Thesis (PH.D.)--Michigan State University. Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-135).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-165).

The plasma membrane calcium-transport ATPase plays a major role in maintaining the low cytosolic calcium concentrations required for normal cellular function. Calcium, magnesium, calmodulin and lanthanum have been shown to alter the activity of the calcium-stimulated, magnesium-dependent ATPase activity in human erythrocytes. In an attempt to examine the reaction sequence of the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase, the effects of these agents on the kinetics of calcium dependent phosphoprotein formation, the first step in the partial reaction sequence, were examined. Calmo-dulin-depleted erythrocyte membranes were prepared by hypotonic lysis in the presence of EDTA, according to the method of Carafoli et al (1980). Calcium-dependent formation of the phosphorylated intermediate was biphasic; the high calcium-affinity component was associated with low levels of E.Ca.P and a shallow response to changing calcium concentrations, whereas in the region of the low calcium-affinity component, E.Ca.P rose sharply in response to increasing calcium concentrations. The low affinity component of E.Ca.P lies in the range of calcium concentrations which inhibit (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activity. When analyzed on LiDS acid PAGE, both components of calcium-dependent phosphoprotein formation were due to hydroxylamine-sensitive phosphorylation of a 135,000-145,000 dalton protein. Hence, the low calcium-affinity component of phosphoprotein formation and calcium-dependent inhibition of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activity were likely due to calcium-inhibition of dephosphorylation. Kinetic studies of calcium-dependent phosphoprotein formation, at two different calcium concentrations (1.0 μM, 0.4 mM), indicated that a steady-state was reached much sooner at higher calcium concentrations. Lanthanum, which is known to block dephosphorylation of the intermediate complex, increased both the apparent rate of formation and the steady-state level of the phosphorylated intermediate. Calmodulin, which has previously been shown to increase both the maximum velocity and the calcium affinity of the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase, did not affect either calcium-dependent inhibition of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity or the biphasic nature of calcium-dependent phosphoprotein formation. At low calcium concentrations, calmodulin increased the apparent rate of phosphoprotein formation, whereas at higher calcium concentrations (0.4 mM) calmodulin reduced the steady-state level of the phosphoprotein; the apparent rate of formation was unaffected. In the presence of lanthanum, calmodulin increased both the apparent rate of formation and steady-state level of the phosphoprotein, suggesting that the true rate of formation was increased by calmodulin at higher calcium concentrations, but this was normally hidden by a simultaneous increase in the rate of dephosphorylation. Removal of endogenous magnesium, using trans-1,2-diamino-cyclohexane tetraacetic acid (CDTA) did not alter the calcium sensitivity or rate of formation of the phosphorylated intermediate, however turnover of the intermediate was markedly reduced. In the absence of free magnesium, both the velocity and calcium sensitivity of the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase were also found to be lower. The low calcium-affinity component of calcium-dependent phosphoprotein formation, which Schatzmann (1982) has attributed to an action of calcium at a "magnesium-specific" site, was not affected by magnesium concentrations as high as 1 mM. Furthermore, this phosphoprotein could be dephosphorylated along either the forward or reverse pathways. These results indicate that the transformation from E₁.Ca.P to E₂.Ca.P may not be the site of the calcium-dependent inhibition of dephosphorylation. Calmodulin-depleted membrane fragments were prepared from the erythrocytes of cystic fibrosis patients as well as age- and sex-matched controls. Under conditions in which dephosphoryla-tion is inhibited, phosphoprotein formation and (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activities were determined. Both (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activity and phoshoprotein formation were found to be significantly reduced in the preparations derived from patients with cystic fibrosis. Turnover of the phosphorylated intermediate did not differ significantly between the two groups. A reduction in (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activity and phosphoprotein formation suggests that there may be fewer active calcium-pumping sites in the erythrocyte membranes of cystic fibrosis patients compared to normal subjects. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

