20 years) following termination of mountain agriculture and in most cases these peaks were further followed by one or two more weaker peaks in the later periods. These peaks became evident in the change maps of forest development with approximately 20 years delay. Forest succession was moving gradually from the...

I takt med ett varmare klimat har behovet att kunna studera marktäckesförändringar, så som vegetationens utbredning och förändringar av trädgränsen i alpina klimat, ökat. Förändringar i vegetationen och trädgränsens förflyttning i den svenska fjällkedjan skulle kunna bidra till en negativ inverkan på de växter och djur som återfinns där, då deras utrymme att sprida sig minskas. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka vegetations- och trädgränsförändringar i Sarek nationalpark under perioden 1990 – 2023, samt undersöka förändringar av årsmedeltemperaturen i området. Vidare undersöks om resultaten går att applicera på temperaturökningar som presenteras i RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) scenarion. Indata för examensarbetet bestod av 18 Landsat-bilder tagna under perioden juni – augusti åren 1990 – 2023 och medeltemperatur- och vegetationsperiodsdata från SMHI:s väderstationer belägna i närheten av nationalparken. De satellitbilder som användes genomgick en förbearbetning i form av bandnormalisering då de var från tre olika Landsat-serier, 5, 7 och 8. Temperaturdata korrigerades för höjdskillnader mellan station och nationalparken, där temperaturen i snitt sjunker med 0,65 °C per 100 höjdmeter, vartefter medeltemperatur per år beräknades. De analyser som genomfördes under examensarbetet var NDVI-beräkningar, klassificering av NDVI och klassövergångsanalyser, analys av trädgränsen och den övre trädgränsekotonen, trendberäkning samt analys av klimatdata. Vidare beräknades en förväntad utveckling av medel-NDVI baserat på temperaturökningar från de fyra olika RCP-scenarierna. Under perioden 1990 – 2023 observeras ett signifikant högre medel-NDVI under perioden 2002 – 2023 jämfört med 1990 – 2001, vilket indikerar en ökning av vegetationen. Vidare observeras att områden med snö/vatten hade minskat med 46 % under hela perioden. Av de övergångar som observeras var den främsta förändringen under perioden 1990 – 2006 övergången från kalfjäll till låg vegetation, 7 % av totalytan. Under perioden 2006 - 2023 utgjorde övergången från snö/vatten till kalfjäll den största andelen (6 %). Trädgränsen och den övre trädgränsekotonen i området har förflyttats i snitt 118 höjdmeter respektive 16 höjdmeter under hela studieperioden.   Temperaturjämförelse mellan normalperioderna 1961 – 1990 och 1991 – 2020 visar på att den senare perioden var 1,51 °C varmare. Sambandet (r = 0,473) mellan stigande årsmedeltemperatur och medel-NDVI applicerades på de temperaturförändringar som presenteras i RCP-scenarion där en ökning av medel-NDVI kunde observeras i varje scenario. Resultaten i examensarbetet visar på att klimatförändringarna kan börjat ha en inverkan på vegetationen i Sarek nationalpark, där en ökande vegetation och förflyttningar kan observeras. Detta kan med en signifikant svag positiv korrelation härledas till stigande medeltemperaturer i området. / The period from 2011 to 2022 saw a 1.09°C increase in temperature compared to 1850-1900 (preindustrial time), highlighting the urgency to understand its impact on land cover changes, especially in alpine climates like Sweden’s mountain ranges. This thesis investigates vegetation and tree line dynamics in Sarek National Park from 1990 to 2023, alongside local temperature shifts. Utilizing Landsat imagery and weather station data, analyses encompass NDVI calculations, class transitions, and tree line ecotone assessments. Results show a notable rise in mean NDVI from 2002 to 2023 compared to 1990 to 2001, indicating increased vegetation, while snow/water coverage decreased by 46% over the whole period. Shifts in land cover types were observed, notably transitions from barren land to low vegetation. Tree line movements were also noted. Correlation analyses suggest a link between rising temperatures and vegetation changes. Overall, findings may suggest early signs of climate-induced vegetation shifts in Sarek National Park.