The main topic of this thesis is the tropicalizations of Severi varieties, which we call tropical Severi varieties. Severi varieties are classical objects in algebraic geometry. They are parameter spaces of plane nodal curves. On the other hand, tropicalization is an operation defined in tropical geometry, which turns subvarieties of an algebraic torus into certain polyhedral objects in real vector spaces. By studying the tropicalizations, it may be possible to transform algebro-geometric problems into purely combinatorial ones. Thus, it is a natural question, “what are tropical Severi varieties?” In this thesis, we give a partial answer to this question: we obtain a description of tropical Severi varieties in terms of regular subdivisions of polygons. Given a regular subdivision of a convex lattice polygon, we construct an explicit parameter space of plane curves. This parameter space is a much simpler object than the corresponding Severi variety and it is closely related to a flat degeneration of the Severi variety, which in turn describes the tropical Severi variety. We present two applications. First, we understand G.Mikhalkin’s correspondence theorem for the degrees of Severi varieties in terms of tropical intersection theory. In particular, this provides a proof of the independence of point-configurations in the enumeration of tropical nodal curves. The second application is about Secondary fans. Secondary fans are purely combinatorial objects which parameterize all the regular subdivisions of polygons. We provide a relation between tropical Severi varieties and Secondary fans.

The main topic of this thesis is the tropicalizations of Severi varieties, which we call tropical Severi varieties. Severi varieties are classical objects in algebraic geometry. They are parameter spaces of plane nodal curves. On the other hand, tropicalization is an operation defined in tropical geometry, which turns subvarieties of an algebraic torus into certain polyhedral objects in real vector spaces. By studying the tropicalizations, it may be possible to transform algebro-geometric problems into purely combinatorial ones. Thus, it is a natural question, “what are tropical Severi varieties?” In this thesis, we give a partial answer to this question: we obtain a description of tropical Severi varieties in terms of regular subdivisions of polygons. Given a regular subdivision of a convex lattice polygon, we construct an explicit parameter space of plane curves. This parameter space is a much simpler object than the corresponding Severi variety and it is closely related to a flat degeneration of the Severi variety, which in turn describes the tropical Severi variety. We present two applications. First, we understand G.Mikhalkin’s correspondence theorem for the degrees of Severi varieties in terms of tropical intersection theory. In particular, this provides a proof of the independence of point-configurations in the enumeration of tropical nodal curves. The second application is about Secondary fans. Secondary fans are purely combinatorial objects which parameterize all the regular subdivisions of polygons. We provide a relation between tropical Severi varieties and Secondary fans.