The mechanism of regulation of the Ca²⁺ pump ATPase of the human erythrocyte membrane by calmodulin, cyclic AMP and the anion channel was studied using membrane fragments, resealed "ghosts", inside-out vesicles and a Triton X-100 solubilized enzyme preparation. The (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity in erythrocyte membranes or a Triton X-100 solubilized enzyme preparation showed biphasic (high and low affinity) Ca²⁺ activation kinetics. The anionic calcium binding protein, calmodulin, increased both the calcium sensitivity (Kca²⁺) and the maximum velocity (Vmax ) of the enzyme. Certain polyanionic agents (poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-glutamic acid), alicyclic sulfonic acids (HEPES,N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N¹-2-ethanesulfonic acid, MES,2-N- (morpholinoethanesulfonic acid)), and aromatic carboxylic acids (benzoic and salicylic acids) increased the Kca²⁺ but not the Vmax of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase in erythrocyte membranes and Triton X-100 solubilized enzyme preparations. Trifluoperazine (30 μM) antagonized activation of the enzyme by calmodulin and poly-L-aspartic acid, but not by sodium-HEPES or sodium-MES. Limited trypsin proteolysis of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane abolished activation by calmodulin, poly-L-aspartic acid and sodium-HEPES. These results suggest that the modulation of the Ca²⁺ sensitivity of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase by calmodulin may be associated with the anionic properties of this protein, and that this property can be mimicked by some other anions, probably by interacting at an anion-regulatory site on the enzyme. Cyclic AMP (5 μM) was found to inhibit the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-ATPase activity (approx. 20%) in erythrocyte membranes, probably via endogenous cyclic AMP protein kinase, since this effect could be blocked by cyclic AMP protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) from the rabbit skeletal muscle, By contrast, bovine heart PKI stimulated (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity (approx. 100%) by increasing the Kca²⁺ but not the Vmax of the enzyme in membrane or Triton X-100 solubilized preparations. At a low calcium concentration the stimulation by bovine heart PKI and saturating levels of calmodulin was additive, suggesting that the two effectors acted by distinct mechanisms. The stimulation of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity by bovine heart PKI was not solely due to its antagonism of the protein kinase because a) modification of arginine residues of bovine heart PKI abolished its inhibition of cyclic AMP protein kinase, but had no effect on the stimulation of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase; b) trifluoperazine (20 μM) antagonized the stimulation of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase by PKI, similarly to its antagonism of calmodulin stimulation, but it did not affect the inhibition of protein kinase by PKI. It is suggested that different mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of cyclic AMP protein kinase and the stimulation of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase by bovine heart cyclic AMP PKI. Next, the role of anion channel blockers on the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )- ATPase was studied. The photolabeling reagent N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)- 2 aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) was found to inhibit the (Ca²⁺+ Mg²⁺ )-ATPase of fragmented red cell membranes. Half maximal inhibition occurred between 25 μM and 50 μM. At these concentrations Mg²⁺ -ATPase and (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activities in the membranes were not affected. The reversible inhibition of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase produced by NAP-taurine in the dark became irreversible after photolysis in the presence of this reagent. Incubation of the membranes with Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺ , ATP or calmodulin, prior to photolysis in the presence of NAP-taurine, did not protect the enzyme from Inhibition. Limited trypsin proteolysis of (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase in fragmented membranes, which abolished activation by calmodulin, did not affect the inhibition by NAP-taurine. NAP-taurine was found to Inhibit the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, as determined from the following experiments. Addition of NAP-taurine (50 μM) to resealed erythrocyte ghosts inhibited less than 5% of the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity, compared to 50-60% Inhibition in ghosts resealed in the presence of 50 μM NAP-taurine. Furthermore, NAP-taurine inhibited ATP-dependent Ca²⁺ - transport into inside-out vesicles at a similar concentration (50 μM). The inhibition of the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity of membranes by NAP-taurine appeared to be a direct action on the enzyme, rather than through inhibition of the anion channel, as (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ )-ATPase activity was not inhibited in membranes made from red blood cells reacted irreversibly with 50 μM NAP-taurine or the anion channel blocker 4,4'-diisothiocyano- 2,2' stilbene disulfonate (DIDS) (5 μM) or in membranes assayed in the presence of another anion channel blocker, probenecid (125 μM). This is the first reported selective antagonist of the Ca²⁺ pump, and it is suggested that NAP-taurine could be a useful tool for studying the Ca²⁺- transport ATPase in a variety of cells. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

To many investigators, these observations suggested the existence of a molecular “pump” mechanism responsible for the maintenance of the ionic gradients. Extensive research over the last twenty years has resulted in the assignment of this role to the magnesium-dependent, sodium- and potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, first reported by Skou in 1957. This membrane-bound enzyme is the subject of the research presented in this thesis.

