This Thesis is focused on the most important phase of criminal proceedings, the trial. The aim of this thesis is to form theoretical and practical analysis of the legal regulation of the trial and also to take into consideration the conclusions of the jurisprudence and the foundations of the new Czech Criminal Procedure Code. The Thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter deals with the fundamental principles of criminal proceedings and their mutual relations. These principles represent foundation upon which the whole criminal proceedings including the trial are based. The application of these principles is not absolute and the Czech Criminal Proceedings Code regulates many exceptions. The second chapter describes the preparation of the trial and is about the delivery of criminal charge, notice to appear in court, the presence of persons on trial, the order of the trial, measures related to the preparation of the trial and other decisions. The third chapter describes the course of the trial and is divided into three subchapters, the initiation of the trial, the process of evidence and the conclusion of the trial. In the context of evidence, attention is given to hearings of the accused, witness, expert and to expert opinions, material and documentary evidence. The conclusion of the...

The right of any person accused of a crime to be defended at a court by a professional defence counsel is a fundamental element of a democratic criminal proceeding. The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse the position of the defendant as it is regulated particularly within the code of criminal procedure and the advocacy act, to gather and to summarize available information from various publications written by important Czech jurists and to add a brief introduction to the history of the position of defence counsels in the Czech legal system as well as some own minor remarks related to this topic. The thesis consists of 10 main chapters further divided into two levels of sub- chapters. After a brief introduction (chapter 1) follows the chapter related to a general concept of the defence right and relating issues such as the formal and material defence and the relevant sources of law. The third chapter contains short summary about the development of the counsel's position and the law regulating it throughout modern history from 19th century, up to this day. The following chapter which is the largest is called "Position of the defence counsel in the criminal proceedings". It contains a several sub-chapters dealing with various issues from general ideas of a role of the defence counsel to the...

Anotation in English The theme of my master's thesis "Inquisition and Protestants in New Spain (1536 - 1820) is the inquisition in New Spain, its functioning as an institution, its development and procedures with the main emphasis put on individual cases of judged Protestants. Firstly I describe the development of the inquisition in Europe with emphasis put on the Spanish inquisition. Afterwards I focus on inquisition as a judicial institution. Here I describe the whole judicial process from denunciation, order to appeal at the court, torture and final verdict. But the main emphasis of the thesis is put on the Protestants judged by the inquisition in New Spain. In these chapters, firstly I divide them by its nationalities. Then I analyse each nationality separately. I state the verdicts and punishments over the judged Protestants. Some cases, where we know some details, I examine with more details including the circumstances of the arrest, progress of the trial or even chat happened with the Protestant after his sentence had expired. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

<p>The HIV epidemic in the United States continues to be a significant public health problem, with approximately 50,000 new infections occurring each year. National public health priorities have shifted in recent years towards targeted HIV prevention efforts among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) that include: increasing engagement in and retention in care, improving HIV treatment adherence, and increasing screening for and treatment of substance use and psychological difficulties. This study evaluated the efficacy of Positive Choices (PC), a brief, care-based, theory-driven, 3-session counseling intervention for newly HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men (MSM), in the context of current national HIV prevention priorities. The study involved secondary analysis of data from a preliminary efficacy trial of the PC intervention (n=102). Descriptive statistics examined baseline substance use, psychological characteristics and strategies, and care engagement and HIV-related biological outcomes. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) examined longitudinal changes in these variables by study condition. Results indicated that PC improved adherence to HIV treatment, but increased use of illicit drugs, specifically amyl nitrates and other stimulant drugs; additionally, moderation analyses indicated differences in patterns of change over time in viral load by baseline depression status. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.</p> / Dissertation

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Au fil du temps, la victime a acquis une place bien solide et dispose aujourd’hui d’un rôle considérable au sein du procès pénal. En effet, à l’exception de la phase de l’exécution des peines, la victime intervient effectivement dans le procès répressif en qualité de partie. De plus, la victime qui n’exerce normalement que l’action civile pour la réparation du préjudice subi par une infraction pénale s’immisce dans l’action publique au point de brouiller les frontières qui existaient auparavant entre l ’action privée et l’action publique. Il s’est produit un renouveau du sens du procès pénal, ses finalités ont été ébranlées, la réponse pénale s’est diversifiée et le rôle des acteurs par là-même modifié. L’étude des droits qui lui sont octroyés et du rôle qu’elle exerce au sein du procès répressif a révélé l’ambiguïté de son action. Il est donc apparu nécessaire de clarifier la place de la victime au sein du procès pénal. / As time went on, the victim acquired a very solid place and has a considerable role within the criminal trial. Except for the phase of the execution of sentences, the victim actually intervenes in the repressive trial as a party. Furthermore, the victim who normally only exercises the civil action for the repair of the damages suffered by a criminal offense, interferes today in the « public action » to the point that blurs the borders which existed previously between the private action and the public action.The meaning of the criminal trial has therefore been renewed. Its finalities have been shaken, the criminal justice response has been diversified and even the role of the actors in the procedure have been modified. The study of the rights which are granted to the victim and the study of the role which the victim exercises within the repressive trial revealed the ambiguity of its action. It therefore seemed necessary to clarify the place of the victim within the criminal Trial.