The cohomology of moduli spaces of curves has been extensively studied in classical algebraic geometry. The emergent field of tropical geometry gives new views and combinatorial tools for treating these classical problems. In particular, we study the cohomology of heavy/light Hassett spaces, moduli spaces of heavy/light weighted stable curves, denoted as $\calm_{g, w}$ for a particular genus $g$ and a weight vector $w \in (0, 1]^n$ using tropical geometry. We survey and build on the work of \citet{Cavalieri2014}, which proved that tropical compactification is a \textit{wonderful} compactification of the complement of hyperplane arrangement for these heavy/light Hassett spaces. For $g = 0$, we want to find the tropicalization of $\calm_{0, w}$, a polyhedral complex parametrizing leaf-labeled metric trees that can be thought of as Bergman fan, which furthermore creates a toric variety $X_{\Sigma}$. We use the presentation of $\overline{\calm}_{0,w}$ as a tropical compactification associated to an explicit Bergman fan, to give a concrete presentation of the cohomology.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-13T12:09:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Marcelo Gossler Wawginiak_.pdf: 918794 bytes, checksum: ec9ff495a604b812ceeaf39fcb850311 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T12:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Marcelo Gossler Wawginiak_.pdf: 918794 bytes, checksum: ec9ff495a604b812ceeaf39fcb850311 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-06 / Nenhuma / Almejando crescimento e maiores retornos financeiros, muitas empresas estrangeiras acabaram internacionalizando suas atividades para além de suas fronteiras. No Brasil, este movimento teve maior destaque após a abertura do mercado brasileiro ao capital estrangeiro na década de 1990, período no qual empresas de diversas nacionalidades iniciaram ou incrementaram sua participação no mercado nacional. A entrada destas empresas no Brasil trouxe consigo um forte aumento da competitividade entre essas organizações, que atuando em um ambiente de rápidas mudanças econômicas e avanços tecnológicos, necessita atender aos anseios de consumidores cada vez mais exigentes. Partindo deste cenário, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos torna-se um ponto crítico quando relacionado ao sucesso de uma empresa. Dentro do contexto do desenvolvimento de novos produtos em subsidiárias de empresas multinacionais, em especial no caso brasileiro, existe uma prática de estratégica importância, comum entre as subsidiárias de montadoras instaladas em nosso país, este processo é denominado tropicalização. Esta prática pode ser entendida como o processo de adaptação de um projeto de produto oriundo de outros mercados para o contexto local. O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar os antecedentes da tropicalização de produtos em empresas multinacionais montadoras de máquinas agrícolas, bem como explorar as práticas e os desafios que influenciam neste fenômeno. Esta pesquisa apresenta aos gestores de projetos de novos produtos em início de carreira, os principais desafios aos quais estarão sendo submetidos para que possam conduzir o desenvolvimento de seus projetos em sintonia com pontos estratégicos da alta direção, bem como com as pressões do ambiente externo à organização. A pesquisa está dividida em três etapas: Na primeira etapa, apresenta-se uma revisão da literatura, onde conceitos e definições relacionadas aos constructos da pesquisa são expostos; a etapa seguinte é composta por um estudo de caso em duas empresas multinacionais montadoras de máquinas agrícolas; a etapa derradeira apresenta os resultados da pesquisa, evidenciando que o nível de centralização dos projetos de engenharia exerce influência nos projetos de tropicalização a partir de fatores como a escolha do design control, o acúmulo de competências da subsidiária e o nível de complexidade do projeto. Da mesma forma, a pesquisa aponta que as pressões isomórficas normativas, coercitivas, miméticas e competitivas também exercem influência no processo de tropicalização através de fatores como a otimização do processo produtivo, medidas regulatórias exercidas pelo governo, pelas necessidades dos produtores rurais, entre outras. / Striving for growth and greater financial returns, many foreign companies have decided to internationalize their activities beyond their borders. In Brazil, this action had more prominence after the opening of the Brazilian market to foreign capital in the 1990’s, a period which companies of different nationalities started or increased their participation in the national market. The entry of these companies in Brazil brought with them a strong increase in competitiveness among these organizations, which work in an environment of rapid economic changes and technological advances, needs to meet the increasingly demanding consumers. Starting from this scenario, the development of new products becomes a critical point when related to the success of a company. Within the context of the development of new products in subsidiaries of multinational companies, especially in the Brazilian case, there is a practice of strategic importance, common among the subsidiaries of automakers installed in our country, this process is called “tropicalization”. This practice can be understood as the process of adapting a product project from other markets to the local context. The objective of this project is to investigate the antecedents of the tropicalization of products in multinational companies assembling agricultural machines, as well as to explore the practices and the challenges that influence in this phenomenon. The research presents the project, to managers of new products of multinational companies at the beginning of their career, the main challenges to which they will be submitted so that they can conduct their activities in tune with the strategies of the top management, as well as the pressures of the external environment to the organization. The research is divided into three stages: in the first stage, a literature review is presented, where concepts and definitions related to the research constructs are exposed; the next stage is composed of a case study of two multinational companies assembling agricultural machinery; the final stage presents the results of the research, evidencing that the level of centralization of engineering projects exerts influence in tropicalization projects based on factors such as the choice of design control, the accumulation of competences of the subsidiary and the level of complexity of the project. Similarly, the research points out that the normative, coercive, mimetic and competitive isomorphic pressures also exert an influence on the tropicalization process through factors such as optimization of the productive process, regulatory measures carried out by the government, the needs of rural producers, among others.

A net is a special configuration of lines and points in the projective plane. There are certain restrictions on the number of its lines and points. We proved that there cannot be any (4,4) nets in CP^2. In order to show this, we use tropical algebraic geometry. We tropicalize the hypothetical net and show that there cannot be such a configuration in CP^2.