L'objectif principal de cette étude consistait à identifier et à caractériser des inhibiteurs de l'activité enzymatique des Nucléosides Triphosphates Diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) de la membrane cytoplasmique, soient les NTPDase 1, 2, 3 et 8. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé l'inhibition de certains antagonistes des récepteurs P2 sur les NTPDases. Puis, nous avons produit et testé des inhibiteurs spécifiques de ces enzymes, tels des anticorps monoclonaux. Nos résultats nous permettent de conclure que certains antagonistes des récepteurs P2 tels la suramine, le NF279, le réactif bleu-2 sont aussi des inhibiteurs non sélectifs de l'activité enzymatique des formes humaines et murines des NTPDasel, 2, 3 et 8. Parmi les antagonistes testés, le plus puissant s'est avéré être le NF279. Soulignons cependant, qu'il suffit d'une modification chimique de certains de ces antagonistes pour obtenir une inhibition plus sélective de certaines NTPDases. Finalement nous avons produit et caractérisé un anticorps dirigé contre la NTPDase3 humaine qui inhibe spécifiquement cette enzyme. Ce nouvel anticorps monoclonal que nous avons produit au laboratoire représente actuellement le premier inhibiteur spécifique d'une NTPDase. Dans ce travail, nous avons également démontré que cet anticorps monoclonal est très efficace dans différents types d'expérimentation telles le Western blot, l'immunohistochimie et la cytométrie de flux. L'identification et la caractérisation de ces outils permettront une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels les nucléotides extracellulaires, via l'activation des récepteurs P2, modulent des fonctions biologiques importantes telles le développement, la sécrétion endocrinienne, l'inflammation et les réactions immunitaires.

Le foie possède une forte activité d'hydrolyse de l'ATP extracellulaire associée aux canalicules biliaires qui a longtemps été utilisée comme marqueur de cette structure. Jusqu'à récemment, peu d'information était disponible quant à la nature exacte de cette activité. Le clonage d'une nouvelle ectonucléotidase fortement exprimée dans le foie, l'ectonucléoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-8 (NTPDase8), suggérait un nouveau candidat potentiel pouvant correspondre à l'ecto-ATPase canaliculaire hépatique. Le premier objectif de mon doctorat était donc de déterminer l'identité moléculaire de la protéine responsable de l'activité ATPasique canaliculaire hépatique. L'ADN complémentaire de la NTPDase8- de rat a été clone et utilisé pour la caractérisation biochimique de l'enzyme recombinante et la production de sera polyclonaux spécifiques. Les activités ATPase et ADPase hépatiques ont été détectées par histochimie enzymatique et l'expression de la NTPDase8 par immunohistochimie. L'activité ATPase majeure de foie de rat a été purifiée, caractérisée biochimiquement et ses propriétés enzymatiques comparées à celles de la NTPDase8 de rat recombinante. Tous les résultats obtenus démontrent que la NTPDase8 correspond à l'ecto-ATPase canaliculaire. Mon deuxième objectif de doctorat était d'étudier l'influence potentielle des NTPDases et de l'ecto-5'-nucléotidase/CD73 sur les concentrations extracellulaires de nucleotides hépatiques, selon leur localisation cellulaire respective. Les différentes ectonucléotidases exprimées à la surface des cellules hépatiques modulent l'activation des récepteurs de nucleosides Pl et/ou de nucleotides P2, en contrôlant les niveaux extracellulaires de leurs agonistes. Dans le foie, les NTPDases sont responsables majoritairement de l'hydrolyse des nucleotides extracellulaires comme l'ATP et l'ADP alors que l'ecto-5'-nucléotidase génère la principale quantité d'adénosine extracellulaire, à pH physiologique. Les activités ATPase, ADPase et AMPase hépatiques ont été détectées par histochimie enzymatique, et l'expression des NTPDasel, 2 et 8, et de l'ecto-5'-nucleotidase par immunofluorescence. L'expression de l'ecto-5'-nucleotidase a été analysée par cytometric de flux sur divers types cellulaires hépatiques primaires. Les profils d'hydrolyse de l'ATP en présence de différentes combinaisons NTPDase/ecto-5'-nucleotidase (reflétant la localisation hépatique de ces enzymes) ont été analysés par HPLC. Nos résultats montrent que les niveaux de nucléo(s/t)ides extracellulaires varient en fonction de la combinaison d'ecto-nucléotidases considérées et de la concentration initiale de substrat ATP extracellulaire.