Le droit processuel d'enquête vieillissant couplé à une infiltration législative fulgurante, ont indéniablement complexifié l'enquête pénale. Force est de constater que cette dernière, se trouve actuellement disséminée par branche, au sein du Code de procédure pénale. Au delà de la dichotomie classique des cadres d'enquête de police (enquête de flagrance et enquête préliminaire) gravitent d'autres types d'enquête, pour la majorité de création récente, qui ont pour effet de troubler de manière importante la compréhension et la lisibilité du droit ; à savoir l'enquête de mort suspecte, de l'enquête aux fins de recherche de mort disparue, de l'enquête de personne en fuite et enfin des enquêtes dérogatoires liées à la criminalité organisée. Tous sont autant de symboles d'une enquête inadaptée et obsolète. L'objectif est donc de permettre une simplification de la procédure afin de proposer, tant aux justiciables qu'aux professionnels, une enquête pénale policière à la fois simple et équilibrée. En d'autres termes, il est fondamental de rendre toute la clarté nécessaire à l'enquête pénale policière profondément obscurcie ces dernières années. Dans cet objectif de simplification, le rôle des acteurs de l'enquête, l'office du juge, ainsi que les actes d'investigation seront revus. Pour ce faire la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et sa jurisprudence associée ainsi que les droits de la défense subiront une attention particulière, puisqu'ils restent la clef de voûte d'un système modéré. / The aging procedural law for investigations coupled with lightning-quick legislative infiltration have undeniably complicated criminal investigations. It must be noted that the latter is currently spread across multiple branches in the Code de procédure pénale (French Criminal Code). Beyond the classic dichotomy in the framework of police investigations (On the spot and preliminary investigations) have grown others, recent creations for the most part, which have severely impaired the comprehension and clarity of the law; specifically, investigations into the death of a suspect, investigations for research purposes of people missing and presumed dead, investigations of fugitives, and finally special investigations related to organized crime. These are all just as much symbols of inadequate and obsolete investigations. Therefore, the objective is to simplify proceedings and offer police criminal investigations that are simple and balanced to both parties before the court and legal professionals. In other words, it is essential to provide the full clarity required for police criminal investigations that have been seriously clouded in recent years. As part of this objective to simplify, the role of the actors in the investigation, the court, as well as the investigative acts will be reviewed. For this purpose, particular attention will be paid to the European Convention on Human Rights and its related case law as well as rights of the defense, as they remain the keystone of a moderated system

<p>Population growth and increasing life standards contributed to a high demand for food worldwide. Simultaneously, there is growing evidence that more food is being lost or wasted through the different stages of the supply chain. In the developed world, including the United States, consumer waste often constitutes more than 60% of all food losses. </p> This dissertation explores the problem of consumer waste from three different perspectives. In the first essay, a game-theoretic model of a direct interaction between consumers and a retailer with monopoly power is developed to capture the effects of dynamic pricing on the transfer of perishable inventory to consumers. The retailer chooses its optimal price taking into account both retailer and consumer preservation. As long as the retailer’s inventory is well preserved, its price will be low inducing consumers to stockpile and waste more food. Consumers may also waste more if their own preservation level is relatively high. The second essay focuses on governmental policies aimed at reducing consumer waste, such as a tax and a subsidy. Using microeconomic analysis, closed-form solutions for a social-optimal food waste tax and subsidy are derived. The government may impose this tax to increase the cost of waste disposal for households while using tax revenue to sponsor food preservation efforts. It is shown that the tax might not be an effective instrument if the responsiveness of food waste to this tax is low. Finally, the third essay investigates the impact of a nutrition education program on school-cafeteria waste. This program was implemented to promote the health benefits of consuming fruits and vegetables among elementary school children. Comparing food waste data in the treatment and control groups, we found no statistically significant evidence of either increased selection or consumption of fruits and vegetables in the treatment group.