Dans une étude reposant sur une périodisation sociolinguistique qui considère la posture de l’écrivant face à la langue seconde, il s’agit de s’interroger sur la problématique de la langue d’écriture, son imaginaire et les conséquences concrètes sur les poétiques textuelles. Pour ce faire, trois séries de corpus sont considérées : des textes littéraires d’auteurs francophones africains, les paratextes de ces auteurs et enfin des lectures individuelles sur trois textes, respectivement d’Ahmadou Kourouma, Kossi Efoui et Michel Houellebecq. Dans cette perspective, nous essayons de saisir une rupture entre deux générations, celle de la tropicalisation de la langue française et celle du Divers. La manière du dire est une particularité pour africaniser la langue d’écriture dans la phase de la Tropicalisation ; dans l’écriture du divers, elle devient variation dans une pluralité dialogique, on parle alors de francophonie lato sensu. La description des pratiques d’écriture dans ces deux phases est sous-tendue par une volonté d’instituer une sous-discipline que nous appelons la sociolinguistique du texte hétérolingue. En effet, les facteurs sociaux que charrie le texte littéraire devraient être pris en compte par la sociolinguistique, d’où la sociolinguistique du texte. Quant à l’hétérolinguisme, concept de cette sous-discipline que nous appelons de nos vœux, c’est le bruissement des langues et-ou des variantes dans une écriture unilingue d’un bilingue. La question ultime de cette théorie est de savoir quelle pédagogie peut-on tirer de cette sociolinguistique du texte hétérolingue. L’hétérodidactisme sera donc une notion laissée en perspective. / In a study based on a sociolinguistic movement which considers the attitude of writing it in front of the second language, the question of interest is about the problem of the language of writing, its imaginary and the actual consequences on poetic textual. To be made, three kind of corpus are considered: literary texts of African French-speaking authors, the paratextes of these authors and finally individual readings on the chosen texts. In this view, we try to seize a breaking-down point between two generations, that of the tropicalization of the French language and that of the Varying. The way of to say is a detail for Africanizing the language of writing in the phase of Tropicalization; in the writing of the miscellaneous, it becomes variation in a dialogical plurality, we speak then about the Francophony in the broad sense. The description of the practices of writing in these two phases is underlain by a will to establish a sub-discipline that we call the sociolinguistics of heterolinguistic text. Indeed, the social factors which transport the literary text should be taken into account by the sociolinguistics, hence the sociolinguistics of the text. As for the hétérolinguisme, a concept of this sub-discipline for which we wish, it is the rustle of the languages and\or the variants in an unilingue writing of a bilingual. The ultimate question of this theory is to know which pedagogy we can extract from this sociolinguistics of the heterolingual text. The heterodidactisme will thus be a notion left in prospect.

This thesis deals with the musical and dance style known as "Salsa" which roots can be traced to the Caribbean of Latin America. In this work, salsa is investigated as a global phenomenon in the local context of Prague and at the same time as a commercialized product. In terms of salsa as a global phenomenon, the work deals with the characteristics of salsa as a social dance in the local context and tries to trace its social functions. In addition to the effects of the commercialization and tropicalized ideas of salsa and Latin American cultures on its form, the thesis also touches on topics such as internal negotiation and external construction of Latin American identity (latinidad), which are related to salsa as a global phenomenon and its commercialization. The work is based on several months of ethnographic research and semi- structured interviews conducted mainly with salseros from Latin America, the Czech Republic and others, not only European countries. Key words: salsa, social dance, global phenomenon, commercialization, product, commodification of culture, Latin American identity, latinidad , tropicalization, imagination

La siguiente investigación busca entender las principales adaptaciones de los códigos gráficos en el packaging de bebidas de una marca multinacional de origen occidental al ingresar al mercado japonés, con el objetivo central de analizar la función de las transformaciones realizadas en relación con la esencia de la marca.   El llevar una organización fuera del país de origen involucra diversos procesos de tropicalización, entre los cuales se encuentra la adaptación del diseño de packaging con la finalidad de lograr un acercamiento con el futuro usuario. Por ello, como guía de la investigación se tomó en cuenta la cultura japonesa y algunas bebidas seleccionadas de la marca Coca-Cola encontradas tanto en Japón como en occidente. Durante el desarrollo se ven involucrados la identidad de las marcas junto con los códigos gráficos e idiosincrasia del nuevo país, buscando las adaptaciones realizadas que trajeron consigo una mezcla cultural mediante el uso del diseño gráfico de etiquetas. / The following research seeks to understand the main adaptations of the graphic codes in the beverage packaging of a multinational brand with a Western origin when it goes to the Japanese market. That is why the objective is to analyze the function of the transformations in relation with the essence of the brand.   Taking an organization outside the country of origin involves various tropicalization processes. One of them is the adaptation of the packaging design to achieve a rapprochement with the future user. Therefore, it was taken as a guide for the investigation of Japanese culture and some Coca-Cola brand beverages founded in Japan and in the West. During the development, the identity of the selected brands is involved along with the graphic codes and idiosyncrasies of the country. The main idea of the study is to find the adaptations that generated a cultural mix by graphic design of the label. / Trabajo de investigación

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