Cette thèse étudie l’expérience de la retraite de personnes ayant travaillé en milieu protégé et ayant un handicap intellectuel. Cette expérience prend corps dans un contexte particulier, car l’organisation sectorielle des dispositifs médicosociaux rend la transition de la retraite des travailleurs handicapés particulièrement délicate. Le travail protégé créé une imbrication forte des sphères de la vie des travailleurs handicapés, et la transition vers la retraite relève alors d’une bifurcation. Dans ce nouveau temps de leur vie qu’est la retraite, ces personnes vont s’efforcer de recréer un équilibre dans leur existence, en s’appuyant sur différents supports matériels, relationnels ou symboliques, en fonction de leur disponibilité et de la légitimité qu’elles leur accordent. Les dispositifs à l’intention des « personnes handicapées vieillissantes » sont sans cesse agis et modifiés par un jeu de transactions entre quatre catégories d’acteurs : les personnes en situation de handicap bénéficiaires de l’action publique, les professionnels qui les accompagnent, les représentants d’organismes gestionnaires et les représentants des autorités de tutelle. Ainsi, si les travailleurs handicapés sont « pris » dans la fabrique du vieillissement opérée par les politiques publiques, ils jouent également un rôle actif dans la fabrique de leur propre vieillissement et agissent sur les dispositifs qui encadrent leur expérience de la retraite. / This thesis studies the experience of retirees having worked in a protected environment with an intellectual disability. This experience takes shape within a specific context, as the sectorial organization of medico social measures makes the transition towards retirement for disabled workers particularly delicate. Working in a protected environment creates a strong imbrication of the spheres of life for disabled workers, and the transition towards retirement creates a detour from this. In this new stage of their lives, these individuals will attempt to recreate a balance in their existence, by relying on various material, relational or symbolic aids according to their availability and the legitimacy that they give them. The measures for ageing disabled people are continuously being acted on and modified by a game of transactions between four categories of actors: disabled people benefiting from state support, professionals accompanying them, representatives from management organizations and representatives of guardianship authorities. Thus, if the disabled workers are “stuck” within the fabric of ageing implemented by the public authorities, they also play an active role in their ageing process and act on the measures that oversee their experience of retirement. Key words: retirement, ageing, disability, trial, support.

Nas últimas décadas, houve aumento progressivo das infecções hospitalares por leveduras principalmente, do gênero Candida. A fonte de infecção pode ser endógena ou exógena, desde que esporos unicelulares de leveduras, permanecem viáveis por meses sobre superfícies bióticas ou abióticas. Diversas espécies de leveduras são encontradas em pele e mucosas de indivíduos sadios. Em estado saprofítico ainda, as leveduras encontram-se no trato gastrintestinal humano mas, a relação entre a presença desses microorganismos e sua patogenicidade está associada a diversos fatores predisponentes, tais como: número e variedade de sítios topográficos colonizados, uso prolongado de antibióticos, infecções associadas causadas por outros microorganismos e particularmente, distúrbios imunológicos ou metabólicos. Leveduras do trato gastrintestinal podem ser transmitidas, via fecal-oral diretamente ou de modo indireto, de indivíduo para indivíduo. A transmissão de uma cepa em estado saprofítico para um hospedeiro suscetível, pode resultar em colonização seguida de infecção. A gravidade do quadro clínico depende de condições do hospedeiro e características do agente etiológico que engloba fatores de virulência e resistência a antifúngicos. Esses atributos são importantes em Candida albicans na qual, enzimas com atividade de fosfolipase e proteinase são marcadores de virulência. De outro modo, fenótipos de resistência, ocorrem, com maior freqüência, em espécies não-Candida albicans. Dada a possibilidade de instalação de doença endógena e a dispersão de cepas virulentas e resistentes, a partir de colonização gastrintestinal, estudos que contribuam para a determinação desses agentes constituintes da microbiota de pacientes internados, são importantes para o conhecimento da história natural das infecções nosocomiais por leveduras. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o trato intestinal como fonte potencial de infecção hospitalar por leveduras, descrevendo as espécies prevalentes nas primeiras horas de internação e possíveis alterações temporais, quanto a fenótipo de virulência e resistência a antifúngicos. Foram analisadas 281 amostras de leveduras isoladas de 66 crianças internadas em unidades de pediatria e semi-intensiva de hospitais públicos das cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos, Brasil. As amostras foram isoladas de fezes coletadas nas primeiras horas de internação e durante o período de internação. A identificação das leveduras quanto a gênero e espécie foram realizadas por métodos tradicionais, analisando aspectos morfológicos e fisiológicos. A capacidade de produção de enzimas, fosfolipase e proteinase, foram verificadas conforme proposto por Price et al. 1982 e Ruchël et al., 1982. A sensibilidade aos antifúngicos: anfotericina B (AMB), fluconazol (FZ), itraconazol (IZ), cetoconazol (CZ) e nistatina (NIS) foram analisada pela técnica de difusão por discos (CECON São Paulo, Brasil). Amostras resistentes ou com sensibilidade intermediária, foram re-avaliadas pelo método de microdiluição segundo NCCL (1997) modificado por EUCAST (2002). As espécies isoladas foram: Candida tropicalis (32,7%), C.albicans (29,9%), C.parapsilosis (27, 1%), Trichosporon cutaneum e T.inkin (3,2%), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa e R.glutinis (0,7%), C.krusei (3,6%), C.guilliermondii (2,1%), C.glabrata (0,4%) e C.kefyr (0,4%). A atividade enzimática foi observada na maioria das 84 amostras de C. albicans, sendo 96% de fosfolipase e 95% de proteinase. Entre as espécies não-albicans do gênero Candida foi verificada atividade em 97% de fosfolipase e 67% de proteinase. Amostras menos sensíveis às drogas azólicas, ou seja, amostras resistentes ou com sensibilidade dependente da dose, foram encontradas em 4,3% das 281 amostras de leveduras, sendo maior porcentagem observada em C.krusei (90%). Conclui-se que existem leveduras de diversas espécies em fezes de população pediátrica hospitalizada, com fenótipos de virulência e resistência a antifúngicos. A manutenção desses fenótipos durante o período de internação pode representar fator de risco para infecção hospitalar endógena, ou ainda, fonte de dispersão de patógenos em potencial, no meio ambiente hospitalar. / At the last decades the nosocomial infections caused by yeasts raised significantly especially by Candida yeasts. The infections source can be endogen or exogenous, since spores of unicellular and multicellular are kept viable for months and several yeasts species are found in skin and mucosa of healthy people. In a saprophytic state yeasts are found in the human gastrointestinal tract but the relationship between the presence of these microorganisms and their pathology is associated with several facts such as: number, variety of sites colonized, effective use of antibiotics, associated infections caused by another microorganisms and mainly disturbance in due to lack of immunity and metabolic. Yeasts in the gastrointestinal tract can be transmitted fecal-oral direct or indirectly from an individual to another. The transmission of a strain in a saprophytic state to a host can result in colony followed by infection. The infection can be serious depending on the host conditions and the etiologic agent that includes virulent factor and resistance to antifungal drugs. These attributes are important to Candida albicans in which enzymes with phospholipase activity are responsible for virulent factors. Resistance phenotypes, otherwise it should occur more frequently in non-albicans species. Concerning the possibility of an endogen disease and the spread of virulent and resistant strains, from the gastrointestinal colony, studies that contribute to determine these agents that constitute the microbiota of patients, are important to know the natural story of nosocomial infections caused by yeasts. This work aims at evaluating the intestinal tract as a source of hospital infections by yeasts describing the remaining species in the first hours and a possible change depending on the time that may happen to virulent phenotypic and resistance to ant fungi. Two hundred eighty one yeast samples from sixty-six children attended in pediatric and semi-intensive units in 2 public hospitals located in São Paulo and Guarulhos cities in Brazil were analyzed. The fecal samples were collected at the first hours after and during their arrival at the hospital. To identify the yeasts according to their gender and species traditional methods were used, analyzing morphological and physiological aspects. The ability to produce enzymes phospholipase and proteinase was verified the same way it was proposed by Price et al. 1982 and Ruchel et al. 1982. The sensibility to antifungals: amphotericin B (AMB), f1uconazole (FZ), ketoconazole (CZ) e nistatin (NIS), was analyzed by the diffusion technical by disks (CECON São Paulo, Brazil). Resistant samples or with intermediate sensibility were confirmed by micro-dilution method according to NCCLS (1997) modified by EUCAST (2002). The isolated species were: Candida tropicalis (30%), C.parapsilosis (27%), C.krusei (4%), Trichosporon cutaneum e T.inkin (3%), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa e R.glutinis (2%), C.guilliermondii (2%), C.glabrata (1%) and C.kefyr (1%). Enzymatic activity was verified in most of the 84 C.albicans samples being 96% of phosfolipase and 95% of proteinase production. Among the non-albicans species of Candida it was observed 97% of phospholipase and 67% of proteinase activity. Less sensitive samples to azoic drugs including resistant or SDD sensibility, which depends on the achieved dose, were found in 4.3% of the 281 samples of yeast. The hugest percentage was observed in C.krusei (90%). We can conclude that different yeast species occur in stools of pediatric population hospitalized, including virulent strains and antifungal resistant phenotypes. The persistent of these phenotypes in the intestinal tract during hospitalization period may represents a risk facto r contributing to endogen infection, or play a role in dissemination of potential pathogens inside a nosocomial environment.